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第二講 主旨大意題,,專題二 閱讀理解,主旨大意題主要考查考生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的能力。通常以概括中心大意、選擇標(biāo)題以及判斷作者寫作意圖等形式出現(xiàn)。主旨大意題是閱讀理解題中的高難度題，能夠拉開考生的分?jǐn)?shù)差距，所以將此類題設(shè)為高考試題具有很好的選拔作用。也可以說，此類題屬于能力型題目。 常見的命題方式有：1.What is the best title for this passage? 2．Which of the following can be the best title for the passage? 3．What’s the main idea of the text? 4．The main idea of the second paragraph is probably that ________．,1．標(biāo)題歸納類主旨大意題 考生在做標(biāo)題歸納類試題時(shí)要注意標(biāo)題的三個(gè)特性，即醒目 性、概括性和針對性。解題時(shí)要抓住文章的首尾段和每一段 的首尾句，要注意貫穿文章始終的詞語。,(2015高考全國卷Ⅱ，閱讀理解B，節(jié)選)Your house may have an effect on your figure.Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off.You can make your environment work for you instead of against you.Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan. Open the curtains and turn up the lights.Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating，for people are often less self－conscious (難為情) when they’re in poorly lit places—and so more likely to eat lots of food.If your home doesn’t have enough window light，get more lamps and flood the place with brightness.,Mind the colors.Research suggests warm colors fuel our appetites.In one study，people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room.Warm colors like yellow make food appear more appetizing，while cold colors make us feel less hungry.So when it’s time to repaint，go blue. Don’t forget the clock—or the radio.People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer calories (卡路里) per meal than those who rush through their meals.Begin keeping track of the time，and try to make dinner last at least 30 minutes.And while you’re at it，actually sit down to eat.If you need some help slowing down，turn on relaxing music.It makes you less likely to rush through a meal.,,Downsize the dishes.Big serving bowls and plates can easily make us fat.We eat about 22 percent more when using a 12－inch plate instead of a 10－inch plate.When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one，total intake (攝入) jumps by 14 percent.And we’ll pour about 30 percent more liquid into a short，wide glass than a tall，skinny glass. 8．What can be a suitable title for the text?_________ A．Is Your House Making You Fat? B．Ways of Serving Dinner C．Effects of Self－Consciousness D．Is Your Home Environment Relaxing?,A,【解析】 標(biāo)題歸納題。本文主要介紹了墻壁的顏色、房間的亮度、吃飯的速度以及吃飯時(shí)使用的器皿大小等都與一個(gè)人的身材有關(guān)。因此A項(xiàng)“你的房子正讓你發(fā)胖嗎？”最適合做文章標(biāo)題。B項(xiàng)“提供正餐的方式”，C項(xiàng) “自我意識的作用”，D項(xiàng)“你家的環(huán)境令人放松嗎？”，均與本文的主題不符。,,方法點(diǎn)津 領(lǐng)悟主旨要義 避免以偏概全 標(biāo)題歸納類主旨大意題考查考生對文章的領(lǐng)悟和概括能力。所選文章題目必須能概括全文的中心內(nèi)容，即標(biāo)題涵蓋性 強(qiáng)，能覆蓋全文；標(biāo)題要體現(xiàn)主題，既不能“太大”，也不 能過于片面，即標(biāo)題所指的范圍要恰當(dāng)；標(biāo)題準(zhǔn)確性要強(qiáng)，表意準(zhǔn)確，與文章的感情色彩相同?？傊?，考生應(yīng)認(rèn)真揣摩作者的寫作意圖，弄清文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，避免以下三種錯(cuò) 誤：概括不夠(多表現(xiàn)為部分代替整體)；過度概括(多表現(xiàn) 為人為擴(kuò)大范圍)；以事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)代替抽象概念的大意。,2．文章大意類主旨大意題 一篇文章總是有中心思想的，獲取文章中心思想的方法就是找主題句。主題句通常在首段或結(jié)尾段，但有時(shí)也會出現(xiàn)在文章的中間段落。因此，在閱讀時(shí)要對文章的首段和結(jié)尾段及各個(gè)段落的主題句給予特別的關(guān)注。,(2015高考重慶卷，閱讀理解A，節(jié)選)At thirteen，I was diagnosed (診斷) with a kind of attention disorder.It made school difficult for me.When everyone else in the class was focusing on tasks，I could not. In my first literature class，Mrs.Smith asked us to read a story and then write on it，all within 45 minutes.I raised my hand right away and said，“Mrs.Smith，you see，the doctor said I have attention problems.I might not be able to do it.” She glanced down at me through her glasses，“You are no different from your classmates，young man.”,I tried，but I didn’t finish the reading when the bell rang. I had to take it home. In the quietness of my bedroom，the story suddenly all became clear to me.It was about a blind person，Louis Braille. He lived in a time when the blind couldn’t get much education.But Louis didn’t give up.Instead，he invented a reading system of raised dots (點(diǎn))，which opened up a whole new world of knowledge to the blind. Wasn’t I the “blind” in my class，being made to learn like the “sighted” students？My thoughts spilled out and my pen started to dance. I completed the task within 40 minutes.Indeed，I was no different from others; I just needed a quieter place.If Louis could find his way out of his problems，why should I ever give up?,I didn’t expect anything when I handed in my paper to Mrs.Smith，so it was quite a surprise when it came back to me the next day—with an “A” on it.At the bottom of the paper were these words：“See what you can do when you keep trying？” 39．What is the main idea of the passage?__________ A．The disabled should be treated with respect. B．A teacher can open up a new world to students. C．One can find his way out of difficulties with efforts. D．Everyone needs a hand when faced with challenges.,C,【解析】主旨大意題。作者是一個(gè)有注意力障礙癥的學(xué)生，因?yàn)樯险n不能集中精力而不得不把作業(yè)拿回家去做，在安靜的環(huán)境下終于完成了。閱讀材料的內(nèi)容也給了他很大的啟 發(fā)，說明只要不懈努力就一定能戰(zhàn)勝困難取得成功。文章強(qiáng)調(diào)的是不懈努力的重要性，而不是對殘障人士的尊重、老師對學(xué)生的作用或困境中的幫助，故A、B、D三項(xiàng)均有偏差，應(yīng)選C項(xiàng)。,方法點(diǎn)津 確定選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容是否切合文章的中心論題，也就是要看選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容與作者的寫作目的是否一致。要從整篇文章出發(fā)歸納概括文章的主旨大意，切莫本末倒置、主次不分,避免以點(diǎn)帶面、以偏概全，這樣才能排除干擾，選出正確選項(xiàng)。,3．段落大意類主旨大意題 每個(gè)段落通常都有一個(gè)中心，通常中心思想會在本段首句體現(xiàn)出來，即常說的段落主題句。一般來說，采用歸納法的段 落，細(xì)節(jié)表述在前，歸納概括在后。若主題句出現(xiàn)在段首，則文章多為說明文和議論文。主題句也可能出現(xiàn)在段落的中間。有時(shí)作者沒有寫出明顯的主題句，考生要學(xué)會根據(jù)段落的內(nèi)容概括出主題句。,(2014高考山東卷，閱讀理解D，節(jié)選)Serval says he was inspired by his experience as a father.He would come home from work and ask his kids if they had brushed their teeth.They said “yes，” but Serval would find their toothbrush heads dry.He decided he needed a brush that really told him how well his children brushed. 59．What is Paragraph 5 mainly about? _________ A．How Serval found out his kids lied to him. B．Why Serval thought brushing teeth was necessary. C．How Serval taught his kids to brush their teeth. D．What inspired Serval to invent the toothbrush.,D,【解析】 段落大意題。第五段講述了作者從自己的孩子刷牙中所發(fā)現(xiàn)的問題中得到了發(fā)明這款牙刷的靈感。第一句話可以作為中心句。inspire在本句中意為“使……有靈感”。,方法點(diǎn)津 如何找準(zhǔn)主題句 找準(zhǔn)主題句是確定文章主旨大意的主要方法。主題句在文中的位置： 開門見山：提出主題——細(xì)節(jié)支撐——闡明主題； 段末點(diǎn)睛：細(xì)節(jié)描述——?dú)w納要點(diǎn)——概括主題； 段中點(diǎn)旨：細(xì)節(jié)描述——?dú)w納主題——進(jìn)一步解釋。 在閱讀非故事性文章如科普說明文時(shí)，主題句尤其明顯。 有的文章的主題句不明顯，隱含在段落之中，考生要注意 辨別。,