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2019-2020年高三英語(yǔ)大一輪復(fù)習(xí)講義 語(yǔ)法知識(shí) 專(zhuān)題十 特殊句式 新人教版 一、倒裝句 1．全部倒裝 (1)在There be/seem/appear/live/stand/lie/fly/exist/remain等存在句中。 Look，there’s that bookshop I was telling you about. (2)表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和動(dòng)作轉(zhuǎn)移的副詞如here，there，now，then，up，down，in，away，out等置于句首時(shí)，為使生動(dòng)地描述情景而采用倒裝語(yǔ)序。此時(shí)，句子多用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般過(guò)去時(shí)。 There goes the phone.I’ll answer it. (3)such作表語(yǔ)置于句首時(shí)。 Such was Albert Einstein，a simple man but the 20th century’s greatest scientist. (4)直接引語(yǔ)的全部或部分位于句首時(shí)。 “If you die，who will get your money？” asked Holmes. (5)表示地點(diǎn)的介詞短語(yǔ)位于句首時(shí)。 In the center of the square stands a monument. (6)為平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，或使上下文銜接緊密，而將作表語(yǔ)的介詞短語(yǔ)、形容詞、副詞或分詞提到句首，引起倒裝。 Gone forever are the days when the Chinese people had to use foreign oil. 2．部分倒裝 在下列幾種情況下，只把助動(dòng)詞、系動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)之前，構(gòu)成部分倒裝。 (1)little，never，not，seldom，neither，nor，hardly，rarely，by no means，at no time，under no circumstances，in no case等表示否定意義的單詞或短語(yǔ)位于句首時(shí)。 Little does he care about what others think. (2)在not...until...，no sooner...than...，scarcely/hardly...when...，not only...but also...，neither...nor...等句式中。 Neither does he drink nor smoke. (3)當(dāng)only修飾副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句位于句首時(shí)。 Only then did I find I had made a mistake. (4)在so/such...that...從句中，當(dāng)so＋形容詞/副詞或such＋名詞位于句首時(shí)。 So exhausted was she that she wanted to have a rest. (5)當(dāng)表示前面所說(shuō)的情況也適用于另一個(gè)人或事物時(shí)，常用so/as＋系動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋主語(yǔ)，表示“……也是……”。 Times have changed and so have I. (6)當(dāng)neither，nor位于句首，表示前面否定的內(nèi)容也適用于另一個(gè)人或事物時(shí)，常用neither/nor＋系動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋主語(yǔ)，表示“……也不……”。 They couldn’t understand it at that time，and nor could we. (7)省略if的虛擬條件句，把助動(dòng)詞were，had，should提到主語(yǔ)前面。 Had it not been for your help，we shouldn’t have achieved so much. (8)as和though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。 Try as she might，Sue couldn’t get the door open. (9)“may＋動(dòng)詞原形”表示祝愿，通常把may置于句首，構(gòu)成倒裝語(yǔ)序。 May you succeed! 二、強(qiáng)調(diào)句 1．使用助動(dòng)詞do，does和did對(duì)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)。 First impressions really do count. 2．運(yùn)用強(qiáng)調(diào)句型來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)除謂語(yǔ)以外的其他句子成分。 強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的基本句型結(jié)構(gòu)為：It is/was＋被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分＋that/who＋句子的其他部分?？捎脕?lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)成分。在復(fù)習(xí)強(qiáng)調(diào)句型時(shí)，要注意以下幾個(gè)方面： (1)強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中的主謂一致 在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中，當(dāng)對(duì)陳述句中的主語(yǔ)進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，無(wú)論被強(qiáng)調(diào)的主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)，主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都要用單數(shù)形式It is/was...，同時(shí)，that從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要與被強(qiáng)調(diào)的主語(yǔ)在人稱(chēng)和數(shù)方面保持一致。 It is my parents that/who often help me get out of trouble. (2)當(dāng)對(duì)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或其他狀語(yǔ)從句進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，只能用連接詞that，而不能用when，where，why或how等。 It was on August 8,xx that 29th Summer Olympic Games were opened in Beijing. (3)強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的疑問(wèn)句 在強(qiáng)調(diào)句中，無(wú)論被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是什么句子成分，變?yōu)橐话阋蓡?wèn)句時(shí)，都須將主句改為疑問(wèn)語(yǔ)序，即將“It is/was＋被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分＋that＋其他成分”改為“Is/Was it＋被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分＋that＋其他成分？”或“疑問(wèn)詞＋is/was it that＋其他成分？”結(jié)構(gòu)。 Was it her failing her exam that made her parents unhappy? When was it that she changed her mind? (4)在對(duì)not...until結(jié)構(gòu)中的until時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，要將句中的not移至until之前，構(gòu)成：It is/was not until...that...。注意that從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要變成肯定形式，而且不再采用倒裝語(yǔ)序。 I didn’t realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses.＝It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star. 三、省略句 1．狀語(yǔ)從句中的省略 由when，while，if，as if，although/though，as，until，once，whether，unless，where等引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中，如果其謂語(yǔ)為be，而主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)相同時(shí)，則從句的主語(yǔ)和be可省略?；驈木涞闹髡Z(yǔ)為it時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)為be，也可省略從句中的it和be。如： When (I am) in trouble，I always turn to my classmates for help.遇到麻煩時(shí)，我總是找同學(xué)幫忙。 If (it is) possible，this machine can be fixed at once. 可能的話，這臺(tái)機(jī)器會(huì)立即修好。 2．不定式的省略 單獨(dú)使用不定式符號(hào)to代替不定式后被省略的動(dòng)詞，常用在be afraid，expect，forget，hope，intend，like，love，mean，prefer，refuse，try，want，wish等詞后；或放在表情緒的詞后，代替被省略的動(dòng)詞，常見(jiàn)詞有：glad，happy，pleased等；但是，如果不定式中含有be，have，have been，則要保留be，have，have been。 I asked him to see the film，but he didn’t want to. —Will you please look after my house when I’m away? —I’m glad to. —Are you a sailor? —No.But I used to be. Your work hasn’t been handed in，but it ought to have been. 3．?？嫉膸讉€(gè)省略形式 if ever，if any，if not better/worse/taller...than等 4．并列句中的省略 并列句中的兩個(gè)對(duì)等句里的動(dòng)詞相同時(shí)，后者的動(dòng)詞可以省略。如： He is going to Hong Kong，but his brother (is going) to America.他要去香港，但是他的弟弟要去美國(guó)。 My room is on the third floor and his，on the fifth. 我的房間在三樓，他的在五樓。 四、注意事項(xiàng) 1．如果由特殊疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，從句必須使用陳述語(yǔ)序，不可用疑問(wèn)語(yǔ)序。 He asked me who it was that took his umbrella by mistake. 2．強(qiáng)調(diào)句型結(jié)構(gòu)中的反意疑問(wèn)句式。 在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型結(jié)構(gòu)中，其反意疑問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)及助動(dòng)詞必須與主句It is/was...保持一致。 It is Mary not you who wants to ask me about that matter，isn’t it? 3．強(qiáng)調(diào)句型結(jié)構(gòu)與定語(yǔ)從句的混合使用。 在高考試題中，為了增加試題的難度，常將強(qiáng)調(diào)句型與定語(yǔ)從句混合起來(lái)，使句子結(jié)構(gòu)更加復(fù)雜。我們要注意從語(yǔ)法角度來(lái)分析句子，理清結(jié)構(gòu)“強(qiáng)調(diào)句型與定語(yǔ)從句”。 It was on the farm where we worked that I got to know her. 4．強(qiáng)調(diào)句型與時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的辨析。 當(dāng)用強(qiáng)調(diào)句型強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，去掉“it is/was”和連詞“that”原句仍然完整。而在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，若去掉“it is/was”和連詞“when/before”，原句不完整。 It was at 14∶28 that the terrible earthquake broke out.(強(qiáng)調(diào)句型) It was 14∶28 when the terrible earthquake broke out.(狀語(yǔ)從句) 技巧1　分析句型結(jié)構(gòu)，注意特殊句式 在一些試題中要注意區(qū)別一些特殊的句型，如倒裝句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句、反意疑問(wèn)句、祈使句等，特別注意強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的一般疑問(wèn)句、特殊疑問(wèn)句形式。 [考題印證] It was from only a few supplies that she had bought in the village________the hostess cooked such a nice dinner.(xx安徽，27) A．where B．that C．when D．which 答案　B 解析　句意為：僅僅用她從村莊里買(mǎi)來(lái)的一些簡(jiǎn)單的東西，女主人就做了一頓豐盛的晚餐。從句式看此句是強(qiáng)調(diào)句，故選B項(xiàng)。 技巧2　還原特殊句型，顯現(xiàn)本來(lái)面目 一般說(shuō)來(lái)，對(duì)于一些特殊的句型，我們可以把它還 原為正常的句型，如把倒裝句還原為陳述句，把省略句補(bǔ)全等等。 [考題印證] —Is everyone here? —Not yet...Look，there________the rest of our guests！(xx江蘇，33) A．e B．es C．is ing D．a(chǎn)re ing 答案　A 解析　句意為：——大家都來(lái)了嗎？——還沒(méi)有……看！我們其余的客人來(lái)了。there放在句首時(shí)，句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用完全倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，由guests可知the rest指代復(fù)數(shù)內(nèi)容，故謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 1．It ________ we had stayed together for a couple of weeks ________ I found we had a lot in mon. A．was until；when B．was until；that C．wasn’t until；when D．wasn’t until；that 答案　D 解析　It was...that...構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)句，對(duì)not until we had stayed together for a couple of weeks進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)。在這種強(qiáng)調(diào)句式中，一般用that引出句子的其他部分。如果被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分是表示人的名詞時(shí)，可以用who代替that引出句子的其他部分。 2．—Will you go to see the movie A Simple Noodle Story tomorrow evening? —No，I am going to a lecture，or at least I am planning________. A．to B．so C．go D．that 答案　A 解析　考查省略的用法。I am planning to是I am planning to go to a lecture的省略。 3．I don’t suppose anyone will volunteer，________？ A．do I B．don’t I C．will they D．won’t they 答案　C 解析　句意為：我認(rèn)為不會(huì)有人自愿，是不是？當(dāng)陳述部分是“I don’t think/suppose＋賓語(yǔ)從句”結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，附加問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)與動(dòng)詞與從句一致且用肯定形式。 4．—I just wonder ________ that made Mark Twain so famous a writer. —Of course his early experiences. A．it was what B．what he did C．how he did D．what it was 答案　D 解析　句意為：——我只想知道是什么使得馬克吐溫成為一個(gè)如此出名的作家?！?dāng)然是他的早期經(jīng)歷了。從題干的含義看，本題涉及強(qiáng)調(diào)句的特殊疑問(wèn)句和語(yǔ)序。被強(qiáng)調(diào)的成分在從句中作主語(yǔ)，用what，且wonder后作賓語(yǔ)的疑問(wèn)句要用陳述句語(yǔ)序，故選D。 5．—It’s nice.Never before________such a special drink! —I’m glad you like it. (2011福建，29) A．I have had B．I had C．have I had D．had I 答案　C 解析　句意為：——太好喝了。我以前從未喝過(guò)這么特別的飲料！——你能喜歡我很高興。否定詞never置于句首，句子需用部分倒裝語(yǔ)序，排除A、B兩項(xiàng)；又由時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)before可知，句子要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，故C項(xiàng)正確。 6．Only after they had discussed the matter for several hours________a decision.(2011湖南，32) A．they reached B．did they reach C．they reach D．do they reach 答案　B 解析　句意為：他們只有在討論這個(gè)問(wèn)題幾個(gè)小時(shí)后才做決定?！皁nly＋狀語(yǔ)從句”放在句首，主句需用部分倒裝句式，由從句中的“had discussed”可知主句應(yīng)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。 7．—The man has great determination and never gives up halfway． —________． A．So do you B．Neither do you C．So is with you D．It is the same with you 答案　D 解析　當(dāng)表達(dá)前者的情況適合于后者，而這種情況既有否定也有肯定時(shí)，用It is the same with．．．或So it is with．．．。 8．It is not how much we do but how much love we put into what we do ________ benefits our work most. (2011陜西，23) A．who B．which C．that D．what 答案　C 解析　句意為：對(duì)我們的工作最有益的不是我們做了多少，而是我們對(duì)所做的事情注入了多少愛(ài)。本句是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句，其結(jié)構(gòu)是：It is/was...that/who...。因?yàn)樗鶑?qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容是“not how much we do but how much love we put into what we do”，所以選that。另外，強(qiáng)調(diào)句式常與定語(yǔ)從句結(jié)合起來(lái)考查。如：It was the words that he spoke that made the teacher angry.。 9．The police were seeking more information to find out ________ the rich merchant. A．who was it that killed B．who it was that killed C．it was who killed D．who was it killed 答案　B 解析　句意為：警方在搜查更多線索，以便查清是誰(shuí)殺了這位富商。本題考查特殊疑問(wèn)句的強(qiáng)調(diào)句式。首先考慮Who killed the rich merchant？的強(qiáng)調(diào)句應(yīng)為：Who was it that killed the rich merchant？然后考慮把“...find out who killed the rich merchant.”變?yōu)椤?..find out who it was that killed the rich merchant.”。故選B。 10．—Have you got any plans for the ing birthday? —Yes.________，I’m going to try bungee jumping. A．If not B．If busy C．If anything D．If possible 答案　D 解析　句意為：——你對(duì)你馬上到來(lái)的生日有什么計(jì)劃嗎？——有的。如果可能的話，我打算去試一下蹦極跳。A“如果不”；B“如果忙”；C項(xiàng)“若有區(qū)別”；D項(xiàng)相當(dāng)于If it is possible(如果可能的話)。 11．Only when________in the afternoon________able to leave. A．the match was over；they were B．was the match over；were they C．was the match over；they were D．the match was over；were they 答案　D 解析　考查倒裝句。句意為：只有當(dāng)下午的比賽結(jié)束后他們才能夠離開(kāi)。only引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句位于句首時(shí)，主句需要用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，從句不倒裝。 12．—________you write so well? —By reading and keeping diaries every day. A．How is it B．What is it C．How is it that D．What is it that 答案　C 解析　考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。問(wèn)句是強(qiáng)調(diào)句的特殊疑問(wèn)形式，還原為陳述句是：It is by reading and keeping diaries every day that I write so well.其中對(duì)方式進(jìn)行提問(wèn)用how。 13．Mrs.Green got up late，so she ran as fast as she could________the bus. A．catch B．to catch C．catching D．caught 答案　B 解析　該句中could后省略了謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞run，后面應(yīng)用不定式表目的，故選B。 14．He is supposed to make his visit to the club soon，but I’m not sure whether he________or not. A．does B．is C．had D．will 答案　D 解析　考查時(shí)態(tài)與省略句。由前面is supposed to...soon可知應(yīng)用一般將來(lái)時(shí)。will是will make his visit的省略，即我不知道他是否會(huì)來(lái)俱樂(lè)部。 15．________has been heated discussion over which country bakes the world’s best pizza: Italy，where pizza began or the US，where it was globalized. A．It B．There C．That D．This 答案　B 解析　考查there be句型。there be句型中的be可以根據(jù)具體的要求有多種變化形式。本句用了現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，表示“一直有這種激烈的討論”，所以選B項(xiàng)。