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1、十年（2010~2020）高考英語真題分項詳解20 閱讀理解·夾敘夾議類 1.（2020年，江蘇卷） I was in the middle of the Amazon (亞馬遜) with my wife, who was there as a medical researcher. We flew on a small plane to a faraway village. We did not speak the local language, did not know the customs, and more often than not, did not entirely

2、recognize the food. We could not have felt more foreign. We were raised on books and computers, highways and cell phones, but now we were living in a village without running water or electricity It was easy for us to go to sleep at the end of the day feeling a little misunderstood. Then one perfec

3、t Amazonian evening, with monkeys calling from beyond the village green, we played soccer. I am not good at soccer, but that evening it was wonderful. Everyone knew the rules. We all spoke the same language of passes and shots. We understood one another perfectly. As darkness came over the field and

4、 the match ended, the goal keeper, Juan, walked over to me and said in a matter-of-fact way, “In your home, do you have a moon too?” I was surprised. After I explained to Juan that yes, we did have a moon and yes, it was very similar to his, I felt a sort of awe (敬畏) at the possibilities that exist

5、ed in his world. In Juan’s world, each village could have its own moon. In Juan’s world, the unknown and undiscovered was vast and marvelous. Anything was possible. In our society, we know that Earth has only one moon. We have looked at our planet from every angle and found all of the wildest thing

6、s left to find. I can, from my computer at home, pull up satellite images of Juan’s village. There are no more continents and no more moons to search for, little left to discover. At least it seems that way. Yet, as I thought about Juan’s question, I was not sure how much more we could really rule

7、out. I am, in part, an ant biologist, so my thoughts turned to what we know about insect life and I knew that much in the world of insects remains unknown. How much, though? How ignorant (無知的) are we? The question of what we know and do not know constantly bothered me. I began collecting newspaper

8、 articles about new species, new monkey, new spider…, and on and on they appear. My drawer quickly filled. I began a second drawer for more general discoveries: new cave system discovered with dozens of nameless species, four hundred species of bacteria found in the human stomach. The second drawer

9、began to fill and as it did I wondered whether there were bigger discoveries out there, not just species, but life that depends on things thought to be useless, life even without DNA.I started a third drawer for these big discoveries. It fills more slowly, but all the same, it fills. In looking int

10、o the stories of biological discovery, I also began to find something else, a collection of scientists, usually brilliant occasionally half-mad, who made the discoveries. Those scientists very often see the same things that other scientists see, but they pay more attention to them, and they focus on

11、 them to the point of exhaustion (窮盡), and at the risk of the ridicule of their peers. In looking for the stories of discovery, I found the stories of these people and how their lives changed our view of the world. We are repeatedly willing to imagine we have found most of what is left to discover.

12、 We used to think that insects were the smallest organisms (生物), and that nothing lived deeper than six hundred meters. Yet, when something new turns up, more often than not, we do not even know its name. 1.How did the author feel on his arrival in the Amazon? A.Out of place. B.Full of joy. C.Slee

13、py. D.Regretful. 2.What made that Amazonian evening wonderful? A.He learned more about the local language. B.They had a nice conversation with each other. C.They understood each other while playing. D.He won the soccer game with the goal keeper. 3.Why was the author surprised at Juan’s questio

14、n about the moon? A.The question was too straightforward. B.Juan knew so little about the world. C.The author didn’t know how to answer. D.The author didn’t think Juan was sincere. 4.What was the author’s initial purpose of collecting newspaper articles? A.To sort out what we have known. B.To

15、 deepen his research into Amazonians. C.To improve his reputation as a biologist. D.To learn more about local cultures. 5.How did those brilliant scientists make great discoveries? A.They shifted their viewpoints frequently. B.They followed other scientists closely. C.They often criticized the

16、ir fellow scientists. D.They conducted in-depth and close studies. 6.What could be the most suitable title for the passage? A.The Possible and the Impossible . B.The Known and the Unknown . C.The Civilized and the Uncivilized . D.The Ignorant and the Intelligent. 【答案】1.A 2.C 3.B 4.A 5.D

17、6.B 【解析】這是一篇夾敘夾議文。作者和妻子來到了亞馬遜，妻子是一名醫(yī)學研究者。一踏上這里，作者感到非常不適應，通過與當?shù)厝说慕佑|，作者了解一些人對外部的世界并不了解。在生物多樣性發(fā)現(xiàn)的過程中，作者意識到，很多東西是人類已知的，還有很多是人類未知的。 1.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“We didn’t speak the local language, did not know the customs and more often than not, didn’t entirely recognize the food. We couldn’t have felt more foreign.

18、”可知，我們不會說當?shù)氐恼Z言，不了解當?shù)氐娘L俗習慣，而且往往我們不能完全認識食物，我們感覺非常陌生。由此可知，作者一到達亞馬遜感覺格格不入。故選A項。 2.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Everyone knew the rules. We all spoke the same language of passes and shots. We understood one another perfectly.”可知，每個人都知道規(guī)則，在傳球和射門方面，我們說著同樣的語言，彼此非常了解。由此可知，踢球時他們的彼此理解使得他們的亞馬遜夜晚很美好。故選C項。 3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段“In Juan

19、’s world, the unknown and undiscovered was vast and marvelous.”可知，在胡安的世界里，未知的東西和未被發(fā)現(xiàn)的東西是浩瀚而神奇的。由此判斷，胡安對這個世界知之甚少。故選B項。 4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第七段“I began collecting newspaper articles about new species, new spider...,and on and on they appear, my drawer quickly filled, I began a second drawer for more general di

20、scoveries: new cave system discovered with dozens of nameless species ...I started a third drawer for these big discoveries.”可知，我開始收集報紙上關于新物種、新蜘蛛的文章……它們源源不斷地出現(xiàn)，我的抽屜很快就填滿了。我開始用第二個抽屜來儲存更普遍的發(fā)現(xiàn):在新的洞穴系統(tǒng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了幾十個無名的物種……我還為這些重大發(fā)現(xiàn)準備了第三個抽屜。由此判斷，作者收集報紙文章的初始目的是為了分類我們所知道的事情。故選A項。 5.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“but they pay more

21、 attention to them ,and they focus on them to the point of exhaustion ,and at the risk of the ridicule of their peers.”可知，但他們更多地關注這些發(fā)現(xiàn)，他們把注意力集中在這些發(fā)現(xiàn)上直到精疲力竭的地步，冒著被同齡人嘲笑的風險。由此可知，杰出的科學家進行深入細致的研究，做出重大的發(fā)現(xiàn)。故選D項。 6.主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，作者和妻子來到了亞馬遜。一踏上這里，作者感到非常不適應，通過與當?shù)厝说慕佑|，作者了解到一些人對外部的世界并不了解。在對這里的風土人情和多樣化生物的研究過程中

22、，作者提高了認識，意識到很多東西是人類已知的，還有很多是人類未知的。所以短文的最佳標題為“已知和未知的事物”。故選B項。 2.（2020年，全國卷II） I have a special place in my heart for libraries. I have for as long as I can remember. I was always an enthusiastic reader, sometimes reading up to three books a day as a child. Stories were like air to me and while othe

23、r kids played ball or went to parties, I lived out adventures through the books I checked out from the library. My first job was working at the Ukiah Library when I was 16 years old .It was a dream job and I did everything from shelving books to reading to the children for story time. As I grew ol

24、der and became a mother, the library took on a new place and an added meaning in my life. I had several children and books were our main source(來源) of entertainment. It was a big deal for us to load up and go to the local library, where my kids could pick out books to read or books they wanted me to

25、 read to them. I always read ,using different voices ,as though I were acting out the stories with my voice and they loved it !It was a special time to bond with my children and it filled them with the wonderment of books . Now, I see my children taking their children to the library and I love tha

26、t the excitement of going to the library lives on form generation to generation. As a novelist, I’ve found a new relationship with libraries. I encourage readers to go to their local library when they can’t afford to purchase a book. I see libraries as a safe haven(避風港) for readers and writers, a b

27、ridge that helps put together a reader with a book. Libraries, in their own way, help fight book piracy(盜版行為) and 1 think all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they can. Encourage readers to use the library. Share library announcements on your social media. Frequent them and

28、 talk about them when you can. 7.Which word best describes the author’s relationship with books as a child? A.Cooperative. B.Uneasy. C.Inseparable. D.Casual. 8.What does the underlined phrase “an added meaning” in paragraph 3 refer to? A.Pleasure from working in the library. B.Joy of reading pa

29、ssed on in the family. C.Wonderment from acting out the stories. D.A closer bond developed with the readers. 9.What does the author call on other writers to do? A.Sponsor book fairs. B.Write for social media. C.Support libraries. D.Purchase her novels. 10.Which can be a suitable title for the

30、text? A.Reading: A Source of Knowledge B.My Idea about writing C.Library: A Haven for the Young D.My Love of the Library 【答案】7.C 8.B 9.C 10.D 【解析】本文是夾敘夾議文。文章講述了作者是一個熱情的讀者，孩提時熱衷讀書，第一份工作在圖書館。有了孩子以后，一家人去圖書館讀書，閱讀的習慣代代傳承下去。作為小說家，作者呼吁其他作家支持圖書館，宣傳圖書館。 7.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段的 I was always an enthusiastic r

31、eader，sometimes reading up to three books a day as a child. Stories were like air to me and while other kids played ball or went to parties. I lived out adventures through the books I checked out from the library.(我一直是一個熱情的讀者，孩提時，有時候每天讀多達三本書。故事對我來說就像空氣，而其他孩子則打球或參加聚會。我通過從圖書館借閱來的書籍經(jīng)歷冒險)可推斷，作者小時候與書是密不可

32、分的。故選C。 8.詞句猜測題。根據(jù)上文As I grew older and became a mother可知，我長大了成了一位母親，結合下文I had several children and books were our main source (來源) of entertainment. It was a big deal for us to load up and go to the local library, where my kids could pick out books to read or books they wanted me to read to them(我

33、有幾個孩子，書是我們娛樂的主要來源。對于我們來說，坐上車去當?shù)氐膱D書館是件大事，在那里我的孩子們可以挑選要閱讀的書或者想讓我給他們讀的書)可推斷，作者成了母親以后，帶著孩子去圖書館，孩子挑選書籍來閱讀，或者作者讀給他們聽，因此可知圖書館在作者的生活中又增添了新的意義，閱讀的樂趣在家庭中代代相傳”。故選B。 9.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段的I think all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they can. Encourage readers to use the library. Share libra

34、ry announcements on your social media. Frequent them and talk about them when you can.( 我認為所有的作家都應該在他們可以的時候以有意義的方式支持圖書館。鼓勵讀者使用圖書館。在社交媒體上分享圖書館公告。可以的時候常去圖書館，談論圖書館)可知，作者呼吁其他的作家們支持圖書館。故選C。 10.主旨大意題。縱觀全文可知，文章講述了作者是一名熱情地讀者，孩提時喜歡閱讀，工作在圖書館。有了孩子以后，一家人去圖書館讀書，閱讀的習慣代代傳承下去，作為小說家，作者呼吁其他作家支持圖書館，宣傳圖書館。因此推斷全文圍繞“作者對

35、圖書館的愛”展開講述。故D項“我對圖書館的愛”為最佳標題。故選D。 3.（2016年，全國卷I） Grandparents Answer a Call As a third－generation native of Brownsville, Texas, Mildred Garza never planned to move away.Even when her daughter and son asked her to move to San Antonio to help with their children, she politely refused.Only after a y

36、ear of friendly discussion did Ms.Garza finally say yes.That was four years ago.Today all three generations regard the move as a success, giving them a closer relationship than they would have had in separate cities. No statistics show the number of grandparents like Garza who are moving closer to

37、adult children and grandchildren. Yet there is evidence suggesting that the trend is growing.Even President Obama’s mother-in-law, Marian Robinson, has agreed to leave Chicago and move into the White House to help care for her granddaughters. According to a study by , 83 percent of the people said M

38、rs.Robinson's decision will influence grandparents in the American family.Two－thirds believe more families will follow the example of Obama’s family. “In the 1960s we were all a little wild and couldn't get away from home far enough or fast enough to prove we could do it on our own,”says Christine

39、Crosby, publisher of Grand, a magazine for grandparents. “We now realize how important family is and how important it is to be near them, especially when you’re raising children.” Moving is not for everyone. Almost every grandparent wants to be with his or her grandchildren and is willing to make s

40、acrifices, but sometimes it is wiser to say no and visit frequently instead.Having your grandchildren far away is hard, especially knowing your adult child is struggling, but giving up the life you know may be harder. 11.Why was Garza’s move a success? A.It strengthened her family ties. B.It impr

41、oved her living conditions. C.It enabled her to make more friends. D.It helped her know more new places. 12.What was the reaction of the public to Mrs.Robinson’s decision? A.17% expressed their support for it. B.Few people responded sympathetically. C.83% believed it had a bad influence. D.Th

42、e majority thought it was a trend. 13.What did Crosby say about people in the 1960s? A.They were unsure of themselves. B.They were eager to raise more children. C.They wanted to live away from their parents. D.They had little respect for their grandparents. 14.What does the author suggest the

43、grandparents do in the last paragraph? A.Make decisions in the best interests of their own. B.Ask their children to pay more visits to them. C.Sacrifice for their struggling children. D.Get to know themselves better. 【答案】11.A 12.D 13.C 14.A 【解析】本文是一篇關于人與社會問題的報道類夾敘夾議文。通過描述部分祖父母選擇搬去和孩子們生活在一起，

44、以便為孩子們提供幫助，引發(fā)更多人的選擇與思考。 11.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句“Today all three generations regard the move as a success, giving them a closer relationship than they would have had in separate cities.”可知這次搬家給他們帶來了更緊密的家庭聯(lián)系。故選A。 12.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段結尾處“...83 percent of the people said Mrs. Robinson’s decision will influence g

45、randparents in the American family. Two-thirds believe more families will follow the example of Obama’s family.”可知83%的人認為Mrs. Robinson的決定會影響美國家庭，2/3的人相信更多家庭會效仿，所以“多數(shù)人認為這是一種趨勢”。故選D。 13.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段第一句“In the 1960s we were all a little wild and couldn’t get away from home far enough or fast enough to

46、prove we could do it on our own,”可知那時的人們一心希望離家越遠越好、越快越好。本題出錯主要原因在于考生對“can’t...enough表示越……越好”不熟悉，而按字面理解成了“沒能力離家足夠遠”。故選C。 14.推理判斷題。第四段首句“Moving is not for everyone”已經(jīng)說明“移居并非適合每一個人”，再結合下文“Having yourgrandchildren far away is hard, especially knowing your adult child is struggling, but giving up the li

47、fe you know may be harder.”可知“（祖父母）得知孩子們在異地艱苦的生活，是很難過的，但（祖父母）放棄自己熟悉的生活也許會更難過”，所以推斷出作者建議“作選擇時要慎重，要以自己最大的需求為衡量標準”。故選A。 4.（2016年，天津卷） Failure is probably the most exhausting experience a person ever has. There is nothing more tiring than not succeeding. We experience this tiredness in two ways: as s

48、tart-up fatigue(疲憊) and performance fatigue. In the former case, we keep putting off a task because it has either too boring or too difficult. And the longer we delay it, the more tired we feel. Such start-up fatigue is very real, even if not actually physical, not something in our muscles and bone

49、s. The solution is obvious though perhaps not easy to apply: always handle the most difficult job first. Years ago, I was asked to write 102 essays on the great ideas of some famous authors. Applying my own rule, I determined to write them in alphabetical(按字母順序), never letting myself leave out a to

50、ugh idea. And I always started the day’s work with the difficult task of essay-writing. Experience proved that the rule works. Performance fatigue is more difficult to handle. Though willing to get started, we cannot seem to do the job right. Its difficulties appear so great that, however hard we w

51、ork, we fail again and again. In such a situation, I work as hard as I can-then let the unconscious take over. When planning Encyclopaedia Britannica (《大英百科全書》), I had to create a table of contents based on the topics of its articles. Nothing like this had ever been done before, and day after day I

52、 kept coming up with solutions, but none of them worked. My fatigue became almost unbearable. One day, mentally exhausted, I wrote down all the reasons why this problem could not be solved. I tried to convince myself that the trouble was with the problem itself, not with me. Relived, I sat back in

53、an easy chair and fell asleep. An hour later, I woke up suddenly with the solution clearly in mind. In the weeks that followed, the solution which had come up in my unconscious mind provided correct at every step. Though I worked as hard as before, I felt no fatigue. Success was now as exciting as

54、failure had been depressing. Human beings, I believe must try to succeed. Success, then, means never feeling tired. 15.People with start-up fatigue are most likely to ________. A.delay tasks B.work hard C.seek help D.accept failure 16.What does the author recommend doing to prevent start-up fat

55、igue? A.Writing essays in strict order. B.Building up physical strength. C.Leaving out the toughest ideas. D.Dealing with the hardest task first. 17.On what occasion does a person probably suffer from performance fatigue? A.Before starting a difficult task. B.When all the solutions fail. C.I

56、f the job is rather boring. D.After finding a way out. 18.According to the author, the unconscious mind may help us ________. A.ignore mental problems B.get some nice sleep C.gain complete relief D.find the right solution 19.What could be the best title for the passage? A.Success Is Built upon

57、 Failure B.How to Handle Performance Fatigue C.Getting over Fatigue: A Way to Success D.Fatigue: An Early Sign of Health Problems 【答案】15.A 16.D 17.B 18.D 19.C 【解析】這是一篇夾敘夾議的文章。文章主要介紹每個人都希望成功，但是人們在實施任務的時候會出現(xiàn)啟動疲憊和表現(xiàn)疲憊，這是造成失敗的兩種原因，文章具體介紹如何克服這兩種疲憊。 15.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段的句子In the former case, we keep p

58、utting off a task可知，有啟動疲憊的人更可能拖延任務。故選A。 16.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段的句子The solution is obvious though perhaps not easy to apply:always handle the most difficult job first可知，為了防止啟動疲憊作者建議首先處理最難的任務。故選D。 17.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段的句子Performance fatigue is more difficult to handle…we fail again and again可知，當所有的解決方法都失敗的時候，一個人可能會

59、有表現(xiàn)疲憊。故選B。 18.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第一段和倒數(shù)第二段的內(nèi)容可知，無意識的行為可能幫助我們發(fā)現(xiàn)正確的解決方法。故選D。 19.主旨大意題。根據(jù)全篇文章和最后一段的內(nèi)容可知，文章主要介紹造成失敗的兩種疲憊，以及如何克服疲憊。故選C。 5.（2015年，浙江卷） If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars，we would go in darkness happily，the midnight world as visible to us as it is to the vast nu

60、mber of nocturnal(夜間活動的) species on this planet. Instead，we are diurnal creatures, with eyes adapted to living in the sun’s light. This is a basic evolutionary fact, even though most of us don’t think of ourselves as diurnal beings. Yet it’s the only way to explain what we’ve done to the night: We’v

61、e engineered it to receive us by filling it with light. The benefits of this kind of engineering come with consequences 一 called light pollution 一 whose effects scientists are only now beginning to study. Light pollution is largely the result of bad lighting design，which allows artificial light to

62、 shine outward and upward into the sky. III-designed lighting washes out the darkness of night and completely changes the light levels 一 and light rhythms — to which many forms of life, including, ourselves, have adapted. Wherever human light spills into the natural world, some aspect or life is af

63、fected . In most cities the sky looks as though it has been emptied of stars, leaving behind a vacant haze(霾) that mirrors our fear of the dark. We’ve grown so used to this orange haze that the original glory of an unlit nigh, - dark enough for the planet Venus to throw shadow on Earth, is wholly b

64、eyond our experience, beyond memory almost. We’ve lit up the night as if it were an unoccupied country, when nothing could be further form the truth. Among mammals alone, the number of nocturnal species is astonishing, Light is a powerful biological force, and on many species it acts as a magnet(磁鐵

65、). The effect is so powerful that scientists speak of songbirds and seabirds being “captured” by searchlights on land or by the light from gas flares on marine oil platforms. Migrating at night, birds tend to collide with brightly lit tall buildings. Frogs living near brightly lit highways suffer n

66、octurnal light levels that are as much as a million times righter than normal, throwing nearly every aspect of their behavior out of joint including most other creatures ,we do need darkness .Darkness is as essential to our biological welfare, to our internal clockwork, as light itself. Living in a glare of our making,we have cut ourselves off from our evolutionary and cultural heritage—the light of the stars and the rhythms of day and night .In a very real sense light pollution