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專題五 書面表達,,,專題五 書面表達,,專題五 書面表達,,(2015·高考浙江卷)在班級活動中，當(dāng)你的想法與大多數(shù)同學(xué)不一致時，你是堅持自己的觀點并說服別人，還是尊重大多數(shù)同學(xué)的意見？請你以“When I Have a Different Opinion”為題，用英語寫一篇100～120個詞的短文。要求如下： 1．從以上兩種做法中選擇一種； 2．以具體事例闡述你選擇的理由。 注意：短文中，不得以任何形式透露地區(qū)、學(xué)校、同學(xué)姓名等真實信息。否則，按考試作弊行為認定。,When I Have a Different Opinion _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________,論說文,當(dāng)我有不同意見時,一般現(xiàn)在時,第一人稱,1．詞匯 ①在某方面有不同意見 ____________________________________________________ ②用不同的方法處理……____________________________ ③不但……而且……___________________________ ④勸告某人做某事_____________________________ ⑤值得做某事____________________________,have different opinions in doing sth.,have various ways to deal with.,not only.but also.,persuade sb.into doing sth.,be worth doing sth.,2．句式 ①當(dāng)我們組織班級活動時我們可能會出現(xiàn)不同的意見。 一般表達：When we organize class activities，we may have different opinions. 高級表達：(用簡單句改寫上面的句子) _____________________________________________________,We may have different opinions in organizing class activities.,②我的同學(xué)大多數(shù)想去公園，而我卻有去更好地方的想法。 一般表達：The majority of my classmates wanted to go to a park.But I wanted to go to a nicer place. 高級表達：(用狀語從句改寫上面的句子) ________________________________________________________________________________________________________,Most of my classmates wanted to go to a park while I had an idea of going to a nicer place.,One possible student version： When I Have a Different Opinion We may have different opinions in organizing class activities.We may have various ways to deal with such a situation.When I have a better idea，I would choose to stick to it.By doing so，I can not only share good ideas with others but also learn to express myself clearly. Once we were discussing where to go for an outing.Most of my classmates wanted to go to a park while I had an idea of going to a nicer place.I managed to persuade my classmates into accepting my idea.We did have a good time that day.Good opinions are worth sticking to because they can benefit us all.,An alternative student version： When I Have a Different Opinion We may have different opinions in organizing class activities.When I have a different opinion，I may choose to give it up and respect the opinion of the majority.,The main reason for my choice is that being brought up in a culture emphasizing collectivism，I tend to sacrifice my own interest for the group benefit.Once we were left to decide whether to have a picnic in a park or go to a museum.I would love to go to a museum，but most of my classmates wanted to go for a picnic.Without hesitation，I decided to follow them and we did have lots of fun that day.Sometimes giving up a little can mean getting more.,本文屬于觀點表達類作文，該話題貼近學(xué)生生活，既考查了學(xué)生對生活的關(guān)注，又考查了學(xué)生在生活中處理事情的能力，是一道設(shè)置合理的作文題目。 一篇優(yōu)秀的范文一般要符合以下幾點要求： 1．符合寫作要求，本文要求在兩種做法中選擇一種，所以不要在一篇文章中既表達堅持自己的觀點，又表達尊重大多數(shù)同學(xué)的意見。以上兩篇范文分別選擇了堅持自己的觀點和尊重大多數(shù)同學(xué)的意見，符合寫作要求。,2．覆蓋所有內(nèi)容要點，本文要求以具體事例闡述選擇的理由，所以寫作時一定要舉出具體的事例。第一篇范文給出了一次討論外出活動地點的事例，在大多數(shù)同學(xué)想去公園而自己有更好的去處時，堅持自己的觀點，說服大家接受自己的想法。表達了堅持自己觀點的原因：Good opinions are worth sticking to because they can benefit us all.。第二篇范文給出了一次班級討論是去公園野餐還是去博物館的事例，在自己想去博物館而大多數(shù)同學(xué)想去野餐時，自己毫不猶豫地選擇尊重大多數(shù)同學(xué)的意見。表達了自己這樣選擇的原因：.I tend to sacrifice my own interest for the group benefit.Sometimes giving up a little can mean getting more.。兩篇范文都涵蓋了寫作要點，且觀點表達明確。,3．運用較多復(fù)雜的語法結(jié)構(gòu)和高級的詞匯，第一篇范文中單詞如situation，express，manage，benefit，短語deal with，stick to，句式not only.but also，persuade sb.into doing sth.，be worth doing sth.以及“where＋動詞不定式”作賓語的使用顯示了考生較高的語言運用能力。第二篇范文中單詞respect，sacrifice，hesitation，短語give up，bring up，非謂語動詞短語emphasizing collectivism作后置定語，以及whether.or.作賓語的使用也顯示了考生較高的語言運用能力。 兩篇范文語句間的銜接都比較順暢，全文結(jié)構(gòu)也較緊湊，都是較好的寫作范文，值得學(xué)習(xí)借鑒。,書面表達題主要考查考生用英語表達自己思想的能力，即考查考生是否能用所學(xué)的英語知識，用合乎英語習(xí)慣的表達方式傳遞信息，進行思想交流。這種測試既符合英語教學(xué)總目標(biāo)的要求，又與日常生活和社會交往密切相連，尤其突出了語言交際功能的特點。其解題方法如下：,2．審人稱：弄清書面表達要求用何種人稱，然后以合適的身份、語氣，從適當(dāng)?shù)慕嵌冗M行表達。,3．審時態(tài)：考生容易出錯的就是時態(tài)。首先應(yīng)確定文章的主體時態(tài)。例如：日記一般使用一般過去時，說明文一般使用一般現(xiàn)在時等。當(dāng)然，為滿足寫作的需要，我們還要把其他時態(tài)與主體時態(tài)交叉使用。 4．審要求：考生要特別關(guān)注書面表達題中的“注意”一項，這是命題人對考生提出的具體答題要求，因此對于題目所提供的說明，無論是英語還是漢語，都應(yīng)該認真分析，反復(fù)推敲，做到寫作時沒有偏差。,1．提綱作文：命題人通過漢語、英語給定寫作提綱，要求考生根據(jù)給出的提綱，確定文章的中心，然后緊緊圍繞中心表達提綱的主旨。考生要細讀提示，認真審題，在定好體裁、時態(tài)、人稱、明確信息全面、要點清晰的基礎(chǔ)上，根據(jù)要點和重點詞匯的句法功能、句子的語法規(guī)則，按照提示或說明中所提供的事實和情節(jié)發(fā)展的順序選詞造句，然后將零散的句子排列成主謂一致、時態(tài)呼應(yīng)、脈絡(luò)分明、合乎邏輯、內(nèi)容完整的短文。,2．看圖作文：這種類型的書面表達最容易遺漏要點。無論是單幅、雙幅還是多幅圖畫，考生一定要認真研究圖畫中的每一個細節(jié)或信息，這些都要在文章中有所體現(xiàn)。注意有些題目還會要求考生發(fā)表對該圖畫的看法，考生一定要根據(jù)題目要求和圖畫寓意表達出來。 3．(半)開放作文：這種類型的書面表達往往分為兩種。一種是題目給出一段漢字，一種是給出一幅(組)漫畫，讓考生發(fā)表看法。這時，考生要緊扣文章提示，先對該現(xiàn)象或圖畫進行簡單扼要的描述或介紹，然后再據(jù)此發(fā)表議論。,1．開頭出彩，結(jié)尾精妙：一般說來，短文應(yīng)由三部分構(gòu)成——開頭、正文、結(jié)尾。好的開始是成功的一半，開好頭、起好步對書面表達至關(guān)重要，好的開頭會讓閱卷老師的眼睛為之一“亮”。開頭常見的方式包括開門見山、以俗語諺語或直接引語引出等，當(dāng)然也可以以疑問句、套語開頭。文章能否得高分，關(guān)鍵還要看結(jié)尾，好的結(jié)尾能起到畫龍點睛的作用。文章的結(jié)尾應(yīng)根據(jù)不同體裁而定，或總結(jié)全文，或表明對所敘述的人或事的態(tài)度，適可而止，但千萬不能草草收場，結(jié)尾一定要顯得水到渠成。,常用開頭句式(黑體部分)： First，I think everyone needs friends and is eager to get friendship. First of all，we must make full use of every 45-minute lesson. Nowadays/Recently，people in many big cities are complaining about the heavy traffic. In the first place，she can read at the rate of 100 words a minute. To begin with，smoking should be banned in public areas. Generally speaking，the more you practise，the more skillfully you can write in English.,As the proverb says/As the saying goes，“Time is money.” As can be seen from the table，nearly everyone owns one mobile phone in China. With the development of the Internet，computers play an important role in people’s life. It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours. There is no denying that successful business lies in a healthy body and mind. It is believed that health is above wealth. It is well known that an elephant is a very kind and gentle animal.,I’m excited to learn that we are going to start a magazine. I’m glad to hear that you will come to our school as an exchange student. As is known to all，shoes play an important role in our life，for it can protect our feet from being hurt.,常用結(jié)尾句式(黑體部分)： All in all，traveling is the best choice to recharge ourselves and get ready for the new challenges. In conclusion，a good citizen should observe traffic regulations. In a word，success is important，and so is failure，because it’s the mother of success. To sum up，environmental protection is of great importance，which can make us live more comfortably and healthily.,On the whole，I find a bike more enjoyable than a motorcycle. I’d appreciate it if you could deliver them as soon as possible. It is high time that we did something to prevent the environment from being polluted. Only with combined efforts can we expect our hometown take on a new look in the near future. We can，therefore，come to the conclusion that nothing is so precious as peace in the world.,From what has discussed above，we may draw the conclusion that you must have self-confidence if you want to achieve something. In short，not only has the inclusion poisoned Chinese，it may also bring about distance between the Chinese people. In a word，my life will be much richer and more colorful. I’ll be glad if you can consider my recommendation.,2．表達準(zhǔn)確，用詞高級：高考評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中所說的“應(yīng)用了較多的詞匯”，是指詞匯使用的多樣性，如詞性的多樣性、高級詞匯的使用、同義詞與反義詞的使用、短語的使用等。由此可知，運用較高級詞匯對提高書面表達的得分檔次至關(guān)重要。使用高級詞匯的4 大原則：,(1) 具體性原則 在具備一定詞匯量的條件下，具體的表達比泛泛而談的內(nèi)容更能引起讀者的共鳴。例如：當(dāng)描述一個具體事物或人時，類似a nice/good man的表達讓人感覺很空洞，我們可以用有個性的、具體的詞描繪一個人，如kind-hearted(好心的)；generous(慷慨的；大方的)；easy-going(隨和的)等。 ①I will have my own family probably with a lovely child. ②It was with sincerity and faithfulness that we created a harmonious atmosphere.,(2)新穎性原則 寫作時恰當(dāng)?shù)皿w地使用高中學(xué)過的、別人可能想不到的詞匯，會給閱卷人耳目一新的感覺。但是需注意：既要避免使用俗詞，又要避開冷僻詞匯。 ①In the coming three years，our school life will be difficult. →In the coming three years，our school life will be challenging. ②So long as we hold fast to our ideals and never give up，we are sure to achieve success. →So long as we hold fast to our ideals and never give up，we are bound to achieve success.,(3)短語優(yōu)先原則 多使用詞組、習(xí)語來代替一些單詞，以增加文采。 ①Developing a good habit is also important. →Developing a good habit is also of importance. ②As the number of English learners is increasing，it’s not difficult for them to understand these words in Chinese contexts. →As the number of English learners is on the rise，it’s not difficult for them to understand these words in Chinese contexts.,③I was going to the bookstore and was waiting for the green light at a crossing when a girl of about ten was knocked down by a passing car，which drove off quickly. →I was on my way to the bookstore and was waiting for the green light at a crossing when a girl of about ten was knocked down by a passing car，which drove off quickly.,(4)避免重復(fù)原則 盡量避免過多地使用某一個單詞，必要時選擇使用其他恰當(dāng)?shù)耐x詞或詞組來代替。 ①I like reading while my brother likes watching football matches. →I like reading while my brother enjoys watching football matches. ②We’ve built a new experiment building beside the old one and we’ve also built a library where the old playground used to be. →We’ve built a new experiment building beside the old one and we’ve also set up a library where the old playground used to be.,常見高級寫作詞匯必備 1．第一first→to begin/start with 2．第二second→in addition/what’s more 3．最后finally→last but not least 4．總之in a word→to sum up/in conclusion/in summary 5．但是but→however 6．機會chance→opportunity 7．選擇choice→alternative 8．考慮consider→take into account/consideration 9．充足enough→adequate 10．影響effect→influence,11．最終finally→eventually 12．勤奮hardworking→diligent 13．幫助help→assist 14．后果result→consequence 15．應(yīng)該should→be supposed to 16．缺點shortcoming→drawback 17．理解understand→make sense of/figure out 18．可用useful→available 19．使用use→employ/make use of 20．種類繁多all kinds of→a wide range of 21．也；和as well as→in addition to/apart from 22．反對be against→object to,23．厭煩be bored with→be fed up with 24．忙于be busy in/with→be occupied in/with 25．發(fā)生happen→occur/come about 26．幾乎不hardly→barely 27．提高improve→promote 28．重要important→vital 29．立即immediately→in a flash 30．不可能impossible→out of the question 31．有趣interesting→absorbing/striking/appealing 32．參加join→participate 33．幸運lucky→fortunate,34．巨大large→enormous 35．許多many→a large quantity of 36．明顯obvious→apparent 37．豐富rich→abundant 38．小心謹慎be careful→be cautious 39．與……不同be different from→differ/vary from 40．渴望做……be eager to do→be dying to do/long to do 41．因為because of→on account of 42．聞名be famous for→have a reputation for 43．正在建設(shè) being built→under construction 44．感到舒心feel comfortable→feel at ease,45．在我看來in my opinion→as far as I am concerned 46．美化學(xué)校make our school beautiful→beautify our school 47．故意on purpose→deliberately/by design 48．置若罔聞refuse to listen to→turn a deaf ear to 49．成功做某事succeed in doing sth.→make it 50．無法描述的美麗too beautiful to describe→beauty beyond description 51．一個表現(xiàn)好的孩子a child who behaves in a proper way→a well-behaved child,52．節(jié)能的房子a house which saves energy→an energy-saving house 53．一位受到良好教育的婦女a(chǎn) woman who has received good education→a well-educated woman 54．精心組織的活動an activity that is organized well→a well-organized activity 55．一個愛好和平的人a person who loves peace→a peace-loving person,3．句式多變，結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜：高考評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中提出“較多的語法結(jié)構(gòu)”就是指句式結(jié)構(gòu)的多樣性。毋庸置疑，單調(diào)的句式和結(jié)構(gòu)、長度相近的句子會使文章呆板單調(diào)，缺乏生氣和活力，而靈活多變的句式則使行文豐富多彩，生動、自然、流暢。感嘆句、倒裝句、復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)、強調(diào)句型、定語從句、非謂語動詞短語等語法結(jié)構(gòu)的正確使用，可以使文章的語言充滿層次感，從而較好地反映出作者的語言運用能力。常見的滿分句型：,(1)合并句子(豐富結(jié)構(gòu)) ●(高考山東卷)Not only can I improve my oral English but also I learn some customs in western countries. ●(高考江西卷)For one thing，they help to improve my writing skills and broaden my horizons.For another，they can enrich my life and provide me with great fun. (2)改變語態(tài)(避免單調(diào)) ●(高考重慶卷)Besides，I am a book-lover and the books are so well kept that they are as good as new. (3)使用省略(達到言簡意賅的效果) ●(高考全國卷Ⅱ)If so，please keep quiet about it because we want to give him a surprise.,(4)使用強調(diào)句型(突出語意) ●(高考福建卷)It is overprotection and too much care that affect the children’s healthy development. (5)使用倒裝句(增強說服力) ●(高考江蘇卷)Only when we match our words with actions can we make a difference in whatever we hope to accomplish. (6)使用虛擬語氣(提出建議，委婉表達，易于接受) ●(高考陜西卷)She would have never thought a complete surprise was waiting for her. (7)使用with結(jié)構(gòu)(豐富句式) ●(高考福建卷)The park was full of freshness and beauty of spring，with the sun shining and birds singing.,(8)使用狀語從句(強調(diào)謂語或句子) ●(高考湖北卷)Whenever I had difficulties，they were always available. (9)使用定語從句(表意豐富) ●(高考山東卷)However，I was busy preparing for my final exam at that time，which was of vital importance for me. (10)使用名詞性從句(體現(xiàn)扎實的語言功底) ●(高考福建卷)It shows a common phenomenon nowadays that children are the focus of families，shouldering the hope of their parents.,(11)使用非謂語動詞(不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞以及動名詞的使用，可使句式多樣化) ●(高考福建卷)What’s worse，they spat and even threw rubbish into the lake，totally ignoring the noticeable sign “No Littering” nearby. ●(高考安徽卷)These days，breaking traffic rules and littering are not uncommon，causing serious harm to life and the environment.,(12)適當(dāng)使用名言警句 在寫作時，根據(jù)實際情況恰當(dāng)?shù)赜蒙弦粌删涿跃鋪睃c綴文章，不僅使文章顯得有深度，而且會提升文章的得分檔次。寫作中常用的名言警句有： As a popular saying goes，“Every coin has two sides.” 常言道，“事物都有兩面性?！?As a proverb says，“Rome was not built in a day.” 常言道，“偉業(yè)非一日之功?！?Where there is a will，there is a way.有志者事竟成。 As a popular saying goes，“Facts speak louder than words.”正如格言所說，“事實勝于雄辯?！?As is known to all，“No pains，no gains.” 眾所周知，“不勞則無獲。” It’s no use crying over the spilt milk.覆水難收。 Look before you leap.三思而后行。 He who laughs last laughs best. 誰笑到最后，誰就笑得最好。 As is known to all，“Easier said than done.” 眾所周知，“說起來容易做起來難。” One false step will make a great difference. 失之毫厘，謬以千里。,A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.千里之行，始于足下。 Well begun is half done.良好的開端是成功的一半。 A life without a friend is like a life without sun. 人生沒有了朋友，猶如生活沒有了陽光。 A friend in need is a friend indeed.患難見真情。 Time and tide wait for no man.歲月不待人。,4．過渡自然，行文流暢：明確了文章的主題和中心后，我們就應(yīng)該用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞、恰當(dāng)?shù)亩陶Z、合適的句型將要點擴展成句，進而導(dǎo)向文章。高考書面表達評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)指出，書面表達應(yīng)該注意“上下文的連貫性”，并能“有效地使用語句間的連接成分，使全文結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊”。此處所說的連貫性，是指段與段、句與句之間以一種明晰的、合乎邏輯的順序組織與安排，做到在文意與結(jié)構(gòu)上層次分明，條理清楚，連貫流暢。因此，為了增加文章的連貫性、邏輯性和可讀性，大家在寫作時要根據(jù)行文的需要，恰當(dāng)使用各類過渡詞、過渡句甚至過渡段來實現(xiàn)詞與詞、句與句、段與段之間的有效連接。,常用的過渡句式(黑體部分)： Also，do let me know if you need more information. Secondly，we should get up early to memorize idioms and useful expressions. Obviously，a good learning habit can help us to speed up to reach our destinations. What’s more，good books can help us to develop good characters. I lost my way in the forest and to make matters worse/what is worse，it became dark.,In addition，we shouldn’t neglect that everyone wants a friendly and peaceful society. Meanwhile/At the same time，I will regard it as my duty to keep our environment clean and healthy. Take Beijing for example，it is one of the oldest cities in the world. What is more serious is that we don’t cherish wildlife. As far as I am concerned，they stand for love，friendship and unity. Besides，I wish there wouldn’t be too many students in a class.,Moreover，it seems that he always thinks more of himself than of others. Worse still，I took many falls off the bike. Second，go outdoors and play team games with your friends as physical exercise is an effective way to get rid of anger. But unfortunately I mind my own business without considering my parents. However，not until the match was over did we realize that we became the loser. On the other hand，online shopping also has many disadvantages.,On the contrary，the volunteers always claim that they are tired of the life on earth. Contrary to what I had originally said，the trip turned out to be fun. However，what amazes you most is the following new function. Otherwise we’ll have to answer for our selfishness sooner or later. But now because my left foot was injured，I cannot go with you as planned.,1．格式、人稱是否正確。 2．內(nèi)容要點是否齊全。遺漏要點是要扣分的。因此，我們應(yīng)該重視每一個要點。,3．語法點是否出現(xiàn)錯誤。這也是我們檢查的主要方面之一。復(fù)查點主要包括：①主謂是否一致；②名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)、動詞的時態(tài)、動詞的語態(tài)、動詞短語、非謂語動詞的形式、介詞的使用是否正確；③冠詞是否遺漏；④形容詞及副詞是否使用得當(dāng)；⑤句子結(jié)構(gòu)是否完整；⑥標(biāo)點符號、單詞的大小寫是否正確；⑦單詞拼寫是否正確；⑧詞數(shù)是否嚴(yán)重不足或者超出太多等等。檢查時，我們還應(yīng)該遵循如下原則：盡可能只對文章做小方面的改動，對文章的構(gòu)思、寫作順序等大的方面盡量不要改動。,