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2019-2020年高二英語 Unit 1 Grammar 虛擬語氣知識(shí)精講 新人教版選修6 一、學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)： 1. 學(xué)習(xí)虛擬語氣在條件句中的應(yīng)用。 2. 掌握虛擬語氣使用的語境及方法。 二、重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)： 虛擬語氣在條件句中的句型結(jié)構(gòu)。 三、考情分析： 在高考題中，目前全國19套各地市試題中涉及到虛擬語氣知識(shí)點(diǎn)的占30%以上，因此這一語法項(xiàng)目在高考中變得越來越重要。這一知識(shí)點(diǎn)經(jīng)常以單項(xiàng)選擇題的形式出現(xiàn)，分值為1分。而且，我們?cè)谌粘?duì)話中也會(huì)經(jīng)常用到虛擬語氣。 四、知能提升 （一）知識(shí)講解 【認(rèn)知講解】 教材原句呈現(xiàn) ①If you were an artist, what kind of pictures would you paint? ②If the rules of perspective had not been discovered, no one would have been able to paint such realistic pictures. ③Have you ever wished you could paint as well as a professional artist? 對(duì)比分析 第一個(gè)句子中的從句顯然是做了一個(gè)不可能成立的假設(shè)，這是一個(gè)與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣的句子。 第二個(gè)句子中則是與過去事實(shí)相反，是表示如果透視法沒有被發(fā)現(xiàn)，就沒有人能夠畫出這樣具有現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的畫來。 第三個(gè)句子中wish后面的虛擬語氣，表示與將來事實(shí)相反。 【重、難點(diǎn)】 1）虛擬語氣可以用來表示說話人的主觀愿望或假想，所說的是一個(gè)條件，不一定是事實(shí)，或與事實(shí)相反。虛擬語氣在條件句中應(yīng)用得比較多。 2）條件句可分為兩類，一類為真實(shí)條件句，一類為非真實(shí)條件句。非真實(shí)條件句表示的是假設(shè)的或?qū)嶋H發(fā)生的可能性不大的情況，故采用虛擬語氣。 I. 真實(shí)條件句用于陳述語氣，所假設(shè)的情況有可能發(fā)生。結(jié)構(gòu)如下所示： 從句往往用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，而主句則由“shall/will + 動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成。 ［例句］If he es, he will bring his violin. 如果他來，他將會(huì)帶他的小提琴來。 【考題鏈接】 The volleyball match will be put off if it _________.　 A. will rain　 B. rains　 C. rained　 D. is rained 答案：B 解題思路：真實(shí)條件句的主句為將來時(shí)，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 注意： 1）在真實(shí)條件句中，主句不能用be going to表示將來，應(yīng)該用shall或will。 ［例句］（錯(cuò)）If you leave now, you are never going to regret it. （對(duì)）If you leave now, you will never regret it. 2）在表示真理時(shí)，主句謂語動(dòng)詞不用shall （will） +動(dòng)詞原形，而直接用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的動(dòng)詞形式。 ［例句］You get 3 if you add 1 and 2. 你用1加2會(huì)得3。 II. 非真實(shí)條件句 如果假設(shè)的情況是過去、現(xiàn)在都不存在的，或?qū)硪膊惶赡馨l(fā)生的，則使用虛擬條件句。 ［例句］If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it. 如果他昨天見到你，他會(huì)問你這件事的。(事實(shí)上他昨天沒見到你，因此也未能問你這件事。) 虛擬語氣可以表示過去，現(xiàn)在和將來的情況，時(shí)態(tài)的基本特點(diǎn)是時(shí)態(tài)往后推移。 在含有虛擬條件句的復(fù)合句中，主句和從句的謂語都要用虛擬語氣?，F(xiàn)將虛擬條件句和主句的動(dòng)詞形式列表如下： 1. 表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的情況。 條件句 主句 例句 動(dòng)詞的過去式 （be的過去式用were） would（should，could，might）+動(dòng)詞原形 If I were you, I would not be so proud. I don’t have a cell phone. If I had one, it would be convenient for me to get in touch with others. 2. 表示與過去事實(shí)相反的情況。 條件句 主句 例句 had +p.p. would/should/could/might+ have+ p. p If you had e earlier，you would have met him. 3. 與將來的事實(shí)可能相反的情況。 條件句 主句 例句 動(dòng)詞的過去式 或should+動(dòng)詞原形 或were to+ 動(dòng)詞原形 should/would/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形 If it were to rain tomorrow, we would not go out. ［注意］主句中的should只用于I、we，但在美國英語中，should常被would代替；從句中的should 可用于各種人稱。 下面分別講解一下相關(guān)的內(nèi)容： l. 表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)和結(jié)果。 ［例句］If my brother were here, everything would be all right. 要是我哥哥在這兒，一切都沒問題了。 【考題鏈接】 Mary is ill today. If she _____ , she ____ absent from school. A. were not ill; wouldn’t be B. had been ill; wouldn’t have been C. had been ill; should have been D. hadn’t been ill; could be 答案：A 解題思路：本題考查與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣。主句用“would / should / could / might +動(dòng)詞原形”，可排除B、C兩項(xiàng)，再由虛擬句的結(jié)構(gòu)和句意，可知選A項(xiàng)。 2. 表示與過去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)和結(jié)果。 ［例句］If you had taken my advice，you wouldn’t (couldn’t) have failed in the exam. 如果你按照我的建議去做，你一定不會(huì)(不可能)考試不及格。 【考題鏈接】 1）－The weather has been very hot and dry. －Yes. If it had rained even a drop, things would be much better now! And my vegetables . A. wouldn’t die B. didn’t die C. hadn’t died D. wouldn’t have died 答案：D 解題思路：答語中的If條件句是我們選出正確答案的關(guān)鍵。句意為“要是當(dāng)時(shí)下雨了，現(xiàn)在的情況就好得多了！我的蔬菜也就不會(huì)死了”。這一內(nèi)容與過去事實(shí)相反：過去沒有下雨，所以我的蔬菜干死了也是發(fā)生在過去。將句子整合還原為：If it had rained even a drop, my vegetables wouldn’t have died. 虛擬條件句為If+ had done,主句為couldn’t/ shouldn’t/ wouldn’t have done。 2）If he __________my advice, he wouldn’t have lost his job. A. followed B. should follow C. had followed D. would follow 答案：C 解題思路：根據(jù)主句中“wouldn’t have lost”可判斷if引導(dǎo)的狀語從句表示的是與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣，結(jié)構(gòu)為“had + p.p.”故選C項(xiàng)。 3. 表示與將來事實(shí)可能相反的假設(shè)和結(jié)果。 ［例句］If it were Sunday tomorrow, I should (would，could，might) go to see my grandmother. 如果明天是星期天，我就 (可能)去看望我奶奶。 If it were to snow this evening, they would not go out. 如果今晚下雪，他們就不出去了。 【考題鏈接】 This printer is of good quality. If it _______ break down within the first year, we would repair it at our expense. A. would B. should C. could D. might 答案：B 解題思路：本題考查虛擬語氣的用法。先弄清假設(shè)的時(shí)間段，此處表示將來，然后再套句式。 4. 有時(shí)條件從句中的動(dòng)作和主句中的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致（表示錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間的虛擬語氣），這時(shí)動(dòng)詞的形式要根據(jù)它所表示的時(shí)間加以調(diào)整。我們把這種句子叫做混合條件句。 ［例句］If you had listened to the doctor, you would be all right now. 如果你當(dāng)初聽了醫(yī)生的話，你的身體現(xiàn)在就好了。(從句動(dòng)作指過去，主句動(dòng)作指現(xiàn)在) If I were you, I would have bought the second-hand car. 我要是你的話，我就買下那輛二手車了。(從句動(dòng)作指現(xiàn)在，主句動(dòng)作指過去) If it had rained last night（過去）, it would be very cold today（現(xiàn)在）. 如果昨晚下過雨，今天就會(huì)很冷了。 【考題鏈接】 If they ____ earlier than expected, they ____ here now. A. had started, would be B. started, might be C. had started, would have been D. will start, might have been 答案：A 解題思路：本題考查混合條件句。從句是與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣，主語是與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣，綜合考慮，選擇A項(xiàng)。 5. 虛擬條件句可以轉(zhuǎn)換成下列形式: （1）省略連詞if。在書面語中，如果虛擬條件句中有were，had 或 should，則可以把if省略掉，把這幾個(gè)詞放到主語之前，構(gòu)成主謂倒裝。這種情況我們叫做虛擬倒裝句。 ［例句］Should he e (If he should e), tell him to ring me up. 他要是來了，讓他給我打個(gè)電話。 Were I you (If I were you), I would not do it. 我要是你，我就不做這事了。 【考題鏈接】 1）_____ to do the work, I should do it some other day. A. If were I　　 B. I were　C. Were I　D. Was I 答案：C 解題思路：在虛擬條件狀語從句中如果有were, should, had這三個(gè)詞，通常將if省略，再將這三個(gè)詞提到主語的前邊，變成“were, should, had +主語”的形式。但要注意，在虛擬條件狀語從句中，省略連詞的倒裝形式的句首不能用動(dòng)詞的縮略形式。如，我們可以說 Were I not to do, 但不能說 Weren’t I to do。 2）Had I known about the puter program, a large amount of time and energy __ . A. would have been saved B. had been saved C. will be saved D. was saved 答案：A 解題思路：根據(jù)句子的倒裝特征判斷此處使用了省略了if的虛擬語氣，原形是：If I had known about this puter program, a huge amount of time and energy .故選擇A項(xiàng)。句意為：如果我早知道這個(gè)電腦程序，就可以節(jié)省大量的時(shí)間和精力了。 (2)用介詞短語代替條件狀語從句。有時(shí)假設(shè)的情況并不用條件從句表示出來，而是通過介詞短語來表示。 ［例句］Without air (If there were not air), there would be no living things. 如果沒有空氣，也就不會(huì)有生物了。 But for your help (If it hadn’t been for your help) I couldn’t have done it. 要是沒有你的幫助，我就不可能完成這件事。 【考題鏈接】 1）Thank you for all your hard work last week. I don’t think we ___ it without you. A. can manage B. could have managed C. could manage D. can have managed 答案：B 解題思路：由“without you”可知這是一種虛擬情況，再由語情判斷這是與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣，主句用“would / could / should / might +動(dòng)詞原形”，故選B項(xiàng)。 2）______ the fog, we should have reached our destination. A. Because of B. In spite of C. In case of D. But for 答案：D 解題思路：根據(jù)后面的“should + have + p. p.”可以判斷這是一個(gè)虛擬語氣，所以D項(xiàng)正確。 【知識(shí)拓展】 1. 假設(shè)的情況有時(shí)可以通過上下文或其他方式表現(xiàn)出來。 ［例句］I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have gone there with them. (If I hadn’t been busy that day, I would have gone there with them.) 我那天很忙，否則，我就和他們一起去那兒了。(如果我那天不忙的話，我就……)； I would have finished the work, but I have been ill. (If I hadn’t been ill, I would have finished the work.) 我本來可以完成這項(xiàng)工作的，但我生病了。(如果我沒生病的話，我就會(huì)完成……) 【考題鏈接】 I didn’t know his telephone number, otherwise I ______ him. A. had telephoned B. would telephone C. would have telephoned D. telephone 答案：C 解題思路：otherwise把過去的事實(shí)推翻，后面的句子與過去的事實(shí)相反。所以選C項(xiàng)。 2. 省去條件從句或主句：表示虛擬語氣的主句或從句有時(shí)可以省略，但其含義仍可以推知。 (1)省去條件從句。 ［例句］You could have washed your clothes yourself. 你本來可以自己洗衣服的。（省去了“If you had wanted to”事實(shí)是：你自己沒洗衣服，是因?yàn)槟悴幌胂础? (2)省去主句(常用以表示愿望)。 ［例句］If my grandmother were with me! 如果我的祖母與我在一起多好啊! (事實(shí)是:她已經(jīng)走了。) If only she had not left! 如果她沒走就好了! 【考題鏈接】 If only I _________ to the lecture yesterday! A. listen B. will listen C. am listening D. had listened 答案：D 解題思路：與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣從句要用過去完成時(shí)。 III. wish的用法 在動(dòng)詞wish后的賓語從句中，表示與現(xiàn)在或過去的事實(shí)相反，或?qū)淼闹饔^愿望，從句中通常省略連詞that。 1)表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬: 從句中的動(dòng)詞用過去式或were。 ［例句］I wish I knew the answer to the question. 我希望知道這個(gè)問題的答案。(事實(shí)是可惜我不知道) 【考題鏈接】 I wish our teacher ______ to give another test. I haven’t got prepared yet. A. isn’t going B. weren’t going C. will not going D. could have gone 答案：B 解題思路：考查與將來事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣。Wish后的從句用過去相關(guān)時(shí)態(tài)。 2）表示對(duì)過去情況的虛擬: 從句中的動(dòng)詞常用“had+過去分詞”形式。 I wish (wished) I hadn’t spent so much money. 我后悔不該花那么多錢。(事實(shí)是實(shí)際上已經(jīng)花掉了) 【考題鏈接】 I wish I ______ to the movies with you last night. A. went B. did go C. could go D. had gone 答案：D 解題思路：與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣，wish后的從句用過去完成時(shí)。 3)表示對(duì)將來的主觀愿望: 從句中謂語動(dòng)詞形式為"would+動(dòng)詞原形"。此時(shí)要注意，主句的主語與從句的主語不能相同，因?yàn)橹骶涞闹髡Z所期望的從句動(dòng)作能否實(shí)現(xiàn)，取決于從句主語的態(tài)度或意愿(非動(dòng)作名詞除外)。 ［例句］I wish it would stop raining. 但愿雨能停。 I wish you would e soon. 但愿你能立刻來。 【考題鏈接】 Tom is very short now. His mother wishes that he ________ be tall when he grows up. A. could B. should C. would D. were able to 答案：C 解題思路：希望未來情況有所改變，應(yīng)該用虛擬語氣，結(jié)構(gòu)為“would +動(dòng)詞原形”，故選C項(xiàng)。 （二）提分技巧 虛擬語氣是近年來高考考查的重要知識(shí)點(diǎn)，對(duì)這一知識(shí)的考查現(xiàn)在主要集中在與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣的句型結(jié)構(gòu)以及由without構(gòu)成的含蓄條件句。我們要學(xué)會(huì)判斷真實(shí)與虛擬之間的轉(zhuǎn)換，才能夠正確作出選擇。 （三）即學(xué)即練 1. Everything ______ if Albert hadn’t called the fire brigade. A. will be destroyed B. will have been destroyed C. would be destroyed D. would have been destroyed 2. If I ____ where he lived, I ____ a note to him. A. knew, would send B. had known, would have sent C. know, would send D. knew, would have sent 3. I didn’t know his telephone number. ____ it, I ____ then. A. Had I known, would ring him up B. Should I know, would have rung him up C. If I knew; would ring him up D. Had I known; would have rung him up 4. Supposing this ship ______ , do you think there would be enough life jackets for all the passengers? A. was sinking B. has sunk C. were to sink D. sunk 5. ______fired, your health and other benefits will not be immediately cut off. A. Would you be B. Should you be C. Could you be D. Might you be 6. But for the help of my English teacher, I the first prize in the English Writing petition. A. would not win B. would not have won C. would win D. would have won 7. How I wish I ____ to repair the watch! I only made it worse. A. had tried B. hadn’t tried C. have tried D. didn’t try 8. Without your help, we________ so much. A. won’t achieve B. didn’t achieve C. don’t achieve D. wouldn’t have achieved Unit 2 Poems 一、預(yù)習(xí)新知 1. 重點(diǎn)單詞 aspect, convey, concrete , branch ,transform, load, translate, appropriate 2. 重點(diǎn)短語 take it easy, run out of, make sense, make up of, try out, let out, stay up, by chance 3. 重點(diǎn)句型 1）Some poems tell a story or describe something in a way that will give the reader a strong impression. Others try to convey certain emotions. 2）And said though strange they all were true. 二、預(yù)習(xí)點(diǎn)撥 思考問題一：借助詞典或其他工具書查詢以下幾組同義詞的區(qū)別。 1. poem/poetry 2. transform/change 3. appropriate/suitable/fit 4. run out/run out of 思考問題二：你了解英語中的詩歌嗎？ （答題時(shí)間：50分鐘） 一、單項(xiàng)選擇 1. _______ to the doctor right away, he might have been alive. A. If he went B. Were he gone C. Should he have gone D. Had he gone *2. If you were older, I ____ you to go there yesterday. 3. I wish I ______ able to tell him all about it last night. A. was B. were C. had been D. should be 4. If we ____ here ten minutes earlier, we ______ the bus. A. arrived/would catch B. arrived/would have caught C. had arrived/had caught D. had arrived/would have caught **5. If I ______ more time, I would have gone with him. A. had B. had had C. have had D. would have *6. He was very busy yesterday, otherwise he ______ to the meeting. A. would e B. came C. would have e D. had e 7. Don’t touch the sleeping tiger. If he woke up, he _____ you. A. would e to B. would e at C. would have e toward D. will e to 8. If he had not gone out in the storm _______. A. he will be alive now B. he would be alive now C. he would have been alive now D. he is alive now 9. If it ______ tomorrow, what would we do? A. rains B. were to rain C. would rain D. rain 10. If only I _______ how to operate an electronic puter as you do. A. had known B. would know C. should know D. knew 11. But for the party, he ______ of hunger 30 years ago. A. would have died B. would die C. must have died D. must die *12. I would have e earlier, but I _____ that you were waiting for me. A. didn’t know B. hadn’t know C. would have known D. haven’t known 13. I was busy yesterday, or I ______ your birthday party. A. attended B. had attended C. would attend D. would have attended 14. We ______ our lives had it not been for the policeman. A. would have lost B. should lose C. might lose D. could have lost 15. Without your help, our team ______ the last match. A. won’t win B. will lose C. wouldn’t have won D. can’t win 二、完形填空 Head on hand and resting his right arm on his left knee，he has sat in silent contemplation(沉思)for more than 100 years. What on earth has he been 16 about? Well，you may have the 17 to ask him yourself. “The Thinker” one of the most famous sculptures(雕塑)of all time，will visit Beijing for the first time on April 4th and he will 18 for one month． “The Thinker is more than a famous sculpture．It 19 a depth of feeling for humanity(人性)and a nobility of 20 ”said Liu Yan，executive director(總策劃)of Cyber-ark Consulting，which has 21 the exhibition. “It deserves artistic and spiritual appreciation.” “The Thinker” is the masterpiece of French artist August Rodin．Rodin was born in Paris in 1840. At the age of 14 he entered a local school of decorative arts. The teenager wanted to be an artist，but failed to get 22 into the best 23 school in Paris．His application was turned ___24 every time． As an 18-year-old，he worked as a stonecutter to 25 his living．Four years later the death of his sister upset him so greatly that he joined a monastery(修道院)． 26 his talent was recognized and he was encouraged to pursue his artist dream． Young Rodin spent 10 years working for sculptors．In 1876，he travelled to Italy 27 he saw the works of Michelangelo(米開朗琪羅)and others．That gave him the push he needed to go from Rodin the gifted artisan(工匠)to Rodin the 28 The trip 29 his sculpture “The Age of Bronze”(青銅時(shí)代)，which shot him to fame. In 1880．he was chosen to create a bronze door for the future Museum of Decorative Arts in Paris．While working on the doors，which are known 30 “The Gates of Hell (地獄之門)”, Rodin read great Italian 31 Dante(但丁)，who inspired 32 of his art. He always tried to show people as they 33 were. And he refused to ignore the negative part of humanity. His works display sadness and moral weakness, 34 passion and beauty． The irregular 35 of his sculptures sets them apart from the cold, smooth surface that was the tradition. His creativity in form and subject matter(主題)established his reputation as the first master of modern sculpture. When Rodin was 76 years old he gave the French Government his entire collection of works．He died one year later. 16. A. talking B. thinking C. discussing D. expecting 17. A. ability B. wish C. chance D. interest 18. A. keep B. appear C. include D. stay 19. A. shows B. describes C. explains D. announces 20. A. thought B. sculpture C. dream D. character 21. A. offered B. organized C. suggested D. admitted 22. A. received B. entered C. allowed D. accepted 23. A. culture B. sport C. art D. spirit 24. A. off B. down C. up D. over 25. A. make B. continue C. attend D. begin 26. A. so B. Thus C. However D. There 27. A. where B. which C. one D. what 28. A. writer B. artist C. reporter D. maker 29. A. encouraged B. attracted C. inspired D. reminded 30. A. on B. to C. for D. as 31. A. poet B. singer C. painter D. pianist 32. A. more B. much C. many D. too 33. A. possibly B. easily C. really D. already 34. A. rather than B. other than C. as well as D. instead of 35. A. theme B. surface C. collection D. material 三、閱讀理解 A In every British town，large and small, you will find shops that sell secondhand goods. Sometimes such shops deal mostly in furniture, sometimes in books，some times in ornaments and household goods，sometimes even in clothes. The furniture may often be “antique”, and it may well have changed hands many times. It may also be very valuable，although the most valuable piece will usually go to the London salesroom，where one piece might well be sold for hundreds of thousands of pounds. As you look around these shops and see the polished wood of chests and tables, you cannot help thinking of those long dead hands which polished that wood, of those now—closed eyes which once looked at these pieces with love. The books, too, may be antique and very precious；some may be rare first printings. Often when someone dies or has to move house，his books may all be sold，so that sometimes you may find whole libraries in one shop. On the border between England and Wales，there is a town which has bee a huge bookshop as well. Even the cinema and castle have been taken over，and now books have replaced sheep as the town’s main trade. There are also much more humble shops, sometimes simply called “junk shops”，where you can buy small household pieces very cheaply. Sometimes the profits from these shops go to charity. Even these pieces, though, can make you feel sad；you think of those people who once treasured them，but who have moved on，to another country or to death. Although the British do not worship their ancestors，they do treasure the past and the things of the past. This is true of houses as well. These days no one knocks them down. They are restored until they are often better than new. In Britain, people do not buy something just because it is new. Old things are treasured for their proven worth；new things have to prove themselves before they are accepted. 36. Books found in secondhand bookshops may ______. A. be copies of the earliest printing B. be on sale for the first time C. never be worth very much D. never be rare 37. What is the small town on the border between England and Wales famous for? A. Its sheep. B. Its bookshops. C. Its cinema. D. Its castle. 38. Secondhand goods sometimes fill you with sadness because __________. A. they are too expensive for average buyers B. they remind you of the original owner C. they are now neglected D. they are sold for charity 39. The average British person_______. A. does not respect old things because they are not fashionable B. likes to build new houses simply because it is fashionable to do so C. likes to buy new things because they are fashionable D. does not like to buy things simply because they are fashionable 40. What does the underlined word “them” (Paragraph 4)refer to? A. Junk shops. B. Profits from shops. C. Small household pieces. D. Old houses. B Why do men die earlier than women? The latest research makes it known that the reason could be that men’s hearts go into rapid decline when they reach middle ago. The largest study of the effects of ageing on the heart has found that women’s longevity may be linked to the fact that their hearts do not lose their pumping power with age. “ We have found that the power of the male heart falls by 20 to 25 percent between 18 and 70 years of age”, said the head of the study, David Goldspink of Liverpool John Moores University in the UK. “Within the heart there are millions of cells that enable it to beat. Between the age of 20 and 70，one—third of those cells die and are not replaced in men，”said Goldspink. “This is part of the ageing process. ” What surprises scientists is that the female heart sees very little loss of these cells. A healthy 70—year-old woman’s heart could perform almost as well as a 20-year- old one’s. “This gender difference might just explain why women live longer than men,” said Goldspink. They studied more than 250 healthy men and women between the ages of 18 and 80，f