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2019-2020年高考英語(yǔ)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的基本形式及基本功能 名稱 形式 特點(diǎn) 功能 不定式 To do 具有名詞、形容詞、副詞、動(dòng)詞的一些特征 在句中可做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，有形式變化 動(dòng)名詞 Doing（v+ing） 具有名詞、形容詞、動(dòng)詞的一些特征 在句中可做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)，有形式變化 分 詞 Doing（v+ing） Done（v+ed 具有形容詞、副詞的一些特征 在句中可做表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，現(xiàn)在分詞有形式變化 It takes sb sometime to do Kind, clever, wise, nice 形容詞既表示人物特征， Foolish, stupid, honest, 又表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)不定式 Right, correct, wrong, +of sb 動(dòng)作的評(píng)價(jià)；形容詞與 Rude, cruel, careless, 介詞賓語(yǔ)成主謂關(guān)系 Lazy, selfish, horrible 如：It‘s kind of you to help me。=You are kind to help me。 Easy, hard, difficult Possible, necessary, 形容詞說(shuō)明不定式行為的 Important, essential, +for sb 性質(zhì),與介詞賓語(yǔ)不具有 Interesting, unusual,……….. 主謂關(guān)系 Interesting, natural 如: It’s easy for me to learn English.=To learn English is easy for me. 2..表語(yǔ) My job is to attend the children. (不定式作表語(yǔ)時(shí),如在它前出現(xiàn)了do, did, does時(shí),不定式符號(hào)to 可省掉,例: what you have to do this afternoon is (to) look after the sick child.) 3.定語(yǔ) I have a lot of work to do. //She has no place to go. 4.賓語(yǔ) I hope to go to Dalian again. I find it interesting to play the violin.(不定式作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),如果還帶有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),往往用it作形式賓語(yǔ),而把真正的賓語(yǔ)放到后面) 5.賓補(bǔ) The teacher told us to clean the windows. I noticed the boy go into the shop. 注: feel, listen to, hear, see, watch, notice, observe, look at, make, let ,have等使役動(dòng)詞后賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),不定式符號(hào)to要省略,但這些句子變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),就必須帶to 符號(hào). 例: I often hear him sing this song. He is often heard to sing this song. 6.狀語(yǔ) 表示目的: I got up early to(in order to/ so as to) catch the early bus. To/In order to pass the exam, he worked hard.(so as to不能用于句首) 表示原因: We were excited to hear the news. I am sorry to have hurt you. 表示結(jié)果: I hurried home to find Mary waiting for me.(不定式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)時(shí),常表示未預(yù)料之中的事,可在不定式前加only) 表示條件: To look at him, you would like him. 修飾全句(獨(dú)立成分) To tell you the truth, I have got no money about me. To be honest, I know nothing about it. 不定式做狀語(yǔ)的常用句型 類別 句 型 原因 Be happy/glad/pleased/ delighted/sorry….+to do She seemed surprised to meet us. He looked happy to hear the news. I’m sorry to have kept you waiting. 目的 In order to do So as to do Go/ e and do sth I’ve written it down in order not to forget. He shouted and waved so as to be noticed. If he should return, e and find me 結(jié)果 So as to do… Such… as to do… Enough to do Too… to do Would you be so kind as to land me your bike? I’m not such a foolish man/so foolish man as to do that. Her illness is not such as to cause anxiety. The ice is thick enough to walk on. It was too late for there to be any taxis. 注:1) too + pleased/kind/ willing/ glad/eager/anxious… +to do 的結(jié)構(gòu)即不表示結(jié)果,也無(wú)否定含義. I shall be only too pleased to get home(=I shall be very pleased to get home,) It’s too kind of you to have told me that(=You are very kind to have told me that.) 使用不定式時(shí)要注意以下幾點(diǎn): 1.在作tell, show, understand, explain, teach, advise, discuss等詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí), 前面常帶疑問(wèn)詞(how, when ,where,what , who…) 2.不定式在介詞but后面時(shí),如but前有do 的各種形式,那么but 后的to要省略,否則就要帶to.另外在cannot but, can’t choose but, can’t help but后面的to也省略. We could do nothing but wait We had nothing to do but wait. We had no choice but to wait. 3.作定語(yǔ)的不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí),不定式后須有相應(yīng)的介詞,但如果所修飾的名詞是time, place, way時(shí),不定式后的介詞習(xí)慣上省略. We have to find a room to live in. Please give me a knife to cut with. He had no money and no place to live. We found a way to solve the problems. 4. something is easy to do 類似句型中不定式不用被動(dòng)形式. There is something to do/There is something to be done0 5.what, when. Where, how. who…+to do 可在句中做主語(yǔ)\賓語(yǔ)\表語(yǔ). 動(dòng)名詞 I.形式:V+ing 一般式 doing being done 與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生 完成式 Having done having been done 在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前 否定結(jié)構(gòu) Not doing/ not having done II.動(dòng)名詞的句法功能 1.主語(yǔ): (表示一般或抽象的多次性動(dòng)作) Smoking is a bad habit. It is no use arguing with him. 2.表語(yǔ)(說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的具體內(nèi)容) Her job is building houses. 3.賓語(yǔ) He is fond of playing football.//Would you mind my closing the door? 4.定語(yǔ)(說(shuō)明被修飾詞的用途) reading materials, swimming pool, waiting room 5.同位語(yǔ) His job, building a house, is almost done. 使用動(dòng)名詞時(shí)要注意的幾點(diǎn) 1.下列句型常用動(dòng)名詞 no use/ good It is/was not any use/good + doing of little/good useless 2.下列動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞詞組后用動(dòng)名詞 allow, advise, admit, appreciate, avoid, can’t help, consider, delay,dislike, deny, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, fancy,, favour, imagine, keep, mind, miss, postphone, practise, risk, suggest, be used to, can’t help ,give up, go on , give one’s life to ,feel like, keep on, insist on, object to, turn to, lead to, look forward to, stick to , devote to, get down to 3.既可后跟不定式,又可跟動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞 do 記住去做 remember doing 記得做過(guò) to do 忘了去做 forget doing 忘了做過(guò) to do 對(duì)尚未做的事感到遺憾 regret doing// to have done 對(duì)做過(guò)的事感到遺憾,后悔 to do 打算去做 mean doing 意味著 to do 努力做 try doing 試著做 to do 學(xué)會(huì) learn doing 學(xué)做 doing 泛指 love/like/hate/prefer to do 特指具體的動(dòng)作 to do 停下來(lái)開(kāi)始去做某事 stop doing 停止正在做的事 (to) do 不能幫助做 can’t help doing 情不自禁的做 to do 接著做 go on doing 繼續(xù)不斷地做,繼續(xù)做同一件事 to be done need/require/ want/ deserve 結(jié)構(gòu)不同,意思一樣 doing sth 4.start/begin doing/to do 基本可互換 但下列情況用不定式 1) 主語(yǔ)指物時(shí) 2) 后面跟表示感情\思想\和意念的動(dòng)詞時(shí) 3) begin/start本身是進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)時(shí) It started to rain. She is beginning to cook dinner. She began to realize his mistakes. 5.動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) my, your, our… me, you, us….. +doing my father, tom…. My father’s, Tom’s 動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)只能用 one’s +doing Would you mind me/ my/ LI Ming/ Li Ming’s opening the window? Mary’s crying made her mother angry. His losing the game made us very disappointed. 分 詞 分詞分現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞其否定結(jié)構(gòu)為not+ 分詞,分詞在句中意義同形容詞和副詞,可以承擔(dān)形容詞和副詞在句中所承擔(dān)的句子成分. I.分詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài) 一般式 doing being done 現(xiàn)在分詞 分詞 完成式 having done having been done 過(guò)去分詞 done 2.分詞的句法功能 1)定語(yǔ)(單個(gè)分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)放在所修飾詞的前面,分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)放在所修飾詞的后面) This is an amusing story. The excited people rushed into the building. The boy standing at the door is my cousin. The letter posted yesterday will soon reach him. 2)表語(yǔ) The news was inspiring. The glass is broken. We were excited at the news. 3)賓補(bǔ) I heard a girl crying next door. I am sorry to have kept you waiting for so long. I found my key lost. 4)狀語(yǔ) Being a student, I must study hard. 原因 While crossing the street, be careful. 時(shí)間 Given a chance, I can surprise the world.(條件) Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake.讓步 The teacher entered the lab, followed by the students. 伴隨狀語(yǔ) His parents died, leaving him an orphan. 時(shí)間(分詞作狀語(yǔ)表示結(jié)果時(shí)常表示意料中的事) 注:分詞作狀語(yǔ)可表示時(shí)間,原因,結(jié)果,行為方式\伴隨狀語(yǔ)等,分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)前后主語(yǔ)必須一致,如以上各句.如前后主語(yǔ)不一致必須用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)即: 名詞或代詞+分詞(doing/done)/不定式/介詞/短語(yǔ)/形容詞/副詞 Weather permitting, we’ll go sightseeing.條件 It being Sunday, we went climbing.原因 Work finished, the boy went out to play.時(shí)間 He lay on his back, his eyes looking up at he sky.伴隨 The exam to be held tomorrow, I can’t go to the cinema tonight.原因 School over, We went home.時(shí)間 He came, his hands red with cold.伴隨 另外with 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)也是一種獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu). 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞間的比較 1.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在句子中的作用 作用 類別 主語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ) 表語(yǔ) 定語(yǔ) 補(bǔ)語(yǔ) 狀 語(yǔ) 相當(dāng)詞 性 Vt. prep 時(shí)間 原因 條件 伴隨 目的 結(jié)果 不定式 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ n./a./ adv. 動(dòng)名詞 √ √ √ √ √ N 分 詞 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ A/adv 2.不定式、動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)的區(qū)別 動(dòng)作特點(diǎn) 時(shí)間概念 不定式 具體的，特定的行為，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作 多表示將來(lái)或已完成 動(dòng)名詞 抽象的，一般性的行為，強(qiáng)調(diào)事情本身 多無(wú)時(shí)間性 3.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做主語(yǔ)\表語(yǔ)的區(qū)別 一般可以互換,但如詳細(xì)地加以區(qū)分的話,動(dòng)名詞表示普遍的習(xí)慣性的或抽象的動(dòng)作,不定式則表示某一次具體的動(dòng)作. I like swimming, but I don’t like too swim this afternoon. Her job is giving piano lessons to children, but this Sunday her job is to teach the children how to dance. 注:現(xiàn)在分詞表示”令人…”多修飾物,過(guò)去分詞表示”感到…”,多修飾人. We were interested in an interesting story. 4.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別 和中心詞的位置關(guān)系 與中心詞的邏輯關(guān)系 時(shí)間概念 不定式 總是位于其后 多動(dòng)賓關(guān)系 多表示將來(lái) 動(dòng)名詞 多位于其前 表示其性能,作用 無(wú)時(shí)間(常發(fā)生) 現(xiàn)在分詞 單個(gè)分詞在前 分詞短語(yǔ)在后 多主謂關(guān)系(主動(dòng)) 表示正在進(jìn)行 過(guò)去分詞 有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系(被動(dòng)) 表已完成 只表示完成(主動(dòng)) 注:現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式(being done) 做定語(yǔ)時(shí) 現(xiàn)在 不定式的被動(dòng)式(to be done) 表示的被動(dòng) 將來(lái) 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞(done 動(dòng)作發(fā)生在 過(guò)去 being used in our school now. This is the book to be used in our school next year. used in our school last year 5.不定式,分詞做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí)的區(qū)別 現(xiàn)在分詞表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,不定式表示動(dòng)作的整個(gè)過(guò)程或動(dòng)作的反復(fù)多次.注:感官動(dòng)詞feel, hear, listen to, see, watch, observe, notice, look at和使動(dòng)詞make, let have 后跟不帶to 的不定式作賓語(yǔ),get例外. I heard him singing in the next room just now. I saw him enter the door.(He was seen to enter the door) 另外.have/ get sth done 可表示有意或意外.＄ When did you have /get your leg broken? When did you have/get your hair cut? 6. 分詞和不定式做結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別 doing sth (表示邏輯上的結(jié)果) (only)+ to do sth(表示非邏輯上的結(jié)果) It passes right through their bodies, only getting a little thicker and sweeter. He raised himself pletely, obliging me to rise too. He smokes a great deal, only making his health worse. I was late for class again, making him more angry. He woke up, only to find his wallet gone. He came here, only to know that she had been tired. He finally arrived, only to get the news that his old friend had already passed away. He was late again, only to find another fellow had taken his place. 7.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) 1)不定式: for sb to do 2)動(dòng)名詞:形容詞性物主代詞或名詞所有格+ doing sth 3)分詞:分詞做狀語(yǔ), 它的邏輯主語(yǔ)往往是句子的主語(yǔ),如果不是,就的帶上自己的邏輯主語(yǔ),構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),此結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)也可有with引導(dǎo). Night falling, we hurried home. The question having been settled, they went home. It being very cold, he made a fire. With winter ing, it’s time to buy warm clothes. 8.不定式與疑問(wèn)代詞或疑問(wèn)副詞連用,作主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ),表語(yǔ) When to start the work hasn’t been decided yet. Please tell me what to do next. The problem is where to find a doctor at once. 分詞作狀語(yǔ)可直接與連詞if,though, even though, unless, until, when, while, as, as if, once, that 等連用. He will not e unless invited. While studying, try not to stop at the surface of facts.