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2016高考導(dǎo)航——適用于全國卷Ⅰ,專題1 名詞、冠詞和代詞,,專題1 名詞、冠詞和代詞,,專題1 名詞、冠詞和代詞,,考點一 名詞的單復(fù)數(shù),1．(2014高考全國卷Ⅰ，語法填空，節(jié)選)While there are amazing stories of instant transformation，for most of us the____________(change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work，like cleaning up a polluted river.,changes,2．(2015南昌十所重點中學(xué)二模)In keeping a diary in English，we certainly run up against many____________ (difficult)． 3．(2014高考全國卷Ⅰ，短文改錯，節(jié)選)Since then－for all these year－we have been allowing tomatoes to selfseed where they please._______________,difficulties,year→years,名詞的單復(fù)數(shù) 1．可數(shù)名詞的數(shù) (1)可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化 可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式通常是在單數(shù)形式詞尾后加s或es，規(guī) 則的復(fù)數(shù)構(gòu)成形式如下：,在詞尾直接加s,table→tables park→parks,在詞尾加es,bus→buses box→boxes wish→wishes watch→watches,將y變?yōu)閕再加es,family→families butterfly→butterflies dictionary→dictionaries,在詞尾直接加s,day→days holiday→holidays monkey→monkeys,一般在詞尾加s,photo→photos radio→radios zoo→zoos,有些在詞尾加es,potato→potatoes tomato→tomatoes hero→heroes,一般變f或fe為 v，再加es,knife→knives wife→wives life→lives leaf→leaves,少數(shù)直接加s,roof→roofs belief→beliefs,(2)有些名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式不是以加s或es構(gòu)成，它們的不規(guī)則構(gòu) 成形式如下：,man→men woman→women foot→ feet mouse→mice goose→geese tooth→teeth,ox→oxen child→children,fish，sheep，deer，means(方式；方法)， series，Chinese，Swiss,2.不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù) 一般地說，物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞是不可數(shù)的，因此沒有復(fù)數(shù) 形式,一般也不能用a或an修飾。通常只用作不可數(shù)名詞的名 詞有：milk，homework，housework，weather，news， information，bread，advice，progress，equipment，meat, fun，luggage，furniture，wealth，word(消息)，room (空間)，man(人類)等。,特別注意 1．word意為“消息”，room意為“空間”，man意為“人 類”時，通常不帶任何修飾詞。 Word came that the meeting will be held on Friday. 有消息稱會議將于周五召開。 2．名詞前有man或woman修飾，變復(fù)數(shù)時，作定語的 man/woman和中心詞都要變成復(fù)數(shù)形式。 man doctor→men doctors男醫(yī)生 woman waiter→women waiters女服務(wù)生,名師指津 1．不定冠詞a、an后用名詞單數(shù)形式。 2．有some、many、all、both等詞修飾時名詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 3．名詞前有one of時，名詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 4．謂語動詞是復(fù)數(shù)，名詞作主語時確定名詞為復(fù)數(shù)。,Ⅰ.單句語法填空 1．(2015太原模擬)The little boy ate so many___________ (potato) and so much meat that he threw up at dawn. 2．(2015山東臨沂二模)The ALS makes people’s muscles become hard.It is hard for the patients to move.Stephen Hocking is one of the____________(suffer)． 3．(2016江西重點中學(xué)盟校第一次聯(lián)考)So I hope there will be more and more charity shops in ther__________(place)．,potatoes,suffers,places,Ⅱ.單句改錯 1．(2015石家莊二模)Plant had to be on land before animals arrived.__________________ 2．(2015江西贛州高三摸底考試)When my uncle arrived with a smile，I threw my arm around him to give him a warm hug. __________________ 3．(2015濟(jì)寧模擬)—I feel terrible，I didn’t do well in the math test. —Don’t take it too hard.you’re already making progresses and will surely learn it well.______________________,Plant→Plants,arm→arms,progresses→progress,考點二 詞性的轉(zhuǎn)換 1. (2015高考全國卷Ⅱ，語法填空，節(jié)選)In addition to their simple beauty，what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their____________(able) to “air condition” a house without using electric equipment.,,ability,2．(2015河南洛陽高三第二次統(tǒng)一考試)How do learning habits influence learning results？It’s useful and necessary to discuss learning habits.There is a famous___________ (say) “Good habits lead to good endings”，which shows the importance of habits. 3．(2015山東日照二模)Be sure to be with a strong ____________(aware) that you are what you eat!,saying,awareness,一、形容詞變名詞的后綴,short→shortage 不足；短缺,efficient→efficiency 效率；功效 fluent→fluency 流利；流暢 accurate→accuracy 準(zhǔn)確性 private→privacy 隱私，私密,free→freedom 自由；自主 wise→wisdom 明智；智慧,different→difference 差異 silent→silence 沉默,weak→weakness 虛弱；弱點 kind→kindness 仁慈；好意 careless→carelessness 粗心大意,strong→strength 力氣；強項 warm→warmth 溫暖；熱情,difficult→difficulty 困難 cruel→cruelty 殘酷；殘暴 safe→safety 安全 responsible→responsibility 責(zé)任,二、動詞變名詞的后綴,approve→approval 贊成；批準(zhǔn) arrive→arrival 到來；到達(dá) survive→survival 幸存 propose→proposal 提議；建議,appear→appearance 出現(xiàn)；外貌 guide→guidance 指引；指導(dǎo) perform→performance 表演；節(jié)目 exist→existence 存在；生存 prefer→preference 偏愛 refer→reference 參考；查閱,attract→attraction 吸引 invite→invitation 邀請；請柬 graduate→graduation 畢業(yè) expect→expectation 期待；期望 compete→competition 比賽；競爭 explain→explanation 解釋,discuss→discussion 討論；辯論 decide→decision 決定 admit→admission 接納；準(zhǔn)許入學(xué),hear→hearing 聽力；聽覺 start→starting 開始,achieve→achievement 功績；成就 argue→argument 辯論；論據(jù) treat→treatment 對待；治療,fail→failure 失敗；沒做到 press→pressure 壓力 mix→mixture 混合；混合物 depart→departure 離開；出發(fā),recover→recovery 恢復(fù)；痊愈 discover→discovery 發(fā)現(xiàn),choose→choice 選擇 vary→variety 多樣化；種類 tend→tendency 趨向；趨勢,名師指津 1．根據(jù)題干的語法結(jié)構(gòu)，特別是設(shè)空前的限定詞判斷詞性:冠詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、量詞、形容詞和介詞后應(yīng)接名詞形式。 2．根據(jù)句法結(jié)構(gòu)判斷詞性：如果所填詞在句中作主語、賓 語、同位語時，一般用所給詞的名詞形式。 3．確定詞性為名詞后，根據(jù)常用的前后綴將所給詞轉(zhuǎn)換成 適當(dāng)?shù)男问健?1．(2015濟(jì)南一模)The____________(protect) and improvement of the human environment is a major issue which affects all the people and economic development throughout the world. 2．(2015濟(jì)南模擬)Just imagine how terribly shy I was the moment I thought of that with so many eyes fixed upon me. I had no other____________(choose)，though.,protection,choice,3．(2015洛陽統(tǒng)一考試)The customer thought for a moment，but didn’t respond because he didn’t want to start an____________(argue)． 4．(2015鄭州第三次診斷)British families started going on holiday to the seaside around the middle of the 19thcentury. The____________(invent) of the railways made this possible.,argument,invention,考點三 冠詞的基本用法,1．(2015高考全國卷Ⅱ，語法填空，節(jié)選)The adobe dwellings(土坯房) built by the Pueblo Indians of American Southwest are admired by even____________most modern of architects and engineers. 2．(2015江西南昌調(diào)研)Some inventions happen in strange ways.The potato chip is one of them.Moon’s Lake House was____________restaurant in New York in the 1850s.,the,a,3．(2015河南省高考適應(yīng)性測試)We can broaden our horizons and know more about the world by watching ____________latest news and reports. 4．(2014高考遼寧卷，短文改錯，節(jié)選)Besides，Cleo tends to bark a average of six hours a day.__________________ 5．(2015南昌二模)Lionel Messi，_____player from the South American country of Argentina，is the greatest soccer player alive today.,the,a,第一個a→an,一、不定冠詞的基本用法 1．用在第一次提到的人或物的名詞前，表泛指。 At that time，I was working in a factory.The factory produces car parts.那時，我在一家工廠工作。那家工廠生產(chǎn)各種汽車零部件。 2．表示數(shù)量“一”或“任何一個”。 —What would you like? ——你想喝點什么？ —I would like a coffee and two beers. ——我想喝一杯咖啡和兩瓶啤酒。,3．用于序數(shù)詞前，表示“又一，再一”。 He missed the gold in the high jump，but will get a second chance in the long jump.他在跳高比賽中錯失了金牌，但是在跳遠(yuǎn)比賽中他還有機(jī)會。 二、定冠詞的基本用法 1．特指前面已提及的人或物，或雙方都知道的人或物。 Take your time—it’s just a short distance from here to the restaurant. 不著急——從這里到那家餐館只有很短的一段距離。 2.用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞或形容詞及分詞前,表“一類人或物”。 The explosion saw people rush to help the injured. 爆炸發(fā)生后，人們趕到現(xiàn)場幫助受傷的人。,3．用于序數(shù)詞和形容詞或副詞最高級以及形容詞only，very，same等之前。 Yang Liwei is the first man who has been into space in China.在中國楊利偉是第一個登上太空的人。 4．用于被限制性修飾語加以限定的人或物前。 (2015高考重慶卷，單項填空，改編)I just heard the bank where Dora works was robbed by a gunman wearing a mask.我剛聽說多拉工作的銀行被一個戴面具的持槍人搶劫了。,三、零冠詞的基本用法 1．用于表示泛指的不可數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)名詞前。 Keeping a diary is a good habit，by which you’ll make great progress. 記日記是一個可以讓你取得進(jìn)步的好習(xí)慣。 2．用于與by連用的表示交通工具、通訊工具的名詞前。 Are you going there by plane or by ship? 你是乘飛機(jī)還是乘船去那里？ 3．用于系動詞turn后的單數(shù)名詞作表語時。 After years of hard work，Tom turned engineer while Mary good manager.多年的努力之后，湯姆成了工程師而瑪麗成了一個好經(jīng)理。,Ⅰ.單句語法填空 1．(2015河南普通畢業(yè)班適應(yīng)性練習(xí))English is now_______ international language.It is used in many aspects. 2．(2015北京石景山一模)The villagers have been searching for____________buried people without stop since the accident happened. 3．The experiment turned out to be ____________ complete failure, which wasn’t what they wanted.,an,the,a,Ⅱ.單句改錯 1．(2015太原二模)Three years ago I failed an important exam in my life and became a student in a ordinary school. ________________ 2．(2016河南六市第一次聯(lián)考)Last Sunday I saw a worst storm in years.It came suddenly and went on for more than three hours. ________________ 3．(2015濟(jì)寧模擬)Hiking is great fun.You will get close to the nature and take exercise at the same time. ________________,第二個a→an,a→the,去掉第一個the,考點四 冠詞用于固定搭配中 1．(2015山東煙臺模擬)If you don’t have_______good knowledge of English，it’s out of question for you to use it flexibly and fluently. 2．(2015河北保定聯(lián)考)It is______waste of time，at times the food is not fresh and does not taste delicious.,a,a,3．(2015日照模擬)—Would you mind giving me advice on how to improve my record? —If you make__________most of your potential，there will be a rise in your achievement. 4．(2015南昌一模)In____________eyes of children，playing on the Internet can only bring them great fun.,the,the,一、常用固定結(jié)構(gòu) 1．用于“by＋the＋表示計量單位的名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中，表示 “按……計算”。 —It’s said John will be in a job paying over $60，000 a year. ——據(jù)說，約翰將獲得一個年薪超過6萬美元的工作。 —Right，he will also get paid by the week. ——是的，他的工資將按周支付。 2．用于“the＋比較級．the＋比較級．”(越……越……)結(jié)構(gòu)中。 The more careful you are，the fewer mistakes you will make.你越小心，就會越少犯錯誤。,二、冠詞用在固定短語中 1．不定冠詞用于固定搭配中 at a loss不知所措，困惑 all of a sudden 突然 in a hurry 匆忙的 as a rule 通常 be on a visit 參觀；拜訪 as a matter of fact 事實上 as a result 因此 be on a diet 節(jié)食 have a gift for 在某方面有天賦 have/catch a cold 感冒 make a living 謀生,have/take a rest 休息 in a way 從某種意義上說 give sb.a lift 讓某人搭便車 2．定冠詞用于固定短語中 at the moment 此刻；目前 at the same time 同時 not in the least 一點也不 on the contrary 相反 on the whole 總的來說 to tell the truth 說實話 in the distance 在遠(yuǎn)處 on the other hand 另一方面,to the point 中肯；切題 make the most/best of 充分利用 by the way 順便說一下 go to the cinema/theater 去看電影/戲劇 in the middle of 在……中間 3．零冠詞用于固定短語中 on purpose 故意地 by chance 碰巧 catch/on fire 著火 at dawn/dusk 在黎明/黃昏 make room for 讓位 out of date 過時的 by sea 乘船,單句語法填空 1．(2015臨沂模擬)With the development of society，our country is badly in need of those with____________better command of computer skills. 2．(2015河南羅山高中二模)I said，“You tell your sweet nephew that there are still nice people left who wanted to give them____________hand in this world.”,a,a,3．(2015山東濟(jì)南二模)And the headmaster had_______ hard time with all the homework! 4．(2015石家莊二中一模)The tour will provide_____unique opportunity to stay with a British family for a week in _______hope that you will better understand the life there.,a,a,the,(1)判斷設(shè)空后的名詞是可數(shù)名詞還是不可數(shù)名詞，是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。 (2)根據(jù)語境或語法結(jié)構(gòu)確定是泛指還是特指。復(fù)數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞表泛指不加任何冠詞，單數(shù)可數(shù) 名詞表泛指時其前需要加不定冠詞；表特指須用定冠詞the。,(2014高考陜西卷，語法和詞匯知識，改編) ________village where I was born has grown into________ town. 【解析】句意為：我出生的那個小村莊已經(jīng)發(fā)展成了一個小 鎮(zhèn)。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，village后有定語從句where I was born修飾，故第一空為特指，用定冠詞the；由句意可知,小 村莊已經(jīng)發(fā)展成了一個小鎮(zhèn)，故第二空為泛指，用不定冠詞 a，表示“一個”。,The,a,考點五 代 詞,1．(2015高考全國卷Ⅰ，語法填空,節(jié)選)A few hours before, I’d been at home in Hong Kong，with____________(it) choking smog. 2．(2015河南頂級名校5月模擬)Soldiers helped to take people out of the flooded area and the welfare department brought__________(they) food，clothes and shelter.,its,them,3．(2014高考全國卷Ⅱ，語法填空，節(jié)選)Then the driver stood up and asked，“Did anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop？”A woman on the bus shouted，“Oh，dear！It’s______________(I)”． 4．(2015江西上饒三模)Third，ants think about summer all winter.During the winter，they remind____________(they), “This won’t last long and we’ll soon be out of here.”O(jiān)n the first warm day，the ants are out. 5．(2015河南三門峽考前適應(yīng)性練習(xí))Jane was walking round the department store.She remembered how difficult_______was to choose a suitable Christmas present for her father.,me/mine,themselves,it,一、人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞及疑問代詞的用法,I,you,he， she，it,we,you,they,me,you,him，her，it,us,you,them,my,your,his，her，its,our,your,their,mine,yours,his， hers， its,ours,yours,theirs,myself,yourself,himself， herself， itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves,who，whom，whose，which，what,My thanks should go to those inspiring me to go ahead and giving me support as well. 我感謝那些鼓勵我前進(jìn)并給予我支持的人。 What I want to say is this：you should grasp every minute to finish your work.我想說的是，你應(yīng)該抓住每一分鐘的時間完成你的工作。 Such is the power of the TV that it can make a person suddenly famous. 這就是電視的力量，它可以使人一夜成名。,二、不定代詞的用法,other泛指“其余的，另外的”,只作定語。other＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞＝others。,In some countries， people eat with chopsticks, while in others/other countries，knives and forks.,the other特指“(兩者之中的)另一個”。the other＋可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)＝the others。,(2015高考陜西卷，語法和詞匯知識，改編)To warm himself，the sailor sat in front of the fire rubbing one bare foot against the other.,三、指示代詞this，that，these，those，such，so的用法,指在時間或空間上較近的人或事物；this可指下文將要談到的人或物。,指在時間或空間上較遠(yuǎn)的人或事物；that可指上文提到過的人或物。,指代前面所敘述的人或事物。作主語時，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于后面的名詞或代詞的數(shù)。,代替一個句子或短語所表達(dá)的事情，意思是“如此,這樣”。在believe，think，expect，suppose，imagine，guess等詞后用so代替前文提出的觀點。,(2015高考天津卷，單項填空，改編)The quality of education in this small school is better than that in some larger schools.這所小學(xué)校的教育質(zhì)量比一些更大的學(xué)校的(教育質(zhì)量)好。 (2015山東濰坊模擬)People living in colder regions are generally larger than those living in hotter ones. 生活在寒冷地區(qū)的人通常比生活在炎熱地區(qū)的人身材高大些。,四、it的用法 1．用作人稱代詞，用來指代事物或上文提到過的內(nèi)容。 The Smiths bought a new house but it will need a lot of work before they can move in.史密斯一家買了一套房子，但 是在入住之前有大量的工作要做。 2．it用作形式主語或形式賓語，而把真正的主語或賓語放 在后面，真正的主語或賓語往往由從句、動名詞、不定式 充當(dāng)。 No matter where he is，he makes it a rule to go for a walk before breakfast. 不管在哪里，他養(yǎng)成了早餐前散步的習(xí)慣。,3．常用于固定搭配中。 make it成功；hate/like/enjoy it that.討厭/喜歡……；I can’t help it我沒有辦法；if I can help it如果我有辦法；when it comes to.當(dāng)涉及……時；rely on/depend on/count on it that.相信……；as sb.puts it.正如某人所說……；I would appreciate it if.如果……，我將不勝感激。 I would appreciate it if you take my suggestion into consideration.如果你考慮我的建議我將不勝感激。,1．(2015南昌模擬)There are also two different trips，both quite reasonably priced.____________is a climbing trip to the top of Mount Puimonen.The other is a 5km cross country skiing trip. 2．(2015河南三門峽考前適應(yīng)性練習(xí))She did not hesitate for long：although her father smoked a pipe only once in a while，she knew that this was a present which was bound to please____________．,One,him,3．(2015青島高三統(tǒng)一質(zhì)量檢測)Both teams were in hard training；____________was willing to lose the game. 4．(2015河北五個一名校聯(lián)盟監(jiān)測二)I don’t think ____________is necessary for you to buy the fastest one.It would be a waste of money.,neither,it,技法1 通過句子成分確定填什么代詞 分析句子成分，如果句中缺主語，則可能填人稱代詞主格、指示代詞、不定代詞或it；如果缺賓語，則可能填人稱代詞賓格；如果賓語與主語是指同一人，則應(yīng)用反身代詞。,(2015日照模擬)On my desk is a photo that my father took of____________(I) when I was a baby. 【解析】設(shè)空處作介詞of的賓語，應(yīng)用人稱代詞賓格；再結(jié) 合句意“我的桌子上有張我小時候父親為我拍的照片”可知 填me。,me,技法2 通過句式結(jié)構(gòu)判斷是否填it 根據(jù)句式結(jié)構(gòu)，判斷句子是否為it的特殊句式，it作形式主 語、形式賓語或在強調(diào)句式中。 (2015山西四校聯(lián)考)I’d appreciate____________ if you could let me know in advance whether or not you will come. 【解析】句意：如果你能提前告知我你是否會來的話，我將 感激不盡。I’d appreciate it if.為固定句型，意為“如 果……，我將感激不盡”。it在該句型中作形式賓語，指代 下文if從句的內(nèi)容。,it,