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2019-2020年高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞練習(xí) NOTICE：記住詞性及在句中所承擔(dān)的語(yǔ)法成分 (非限定性動(dòng)詞相當(dāng)于n. adj. adv. 的用法，具體如下)。 1. 動(dòng)名詞( doing ) : n. adj. (其中動(dòng)名詞有四種形式即：一般式的主動(dòng)形式(doing): n. adj. ，一般式的被動(dòng)形式(being done): n. adj.，完成式的主動(dòng)形式(having done): n.，完成式的被動(dòng)形式(having been done): n. ) Notice:⑴當(dāng)完成式起名詞作用時(shí)可與一般式互換,此種類(lèi)型常跟在介詞(for,after,upon,on,about,without,with,etc.)后。即:having done = doing ,having been done = being done ,如:Im sorry for ... , Im upset about having been punished / being punished by my teacher。⑵常與時(shí)態(tài)連考(一般式,完成式) 。⑶?？贾鲃?dòng)表被動(dòng)，表示"需要做/該做..." : require / want / need / deserve...doing = require / want / need / deserve... to be done ，值得做：be (well) worth doing = be worthy to be done / of being done.⑷與there be句型連考。⑸與某些特殊句型連考。 2. 不定式( to do ): n. adj. adv. Notice: ⑴ to do表示意想不到的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ),常與Only連用。⑵其進(jìn)行時(shí)無(wú)被動(dòng) (其理論上是有“進(jìn)行時(shí)”的被動(dòng)的，但極少用或?yàn)榱耸咕渥痈雍?jiǎn)潔，所以有的語(yǔ)法書(shū)上就干脆說(shuō)，其“進(jìn)行時(shí)”是無(wú)被動(dòng)的)。⑶ in order / so as to do表目的時(shí),其否定形式不能用not in order / so as to do ,而必須用in order / so as not to do。⑷?？紅oo...to do...作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)（A. too + adj./adv.(多表性質(zhì)，特征) + to do.“太...而不能”，主語(yǔ)可為人可為物，起消極作用；B.（not/never/only/all/but...）+ too + adj./adv.(表示樂(lè)意，愿意，容易等，如：eager,glad,easy,happy,pleased,etc.) + to do...時(shí)，“too”相當(dāng)于“very”,“to do”不表示結(jié)果而表原因,主語(yǔ)多為人，且起積極作用；C. 句型：“not too...to do...”表肯定，譯為：“不太...可以...” ； “too...not to do...”表雙重否定，譯為：“太...不能不...”）。⑸可與wh-/how連用 。⑹?？贾鲃?dòng)表被動(dòng)。⑺表示過(guò)去本想做而沒(méi)有做:V-ed +to have done = had done to do,would like / love to have done 。⑻常跟不帶to的不定式(如，表示“別無(wú)選擇或不得不做...”:cannot but do ,cannot help but do ,cannot choose but do ,etc.)。⑼ to的省略:(如: besides ,but ,except 的前有do后省to,及其他形式的省略)。 ⑽常與時(shí)態(tài)連考（一般式,完成式）（?？季湫? It’s said /believed/reported...that +主語(yǔ)+其他=主語(yǔ)+be+said/believed/reported...to do/to be doing /to have done/to have been doing）。⑾與there be句型連考。⑿與某些特殊句型連考。 3. 分詞( V-ing 表主動(dòng)進(jìn)行/ V-ed 表被動(dòng)完成 ): adj. adv. Notice: ⑴由于完成式無(wú)adj.形式，所以在(限)定從的省略中完成式是不能做定語(yǔ)的，即無(wú):having done的形式（但可作非限定性定語(yǔ)，也常被稱(chēng)為作狀語(yǔ)或提于句首）,但可用done來(lái)代替having done/having been done。⑵常與定語(yǔ)從句的省略連考。⑶ Being done/ Having been done作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)的用法：A.“Being done”表示“(當(dāng)時(shí))正在被”相當(dāng)于“When done”或“(當(dāng)時(shí))存在 / 伴隨的狀態(tài)”。B.在Having been done中:a. 若中文出現(xiàn)“后”“已經(jīng)”等（字眼/時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)）（英文卻又沒(méi)有給出如：“many/several times/years”等） ，則最好加上“Having been” b. 若中英文都沒(méi)有給出明確的（已完成）的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，則最好不加“Having been” c. 若中英文都沒(méi)有明確的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，但句意中的時(shí)間先后性極強(qiáng)，則最好加上“Having been” d 若英文中出現(xiàn)：many/several times ,etc. 則一定要加上“Having been”。（獨(dú)立主格中也是如此）C.“Having been done”側(cè)重于表動(dòng)作被動(dòng)的先后順序；而“done”除了表被動(dòng)外，還表(已完成的)狀態(tài)。⑷?？糣-ing作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，其前可加thus,thereby。⑸作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)可轉(zhuǎn)化為對(duì)應(yīng)的狀語(yǔ)從句(伴隨狀語(yǔ)除外)，且常與時(shí)態(tài)連考(一般式,完成式)。⑹若強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間，對(duì)比，轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系時(shí)，則連詞最好不要省(如:作條件狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，若有連詞unless ,則unless不能省,作讓步狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，若有連詞though ,則也不要省)。⑺表示感官/感覺(jué)/使役/致使動(dòng)詞(hear,feel,find,notice,see,keep,set,make,have,get,wish,leave,watch,imagine,etc.)+sb/sth+分詞,其中如何選擇V-ing/V-ed作賓補(bǔ)，要注意以下三個(gè)方面:A.make,wish,want(特殊)后通常跟done作賓補(bǔ)（ Notice：① want其賓補(bǔ)要注意以下幾種情況：（not） want sb / sth (to be) done（被動(dòng)）(常用) / doing（主動(dòng)）（want前常帶有否定詞not）。區(qū)別(not) want sb / sth to do與want sb (not) to do .②句型：make sb/sth do ; make oneself done ）。B.set 后常用doing作賓補(bǔ)。(eg: His question has set me thinking deeply ) 。C.作賓補(bǔ)的分詞若表示“正在被”，則前面要加being。⑻短暫性動(dòng)詞的V-ing不可作定語(yǔ)(eg: A. Most of the people being invited to the party were famous scientists ；B. Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists √)。⑼ being + adj.不可作后置定語(yǔ)。⑽注意區(qū)別與動(dòng)名詞的說(shuō)(叫)法和用法。 4. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的四種復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) ( 由于有些非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的施動(dòng)者不是主句的主語(yǔ)，則要添加其邏輯主語(yǔ)防止產(chǎn)生歧義。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，邏輯主語(yǔ)是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或承受者(它們?cè)谶壿嬌洗嬖谥髦^關(guān)系或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系)，所以必定能在所在分句中找到，否則就會(huì)被視為語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤。但是，有的邏輯主語(yǔ)卻允許不表示出來(lái): 如，無(wú)依著(懸垂/垂懸)分詞（通常暗含主語(yǔ)為：you ,he ,we ,it ,they ,one ,etc.在不影響句意(即給出語(yǔ)境)的情況下是可以被接受的 ，若在無(wú)語(yǔ)境的情況下，則常會(huì)引起歧義是不能被接受的。另外懸垂結(jié)構(gòu)通常出現(xiàn)在科技，新聞等文章雜志上，不鼓勵(lì)在學(xué)習(xí)中使用） ，被約定俗成的習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)(如：judging from / by ,according to ,etc.)。等): ⑴動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，⑵不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，⑶分詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)(獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu))，⑷With 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)（※）。 ⑴動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu):①邏輯主語(yǔ)有生命:形容詞性物主代詞/名詞s＋動(dòng)名詞。②邏輯主語(yǔ)無(wú)生命:代詞普通格/n.＋動(dòng)名詞. ( Notice: 若邏輯主語(yǔ)雖表示有生命，但表示的是一類(lèi)人時(shí),不用①;若復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作賓語(yǔ)(表示有生命的人或物)時(shí)也可用②;有多個(gè)邏輯主語(yǔ)并列時(shí),不用①;邏輯主語(yǔ)是指示代詞或不定代詞時(shí),不用①) 。 ⑵不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu): for / of sb to do ⑶分詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)(獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)): n. / pron.(主格) +分詞/n./adj./adv./to do/介詞短語(yǔ) ⑷With的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)（※）: With + O + OC (V-ing/V-ed/n./adj./adv./to do./介詞短語(yǔ)) (其中,V-ing表示主動(dòng)進(jìn)行,V-ed表示被動(dòng)完成,to do表示將來(lái),adj./adv.表示狀態(tài),介詞短語(yǔ)表示位置.) ( Notice:①“OC”的形式通常根據(jù)其前的“O”來(lái)定（尤其“OC”是“V-ed”，“V-ing”的形式），但“to do”除外。②with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中的純凈結(jié)構(gòu)。③Without后跟動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),因?yàn)閃ithout是介詞). 總的來(lái)說(shuō)：⑴動(dòng)名詞：n. adj.（Notice:一般式：n. adj.；完成式：n.）⑵to do：n. adj. adv.⑶分詞（現(xiàn)在分詞 / 過(guò)去分詞）：adj. adv.（Notice:一般式：adj. / adv. 完成式：adv.） 經(jīng)典例題: ㈠ 單項(xiàng)選擇 He was busy writing a story ,only ___ once in a while to make a cigarette. A. to stop B. stopping C. to have stopped D. having stopped It isn’t cold enough for there ___ a frost tonight ,so I can leave Jim’s car out quite safely. A. would be B. being C. was D. to be There’s no ___ what he is going to do. A. tell B. telling C. told D. to tell “Do you have any clothes ___ today ?” the maid said. A. washing B. to wash C. to be washing D. to be washed 5. The mothers saw their children well ___ at the nursery. A. taking care of B. take care of C. to be taken care of D. taken care of In order not to be disturbed ,I spent three days ___ up in my study. A. lock B. locked C. locking D. to lock 7. Please remain ___ to accept the fellowship . A. stood B. standing C. to stand D. stand As the light turned green ,I stood for a moment ,not ___ ,and asked myself what I was going to do. A. moved B. moving C. to move D. being moved A young woman saw a pair of fashion boots in a shop that set her heart ___ .But the price was far beyond her means. A. to race B. racing C. race D. raced I’d love ___ the party night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone Under the environment of fierce petition ,the only way John could imagine ___ stress was to get tougher via making greater efforts. A. handling B. handled C. of handling D. having handled Sometimesnewideashavetobetestedmanytimesbefore______. A.acceptingfully B.beingfullyaccepted C.fullyaccepting D.fullybeingaccepted While watching television ,___ . A. the doorbell rang B. the doorbell rings C. we heard the doorbell ring D. we heard the doorbell rings ___ the doorbell ,the little girl jumped out of the couch and went to open for her father. A. Hearing B. Having heard C. Heard D. To hear The old man ,___ so badly ,almost lost his memory. A. hurting B. having been hurt C. being hurt D. to be hurt ㈡ 單句改錯(cuò)。 Attention：?jiǎn)尉涓腻e(cuò)改錯(cuò)時(shí)改“錯(cuò)”，而不是把句中的表達(dá)法改成另外的表達(dá)形式。很多人對(duì)這個(gè)概念比較模糊。把原句中并沒(méi)有錯(cuò)的形式改成了自己認(rèn)可的另外一種形式，雖然改后的表達(dá)法也是對(duì)的，但這樣做偏離了這類(lèi)題型的答題要求，因而也不能得分。 △下面每句話(huà)中有一處錯(cuò)誤，錯(cuò)誤涉及一個(gè)單詞的增加、刪除或修改。（修改后不改變句子意思） 增加：在缺詞處加一個(gè)漏詞符號(hào)（∧），并在此符號(hào)下面寫(xiě)出該加的詞。 刪除：把多余的詞用斜線(xiàn)（\）劃掉。 修改：在錯(cuò)的詞下劃一橫線(xiàn)，并在該詞下面寫(xiě)出修改后的詞。 1. Such / That is the case,we’d better make another plan . 2. We can’t imagine there is such a big library in the town . 3. The villagers want there be a bridge over the river . 4. Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. 5. In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. 6.Charles and Linda Mason do all of these things as well as climbed building. 7. They are quiet ,aren’t they ? Yes .They are accustomed to not talk at meal . 8 I‘d like very much e but I have an examination on Monday morning. 　 9. I waved to her but failed attract her attention. 10. My parents love me dearly of course and will do all they can make sure that I get a good education.