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1、專題限時(shí)集訓(xùn)(七)　推理判斷之文章出處、讀者對(duì)象 A (2019·安徽省皖北協(xié)作區(qū)聯(lián)考) About 1．5 billion people speak English around the world.But for more than 1．1 billion of them，English is their second language—often with a noticeable accent. “Someone's accent really reveals a lot about who they are and their identity.It will tell peo

2、ple what their native language is and probably where they come from，” says Marc Pell，a communication's professor at McGill University in Montreal.And according to Pell，one reaction to it can be a bias(偏見) against that person. Previous research that has been done elsewhere showed that people who ha

3、ve an accent tend to be trusted less，simply because they have an accent.But accents aren't the only thing we listen for when we have to decide if we trust another person. Tone of voice also plays a role. Pell and his team wanted to know if people would trust a confident tone，even if it came from s

4、omeone with an accent. The researchers had Canadian English speakers listen to different versions of people saying neutral(無明顯特性的) statements like “she has access to the building” while they were getting a brain scan in an MRI(磁共振成像) machine.Subjects heard someone say it with a confident tone

5、with a Canadian English accent, an Australian accent or a French accent.Participants also heard the sentence with the three accents spoken in a doubtful or neutral tone. The MRI scans showed that the participants had to use more brain power to decide if they could trust the statements said with t

6、he non-native accents.When the study participants heard the Australian or French accents，blood flow increased to the part of the brain that we use to process sound.They seemed to have to analyze that perhaps more carefully，or for a longer period of time to make this decision about whether they truly

7、 believed the speaker，especially when the speaker sounded doubtful.When asked，the participants reported not trusting either Australian or French accents—except when the statements were said confidently. It seems that confidence speaks for itself. 【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇說明文。雖然人們會(huì)因一個(gè)人的口音而對(duì)他產(chǎn)生一定的偏見，但是只要他說話時(shí)

8、很自信，也同樣會(huì)贏得人們的信任。 1．What does the underlined word“it”in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．A person's accent. B．A person's identity. C．A person's hometown. D．A person's native language. A　[考查代詞指代。根據(jù)第二段內(nèi)容可知，Marc Pell認(rèn)為，人的口音能透露出一個(gè)人的身份和母語，還有可能揭示他來自哪里，人們可能會(huì)因一個(gè)人的口音而對(duì)他產(chǎn)生一定的偏見。由此可推知，it指的是“一個(gè)人的口音”。故正確答案為A。]

9、2．What did Pell's team want to know? A．Why some people trust others less. B．Which parts of the brain deal with sound. C．What can cause a bias against non-natives. D．Whether a non-native's confident tone can gain trust. D　[考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段最后一句“Pell and his team wanted to know if people would trust a

10、 confident tone，even if it came from someone with an accent.”可知，Pell的團(tuán)隊(duì)想知道人們是否會(huì)信任帶有口音的自信語調(diào)。故正確答案為D。] 3．For the study participants，which of the following might demand the most brain power? A．A Canadian speaking English in a friendly way. B．A French person speaking English neutrally. C．An American

11、 speaking English confidently. D．An Australian speaking English doubtfully. D　[考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第五段第一至三句“The MRI scans showed that the participants had to use more brain power to decide if they could trust the statements said with the non-native accents...They seemed to have to analyze that perhaps more

12、 carefully，or for a longer period of time to make this decision about whether they truly believed the speaker，especially when the speaker sounded doubtful.”可知，當(dāng)面臨用遲疑的語氣說出帶口音的話語時(shí)，參與者需要耗費(fèi)更多的腦力去判斷其是否可信。由此可推知，在面對(duì)一位用遲疑的語氣說英語的澳大利亞人時(shí)，人們需要耗費(fèi)更多的腦力去判斷其是否可信。故正確答案為D。] 4．Where does this text most probably come

13、from? A．A research plan. B．A health magazine. C．An academic journal. D．A language-learning guide. C　[考查文章出處。通讀全文可知，本文主要介紹了一項(xiàng)研究成果，即雖然人們會(huì)因一個(gè)人的口音而對(duì)他產(chǎn)生一定的偏見，但是只要他說話時(shí)很自信，也同樣會(huì)贏得人們的信任。由此可推知，本文最有可能摘自一本學(xué)術(shù)雜志。故正確答案為C。] B Young trees don't just grow；they develop a personality and learn more about the

14、ir environment and how they should best behave in it.They also help each other out whenever there's trouble. Personality，just as among people，varies among trees.Some are anxious，some bold.On the author's land，there are three oak trees growing close together.One of the oak trees always starts to she

15、d its leaves two weeks earlier than the others.Since they all experience the same temperature，the same soil and the same length of day，such variables can't be the explanation.So what's happening？Well，this tree is simply more careful than the others.Whoever holds on to their leaves longer can do more

16、 photosynthesis(光合作用) and store more nutrients.However，the longer a tree keeps its leaves，the higher the risk of injury. Not only do trees make their own decisions，they also learn from their mistakes.A tree，for example，keeping its leaves too long during one year will never make this mistake again.T

17、his leads to several other conclusions：trees must notice the temperature and the length of the day and be able to save their experiences somewhere.Obviously，trees don't have brains，but it is thought that in the sensitive tips of their roots they keep track of information and experiences. But trees

18、aren't only clever when it comes to caring for themselves.They also support each other whenever there's trouble by giving warnings and even taking care of sick and weak conspecifics with nutrients.For example，one time the author found a very old tree stump.Its insides had rotted a long time ago to t

19、opsoil.But the wood on the outside of the stump was still living.How was this possible？Well，the stump was nourished by its neighbors with nutrients from the root system，and had been for at least 400 years! Why do trees do such a thing？It's simple：it's better together.Trees need the forest；it protec

20、ts them from storms，provides the right microclimate and warns them of attacks. 【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇說明文。主要介紹了樹的智慧。 5．Why does the author mention the three oak trees? A．To illustrate trees can learn from experiences. B．To show trees can make independent decisions. C．To explain trees are quite supportive

21、to each other. D．To prove trees have the same personalities as humans. B　[考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第二段第四句可知，三棵橡樹中，有一棵總比其他兩棵先落葉；結(jié)合第三段第一句可知，樹木能自己做決定；據(jù)此可推知，作者提及三棵橡樹旨在說明樹木可以自己做決定，故B項(xiàng)正確。] 6．According to the text，which of the following best describes general features of trees? A．Anxious and bold. B．Smart and adventu

22、rous. C．Helpful and well-behaved. D．Adaptable and supportive. D　[考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第三段第一句，并結(jié)合第三段內(nèi)容可知，樹木不僅能自己做決定，還能從自己的錯(cuò)誤中吸取教訓(xùn)；據(jù)此可推知，樹木適應(yīng)能力強(qiáng)；根據(jù)第四段第一、二句可知，樹木不僅善于照顧自己，當(dāng)遇到困難時(shí)，它們會(huì)發(fā)出警告，相互支持，甚至照顧生病、虛弱的同類；據(jù)此可推知，樹木之間互幫互助，故D項(xiàng)正確。] 7．What does the underlined phrase“do such a thing” mean? A．Give warnings. B．Offer a

23、ssistance. C．Depend on others. D．Provide nutrients. B　[考查詞義猜測(cè)。根據(jù)第四段尾句可知，樹樁是由它的鄰居從根處給予營(yíng)養(yǎng)來滋養(yǎng)的；結(jié)合第五段第一句“Why do trees do such a thing？”和第五段的內(nèi)容可知，該處表示“為什么樹木要互相幫助？”，故畫線短語是指提供幫助，故B項(xiàng)正確。] 8．Where does this text most probably come from? A．A public lecture. B．A science book. C．An experiment report. D．A

24、 travel journal. B　[考查文章出處。通讀全文可知，本文是一篇說明文，主要介紹了樹的智慧：每棵樹都有它不同的個(gè)性，遇到困難時(shí)它們也會(huì)互相幫助；研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，樹不但能自己做決定，還能從自己的錯(cuò)誤中吸取教訓(xùn)；據(jù)此可推知，本文最可能選自科學(xué)書籍，故B項(xiàng)正確。] C Who're happier，men or women？Research shows it's a complex question and that asking whether males or females are happier isn't really that helpful，because basical

25、ly，happiness is different for women and men. Women's happiness has been declining for the past 30 years，according to recent statistics.And research shows that women are twice as likely to experience depression compared with men.Gender(性別) differences in depression are well confirmed and studies hav

26、e found that biological，psychological and social factors contribute to the difference. Early studies on gender and happiness found men and women were socialized to express different feelings.Women are more likely to express happiness，warmth and fear，which help with social bonding and appear more co

27、nsistent with the traditional role as a primary caregiver，while men display more anger，pride and disrespect，which are more consistent with a protector and provider role. Recent research suggests that these differences are not just socially，but also genetically related.Studies have looked into these

28、 findings further and discovered that females use more areas of the brain containing mirror neurons(鏡像神經(jīng)元) than males when they process feelings.Mirror neurons allow us to experience the world from other people's view，to understand their actions and intentions.This may explain why women can experien

29、ce deeper sadness.Women tend to experience more negative feelings，such as more guilt，shame and to a lesser degree，embarrassment. Psychologically it seems men and women differ in the way they process and express feelings.With the exception of anger，women experience feelings more strongly and share t

30、heir feelings more openly with others.Studies have found in particular that women express more appreciation—which has been linked to greater happiness.This supports the theory that women's happiness is more dependent on relationships than men's. 【語篇解讀】　本文從社會(huì)、生理和心理三個(gè)方面介紹了男性和女性在幸福感上的差異。 9．Which feel

31、ing are men more likely to show compared with women? A．Warmth.　　 B．Depression. C．Happiness. D．Disrespect. D　[考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段最后一句中的“while men display more anger, pride and disrespect”可知，男性表現(xiàn)更多的是生氣、驕傲和無禮，故選D項(xiàng)。] 10．What factors cause women to share feelings more openly? A．Psychological factors. B．Bi

32、ological factors. C．Educational factors. D．Social factors. A　[考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)最后一段的內(nèi)容可知，本段從心理方面介紹了男性和女性在處理和表達(dá)感情方面的不同：與男性相比，女性更加公開地表露自己內(nèi)心的情感，故選A項(xiàng)。] 11．One can probably read the text from ． A．a(chǎn) science fiction B．a(chǎn) culture brochure C．a(chǎn) nursery guide D．a(chǎn) health magazine D　[考查文章出處。根據(jù)本文內(nèi)容可知，本文主要

33、從社會(huì)、生理和心理三個(gè)方面分析了男性和女性在幸福感上的差異。由此可推知，本文有可能摘自一本健康雜志，故選D項(xiàng)。] 12．What is the text mainly about? A．Men and women differ in biology and psychology. B．Men and women experience happiness differently. C．Social roles have a great effect on men and women. D．Women's happiness has declined in the past years. B　[考查主旨大意。通讀全文可知，本文從社會(huì)、生理和心理三個(gè)方面分析了男性和女性在幸福感上的差異，故B項(xiàng)最符合文意。]