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2019-2020年高考英語 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu) 詳盡解說教案 非謂語動詞作狀語時，它的邏輯主語應該是句子的主語。但有時非謂語動詞帶有自己的主語，從而在結(jié)構(gòu)上與主語不發(fā)生關(guān)系，我們稱之為獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)（Absolute Construction）。其實，所謂“獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”也并非真正獨立，它還是一種從屬的結(jié)構(gòu)。 一、非謂語動詞獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu) 在獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，非謂語動詞和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。 Such an able man to help you，you will surely succeed sooner or later. 有這么能干的人來幫你, 你遲早一定會成功的。（such an able man和 to help you 之間存在著主謂關(guān)系） = Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later. He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. 他在書桌旁坐好后，他母親開始給他講故事。（seating himself at the desk擁有了自己的邏輯主語he，注意是“主格”） = When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school. 由于丟了自行車鑰匙，他只好步行去學校。（lost 的邏輯主語是the key，lost 也可以用完成式having been lost） = Because the key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to school. A．不定式“獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)” 在“邏輯主語+動詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中，動詞不定式和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。這種結(jié)構(gòu)也可用一個從句或并列分句來表達。 1．動詞不定式用主動的形式 在獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，動詞不定式和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。 His mother to e tonight，he is busy preparing the dinner. 他母親今晚要來,他正在忙著準備飯菜。（= As his mother is to e tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.） ——will you go to the cert tonight 你今晚去聽音樂會嗎？ ——sorry.So many exerise-books to check,I rially cant afford any time. 對不起，有這多的作業(yè)要批，我真的抽不出時間。 （＝Because I shall check so many exercise-books tonight,I really cant afford any time.） The four of us agreed on a division of labour,each to translate a quarter of the book. 我們四人同意分工干，每人翻譯全書的四分之一。 （＝The four of us agreed on a division of labour and each is to translate a quarter of the book.） Many trees,flowers,and grass to be planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 種上許多的樹，花和草后，我們新建的學校將看上去更美。(=If many trees,flowers,and grass are planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.) B．-ing形式“獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)” 動詞的-ing形式作狀語時，其邏輯主語一般應與句子的主語保持一致。 Being ill, he went home. 由于生病,他回家了。（= As he was very ill, he went home.） Seating himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine. 在課桌旁坐好后，他開始看雜志。（= When he had seated himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.） 1． 表示時間的-ing形式作“獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)” Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. 每個人都準備好后，老師開始上課。（相當于一個時間狀語從句When everyone was ready) The chairman began the meeting , everyone being seated. 每個人坐好后，主席開始開會。（相當于一個時間狀語從句after everyone was seated） 2． 表示原因的-ing形式作“獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)” The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. 由那個男孩帶路，我們沒有困難就找到了那奇怪的洞。（相當于一個原因狀語從句Because the boy led the way） Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervous. 許多眼睛看著他，他感到有點兒緊張。（相當于一個原因狀語從句As many eyes were watching him） 必背： 含有being的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。 It being National Day today，the streets are very crowded. 今天是國慶節(jié),街上很擁擠。 = As it is National Day today, the streets are very crowded. There being no further business to discuss, we all went home. 沒有別的事可討論，我們都回家了。 = As there was no further business to discuss, we all went home. 3． 表示條件的-ing形式作“獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)” Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week. 時間允許的話，我們下星期將進行一次野炊。（相當于一個條件狀語從句If time permits) My health allowing, I will work far into the night. 我的健康許可的話，我愿工作到深夜。（相當于一個條件狀語從句If my health allows） 4． 表示方式的-ing形式作“獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)” The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest. 學生們快樂地在學校里走著，每個人胸前都帶著一張卡。（相當于一個并列分句and each wears a card in front of his chest） The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky. 男孩躺在草地上，眼睛看著天空。（相當于一個并列分句and his eyes were looking at the sky） C．-ed形式“獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)” 與邏輯主語+動詞的-ing形式一樣，如果-ed形式的邏輯主語和句子的主語不一致的話，就需要用-ed形式的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。 The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it. 該書是用簡單英語寫的，英語初學者也能看懂。 = As the book was written in simple English，English beginners were able to read it. The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved. 由于工人們的生活條件大大提高，他們工作得更起勁了。 = As their living conditions were greatly improved, the workers worked still harder. He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 他上課專心聽講，眼睛緊盯著黑板。 = He was listening attentively in class, and his eyes were fixed on the blackboard. The task pleted,he had two months leave. 任務完成以后，他休了兩個月的假。（=When the task had been pleted,he had two months leave.） 比較： 動詞不定式表示動作沒有發(fā)生或即將發(fā)生，動詞-ed形式表示動作已經(jīng)結(jié)束，動詞-ing形式往往表示動作正在進行。 The manager looks worried，many things to settle. 經(jīng)理看上去很著急, 有這么多的事情要處理。（事情還沒有處理，而且是由經(jīng)理本人來處理，用不定式to settle） The manager looks relaxed, many things settled. 許多事情已經(jīng)處理好了， 經(jīng)理看上去很輕松。（事情已經(jīng)處理好了，用動詞-ed形式settled表示動作已經(jīng)結(jié)束） The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一邊做飯，一邊看電視。（兩個動作同時進行） The food cooked, the boy went to bed. 飯做好了，小孩去睡了。（兩個動作有先后，飯已做好，小孩才去睡覺的） 二、動詞獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu) “邏輯主語+being+其他”是獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的“邏輯主語+動詞-ing形式”的一種形式。在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，being往往可以被省去，這種省去being的結(jié)構(gòu)，稱之為無動詞“獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”。 A．邏輯主語+名詞 Ten students entered for the petition, the youngest a boy of 12. 十個學生報名參加了這次競賽，年紀最小的是個12歲的男孩。（the youngest和a boy of 12之間省去了being） 注意： 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的being在下列兩種情況下一般不能省略，一是在“There being + 名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中，二是在邏輯主語是代詞的情況下。 There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于沒有公共汽車，我們只好走回家。 It being Sunday, all the offices are closed.因為是星期日，所有辦公室都關(guān)門。 B．邏輯主語+形容詞 He turned to me, his eyes sleepy. 他睡眼惺忪地轉(zhuǎn)向我。（his eyes和sleepy之間省去了being） = He turned to me, and his eyes were sleepy. He stood there, his mouth wide open. 他站在那里，嘴張得大大的。（his mouth和wide open之間省去了being） = He stood there, and his mouth was wide open. C．邏輯主語+副詞 School over, we all went home. 放學了，我們都回家了。（school和over之間省去了being） = School was over, and we all went home. He sat at his desk, his shoes off. 他坐在課桌旁，沒穿鞋子。（his shoes和off之間省去了being） = He sat at his desk and his shoes were off. D．邏輯主語+介詞短語 He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us. 他站在黑板面前，背對著我們。 = He was standing in front of the blackboard, and his back was towards us. The new teacher came in, a smile on her face. 新老師面帶微笑走了進來。 = The new teacher came in and she had a smile on her face. The teacher came into the classroom，a rule in his hand. 老師走進教室，手里拿著一把直尺。 = The teacher came in and a ruler was in his hand. 提示： 在“邏輯主語+介詞短語”構(gòu)成的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)里，如果名詞用單數(shù)，可以不用冠詞，同時介詞短語里的限定詞也可省略。 The music teacher stood at the door, violin in hand. 音樂老師站在門口,手里拿著一把小提琴。（= The music teacher stood at the door, a violin in his hand.） 三、with, without 引導的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu) 介詞withwithout +賓語+賓語的補足語可以構(gòu)成獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，上面討論過的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的幾種情況在此結(jié)構(gòu)中都能體現(xiàn)。 A． with+名詞代詞+形容詞 He doesn誸 like to sleep with the windows open. 他不喜歡開著窗子睡覺。 = He doesn誸 like to sleep when the windows are open. He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet. 他站在雨中，衣服濕透了。 = He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet. 注意： 在“with+名詞代詞+形容詞”構(gòu)成的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，也可用已形容詞化的-ing形式或-ed形式。 With his son so disappointing，the old man felt unhappy. 由于兒子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快樂。 With his father well-known, the boy didn誸 want to study. 父親如此出名，兒子不想讀書。 B． with+名詞代詞+副詞 Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on. 所有的燈都打開時，我們的學校看上去更美。 = Our school looks even more beautiful ifwhen all the lights are on. The boy was walking, with his father ahead. 父親在前，小孩在后走著。 = The boy was walking and his father was ahead. C． with+名詞代詞+介詞短語 He stood at the door, with a puter in his hand. 或 He stood at the door, puter in hand. 他站在門口，手里拿著一部電腦。 = He stood at the door, and a puter was in his hand. Vincent sat at the desk, with a pen in his mouth. 或 Vincent sat at the desk, pen in mouth. 文森特坐在課桌前，嘴里銜著一支筆。 = Vincent sat at the desk, and he had a pen in his mouth. D． with+名詞代詞+動詞的-ed形式 With his homework done, Peter went out to play. 作業(yè)做好了，彼得出去玩了。 = When his homework was done, Peter went out to play. With the signal given, the train started. 信號發(fā)出了，火車開始起動了。 = After the signal was given, the train started. I wouldn誸 dare go home without the job finished. 工作還沒完成，我不敢回家。 = I wouldn誸 dare go home because the job was not finished. E． with+名詞代詞+動詞的-ing形式 The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him. 有這么多的孩子坐在他周圍，那男子感到很高興。 = The man felt very happy when he found so many children sitting around him. The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was. 小女孩把盒子藏了起來，沒有人知道它在哪里。 = The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was. Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 他趁沒人注意的時候，從窗口溜走了。 = When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window. F． with+名詞代詞+動詞不定式 The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do. 有這么多的家庭作業(yè)要做，小男孩看上去很不開心。 = The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do. The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit. 有這么多的名勝可參觀，小孩很激動。 The kid feels excited as there are so many places of interest to visit. 提示： 在withwithout 的復合結(jié)構(gòu)中，多數(shù)情況下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。 Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room. 她沒再說什么話就離開了會議室。（without不能省略） 四、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的句法功能 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在句中除了能充當原因狀語、時間狀語、條件狀語和伴隨狀語外，還能作定語。在形式上，“獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”可位于句首、句中或句尾，并通常用逗號與主句隔開。 A．作狀語 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語，其功能相當于一個狀語從句或并列分句。 1．表示時間 Night ing on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel. 夜幕降臨，我們在一家小旅館住了下來。 （= When night came on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.） All the guests seated, they began their dinner. 所有的客人就坐后，他們才開始吃飯。 （= When all the guests were seated, they began their dinner.） With everything she needed bought, Grace took a taxi home. 所需要的都買好后，格雷斯打的回家了。 （After everything she needed was bought, Grace took a taxi home.） 2．表示原因 With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time. 有許多難題要解決，新當選的總統(tǒng)日子不好過。 （= As he has a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.） There being no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight. 由于在半夜沒有交通工具了， 他只好步行回家。 (= As there was no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.) 3．表示條件 Weather permitting, we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week. 如果天氣允許的話，我們下星期將舉行每年一次的運動會。 （= If weather permits，we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.） All the work done, you can have a rest. 所有工作做好后，你可以休息。 （=As long as all the work is done, you can have a rest.） Everything taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical. 如果從各方面考慮，你的計劃似乎更實際些。 （= If everything is taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical.） 提示： 表示時間、原因、條件的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般放在句首，并且不能保留連詞。 【誤】When class being over, the students left their classroom. 【正】Class (being) over, the students left their classroom. 下課了，學生都離開了教室。 【誤】The moon appearing and they continued their way. 【正】The moon appearing, they continued their way. 月亮出來了，他們繼續(xù)趕路。 4．表示伴隨情況或補充說明 The strange man was walking down the street, with a stick in his hand. 那個奇怪的男人在街上走著,手里拿著根手杖。 （= The strange man was walking down the street, and he carried a stick in his hand.） The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. 殺人犯被帶了進來，手被捆在背后。 （=The murderer was brought in, and his hands were tied behind his back.） Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. 有兩百人在事故中喪生，其中許多是兒童。 （Two hundred people died in the accident and many of them were children.） B．作定語 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作定語，其功能相當于一個定語從句。 He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled. (with 的復合結(jié)構(gòu)作定語,修飾the student) 他就是有許多問題要解決的那個人。 = He is the person who has a lot of questions to be settled. You can use a large plastic bottle with its top cut off. (with 的復合結(jié)構(gòu)作定語,修飾bottle) 你可以使用一個頸被砍掉的大塑料瓶。 = You can use a large plastic bottle whose top was cut off. He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides. 他走在一條兩邊沒有路燈的馬路上。 (without的復合結(jié)構(gòu)作定語,修飾the road ) = He was walking along the road that didn誸 have any street lights on its both sides. 提示： 在這里我們討論了很多用連詞連接的兩個句子改為獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的情況。需要提示的是，不是所有用連詞的地方都可以改為獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。 If you stand on the top of the mountain，the park looks more beautiful. 如果你站在山頂上, 公園看上去更美。（不要改為獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)） If you check your test paper carefully, some mistakes can be avoided. 如果你仔細檢查試卷的話，有些錯誤是可以避免的。（不要改為獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)）