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1、2014年職稱(chēng)英語(yǔ)考前壓題(1) 天宇考王職稱(chēng)英語(yǔ)理工類(lèi)　　　　 理工A 第十一篇Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared Cities A new examination of urban policies has been 1 recently by Patricia Romero Lankao．She is a sociologist specializing in climate change and 2 development．She warns thatmany of the world’s f

2、ast-growing urban areas，especially in developing countries．will likely sufferfrom the impacts of changing climate．Her work also concludes that most cities are failing to3emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse 4 ．These gases are knownto affect the atmosphere．”Climate change is a deeply

3、 local issue and poses profound threats to the growing cities of the world,” says Romero Lankao. ”But too few cities are developing effective strategies to 5 their residents." Cities are 6 sources of greenhouse gases．And urban populations are likely to be among those most severely affected

4、 by future climate change. Lankao’s findingshighlight ways in which city-residents are particularly vulnerable, and suggest policy interventions that could offer immediate and longer-term 7 ． The locations and dense construction patterns of cities often place their populations at greater risk

5、for natural disasters. Potential8associated with climate include storm surges andprolonged hot weather. Storm surges can flood coastal areas and prolonged hot weather can heat9paved cities more than surrounding areas．The impacts of such natural events can be more serious in an urban environment．For

6、example，a prolonged heat wave can increase existinglevels of air pollution，causingwidespread health problems．Poorer neighborhoods thatmay10basic facilities such as drinking water or a dependable network of roads，are especially vulnerable to natural disasters．Many residents in poorer countries live i

7、n substandard housing 11 access to reliable drinking water，roads and basic services. Local governments, 12 ,should take measures to protect their residents.”Unfortunately，they tend to move towards rhetoric 13 meaningful responses,Romero Lankao writes, ” They don’t impose construction standards th

8、at could reduce heating and air conditioning needs. They dont emphasize mass transit and reduce 14 use. In fact, many localgovernmentsare takinga hands—offapproach.” Thus, she urges them tochangetheir 15 policies and to take strong steps to prevent the harmful effects of climate change on cities.

9、 1．A carry alongB carried awayC carried outD carried back 2．A economicB industrialCruralD urban 3．A reduceB increaseC studyD measure 4．A cropsB gasesC fruitsD Plant5 5．A educateB evaluateC protectD identify 6．A doubtfulB possibleC repeatableD major 7．A usesB chancesC curesD benefits 8．A thre

10、atsB interestsC functionsD differences 9．A locallyB heavilyC suddenlyD mildly l0．A provideB improveC lackD update 11．A withoutB withC inD on 12．AmoreoverB thereforeC howeverD though 13．A other thanB more thanC less thanD rather than 14．A trainBautomobileCbusDbike 15．A idleB smartC busyD secur

11、e 答案與題解： 1. C 本題的答案是carried out（執(zhí)行；完成）。“A new examination of urban policies has been carried out” 意思上配得上。carried along（攜帶）、carried away（運(yùn)走）和carried back（運(yùn)回）與下文的意思搭配不上。 2.D通篇文章討論的是氣候變化對(duì)城市的影響及其應(yīng)對(duì)措施，并沒(méi)有涉及economic （經(jīng)濟(jì) 的）、industrial （工業(yè)的）和rural （農(nóng)村的）的話題。所以，這三個(gè)選項(xiàng)不可能是答案，urban才是答案。 3.A前面一句談到，發(fā)展中國(guó)家的飛速成

12、長(zhǎng)的城市備受氣候變化的折磨。本句緊接上一句 的意思，大多數(shù)城市沒(méi)有做到減少二氧化碳的排放量。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，要選reduce。 4. B 減少的不僅是二氧化碳，還有g(shù)reenhouse gases （溫室氣體）。gases 是答案。 5. C 城市應(yīng)該采取有效的措施應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化。采取措施的目的當(dāng)然是為了保護(hù)城市居民。 可是Lankao 發(fā)現(xiàn)這樣做的城市太少了。本題選protect 最合適。 6.D前面說(shuō)到大多數(shù)城市沒(méi)有做到減少或控制二氧化碳的排放量。這說(shuō)明“Cities are major sources of greenhouse gases”（城市是溫室氣體的主要來(lái)源），不會(huì)是do

13、ubtful sources （不能確定的來(lái)源）, possible sources（可能的來(lái)源），更不會(huì)是repeatable sources（不斷重復(fù)的來(lái)源）。 7.D城市居民最易受氣候變化的傷害，所以 Lankao 建議地方政府要進(jìn)行政策介入以降低居 民因氣候變化受到的傷害，而這會(huì)帶來(lái)立即的和長(zhǎng)期的益處。因此，uses 、 chances 和cures 可以排除。benefits（益處）才是答案。 8.A 由climate change 引發(fā)的storm surges 和prolonged hot weather 給城市居民造成傷害。 interests 、functions

14、和differences 這三個(gè)詞與storm surges 和prolonged hot weather 造成的傷害掛不上號(hào)，不會(huì)是答案。storm surges 和prolonged hot weather 對(duì)城市居民會(huì)構(gòu)成威脅。因此threats 才是答案。 9. B 為什么prolonged hot weather 對(duì)城市居民造成的傷害超過(guò)對(duì)其周邊地區(qū)居民造成的傷 害？因?yàn)槌鞘械缆肥谴罅夸佋O(shè)瀝青的道路。heavily 是答案。其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)不符合上述意 思。 10.C 貧窮社區(qū)更易受到傷害，句子給出有關(guān)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的各個(gè)方面。貧窮社區(qū)的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施一 定是不盡如人意的。所以要選lack

15、。 11.A貧窮國(guó)家許多人住在不符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的房子里。下面提到reliable thinking water、roads 和 basic services 這些基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，從上下文判斷，貧窮居民不會(huì)享有這些基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。所以選 without 比較合理。 12.B 本題的答案是therefore。上文說(shuō)的是氣候變化給城鎮(zhèn)居民帶來(lái)的種種問(wèn)題。下文說(shuō)的 是地方政府應(yīng)該采取相應(yīng)的對(duì)策以保護(hù)城鎮(zhèn)居民。兩部分的敘述是一種因果關(guān)系，所以要 選therefore。 13.D rhetoric responses （言辭反應(yīng)，即用言語(yǔ)予以搪塞的反應(yīng)）和meaningful responses （有 意義

16、的反應(yīng)）是兩種截然不同的反應(yīng)。地方政府的反應(yīng)是前者還是后者？隨后的句子，特 別是a hands-off approach，說(shuō)明地方政府作出的是rhetoric responses，而不是meaningful responses 。所以本題要選rather than（而不是）。 14.B 句中的“…emphasize mass transit”提示，要減少的運(yùn)輸工具不會(huì)是大眾交通工具，因此選項(xiàng)中的train 和bus便可排除。bike 是人力驅(qū)動(dòng)，不會(huì)釋放二氧化碳，也可排除。答案是automobile 。私人汽車(chē)排放大量的二氧化碳，是城市主要的污染源之一。 15. A “. . man

17、y local governments are taking a hands-off approach” 中的a hands-off approach 提示， Lankao 敦促地方政府改變的一定是他們無(wú)所作為（ idle) 的政策。idle 是正確的選擇。 第十二篇Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk Fast food outlets could provide statin drugs free of 1 so that customers can reduce the heart disease d

18、angers of fatty food, researchers at Imperial College London 2 ina new study． Statins reduce the 3 of unhealthy ”LDL” cholesterol in the blood. A wealth of trialdata has proven them to be highly effective at lowering a person’s heart attack 4 . In a paper published in theAmerican Journal of

19、 Cardiology，Dr Darrel Francis and colleagues calculate that the reduction in heart attack risk offered by a statin is 5 to offset the increase in heart attack risk from 6 acheeseburger and drinking a milkshake． Dr Francis，from the National Heart and Lung Institute at Imperial College Londo

20、n，who is the senior author of the study, said:”Statins don’t cut out a11 of the 7 effects of cheeseburgers and French fries．It’s better to avoid fatty food altogether．But we’ve worked out that in terms of your 8 of having a heart attack. Taking a statin can reduce your risk to more or less the

21、 same9as a fast food meal increases it.”“It’s ironic that people are free to take as many unhealthv condiments in fast food outlets asthey 10 , but statins, which are beneficial to heart health, have to be prescribed. It makessense to make risk-reducing statins available just as easily as the un

22、healthy condiments that are l 1free of charge．It would cost less than 5 pence per1 2 一not much different to a sachet of sugar.” Dr Francis said． When people engage in risky behaviours like driving or smoking, they’re encouraged to take 13 that lower their risk, 1ike14 a seatbelt or choos

23、ing cigarettes with filters. Taking a statin is a rational way of 1 5 some of the risks of eating a fatty meal． 1．A changeB chargeC chain D chance 2．A trustB decideCsuggest Dcalculate 3．AnumberBamountCvolume D product 4．AfrequencyB treatmentC diagnosis Drisk 5．A severeBenoughC weak D active

24、 6．A buyingB preparingC eatingD cooking 7．AunhealthyBstrongC different D doubtful 8．AexaminationBsufferingC determination D possibility 9．A degreeB dimensionC angle D range 10．A useB hateC reject D like 11．A transportedB providedC preserved Dconvened 12．AcookB patientCcustomer Dvisitor 1 3．A

25、measuresBcareCadvantages D turns 14．A buyingB wearingC cleaning D changing 1 5．A increasingBfindingC lowering D taking 答案與題解： 1. B本文介紹說(shuō)，吃漢堡包等快餐食品容易引發(fā)心臟病，而服用statin能降低心臟病發(fā)作的 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，一正一負(fù)正好抵消。statin 價(jià)格便宜，文章建議快餐店像免費(fèi)供應(yīng)調(diào)味品那樣免費(fèi)供 應(yīng)statin0 free of charge 是固定搭配，意為“免費(fèi)”。選擇charge 是對(duì)的。 2. C 本題要選suggest ，因?yàn)槠渌齻€(gè)選

26、項(xiàng)在意思上都不合適。此外，本句主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用了could (provide) ，委婉地含有“建議”的意思。所以suggest 是個(gè)不二的選擇。 3.B 與降低unhealthy "LDL" cholesterol 搭配的一定是amount（量），而不可能是number （數(shù)字）、volume（體積）或product （乘積）。 4.D從上下文判斷，要降低（lower）的當(dāng)然是risk。lower frequency（降低頻率）、lower treatment（降低治療）或lower diagnosis （降低診斷）與上下文的意思都不匹配。 5. B 本句表達(dá)的意思是：Dr Darr

27、el Francis 在他的論文中說(shuō)，經(jīng)過(guò)計(jì)算，一粒statin 降低心臟病發(fā)作的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)足以抵消吃一個(gè)奶酪漢堡包和喝一杯奶昔所增加的患心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。所以本題的答案是enough。 6. C 顧客不可能在快餐店里preparing cheeseburger 或cooking cheeseburger，而buying cheeseburger不會(huì)增加心臟病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。所以，只有eating cheeseburger 才合乎上下文的意思。 7.A從上下文判斷，被cut out（去除）的effects一定是unhealthy effects，所以，unhealthy是本題的答案。 8.D本句中的in

28、terms of 意為“就……而言”，要與后半句“一正一負(fù)相互抵消”的意思相匹配，所以只能是“就患心臟病的可能性而言”。possibility 是答案。 9. A本句的意思與第五題的意思相同，即statin降低心臟病發(fā)作的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與快餐增加的心臟病 的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在程度（degree）上大致相當(dāng)。如果選擇其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)，意思變成了，“尺寸 (dimension）上、角度（angle）上或范圍（range）上大致相當(dāng)”，就說(shuō)不通了。 1O.D 填詞所在的句子的意思告訴我們，具有諷刺意味的一點(diǎn)是：顧客可以隨心所欲地免費(fèi)享用不健康的調(diào)味品。as one likes 是固定用法，意為“隨某人所愿，隨某人所喜

29、歡”。所以， like 是答案。其余三個(gè)選項(xiàng)用在本句中都不合適。 11.B transported （運(yùn)輸）、preserved （保存）或converted （轉(zhuǎn)換）填人句子中，意思都不順。只有填入provided （提供）符合句意。provided 是答案。 12.C 到快餐店去就餐的人當(dāng)然是customer。 13.A 為了降低開(kāi)車(chē)和吸煙的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，人們被鼓勵(lì)要采取一些安全措施。作者借此說(shuō)明為了降低食用快餐的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，我們也要采取措施。根據(jù)這層意思，選擇measures是正確的。take measure的意思是“采取措施”。其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)都不合適：take care是“注意，小心”，ta

30、ke advantage 是“利用”，take turns 是“輪流，依次”。 14.B 本題很明顯要選wearing，因?yàn)樯舷挛牡囊馑际恰跋瞪习踩珟А?。buying a seatbelt, cleaning a seatbelt和changing a seatbelt都與上下文的意思相去太遠(yuǎn)。 15. C通篇文章都在闡述statin能降低患心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。所以，lowering（降低）是答案。 第十四篇 Sharks Perform a Service for Earth’s Waters It is hard to get people to think of sharks

31、 as anything but a deadly enemy1. They are thought to 1 people frequently. But these fish2 perform a 2 service for earths waters and for human beings. Yet business and sport fishing3 are threatening their 3 Some sharks are at risk of disappearing from 4 Warm weather may influence both fish and s

32、hark activity. Many fish swim near coastal areas 5 their warm waters. Experts say sharks may follow the fish into the same areas, 6 people also swim. In fact, most sharks do not purposely charge at or bite humans. They are thought to mistake a person 7 a sea animal, such as a seal or sea lion. That

33、is why people should not swim in the ocean when the sun goes down or comes up. Those are the 8 when sharks are looking for food. Experts also say that bright colors and shiny jewelry may cause sharks to attack. A shark has an extremely good sense of smell4. It can find small amounts of substances

34、in water, such as blood, body liquids and 9 produced by animals. These powerful 10 help sharks find their food. Sharks eat fish, any 11 sharks, and plants that live in the ocean. Medical researchers want to learn more about the shark’s body defense, and immune 12 against disease. Researchers kno

35、w that sharks 13 quickly from injuries. They study the shark in hopes of finding a way to fight human disease. Sharks are important for the world’s 14 . They eat injured and diseased fish. Their hunting activities mean that the numbers of other fish in ocean waters do not become too 15 . This prot

36、ects the plants and other forms of life that exist in the oceans. 1. A attack B meet C love D visit 2. A terrible B eatable C valuable D possible 3. A source B existence C friends D fish 4. A Space B Sky C Land D Earth 5. A because B since C because o

37、f D by reason that 6. A whose B which C that D where 7. A to B for C like D with 8. A times B places C seas D oceans 9. A sciences B mathematics C chemicals D physics 10. A feelings B senses C touches D tastes 11. A those B these C another

38、 D other 12. A systems B processes C ideas D circles 13. A recover B reform C return D rely 14. A rivers B oceans C forests D mountains 15. A weak B little C few D great 答案與題解： 1．A 本題應(yīng)選擇 attack，因?yàn)榈谝痪湔f(shuō)到：人們認(rèn)為鯊魚(yú)是 a deadly enemy，也就是說(shuō)鯊魚(yú)會(huì)對(duì)人類(lèi)造成傷害。第二句是對(duì) de

39、adly enemy的具體說(shuō)明。其他的三個(gè)選項(xiàng) meet，love，visit都不合適， love與上下文意思相反， meet和 visit與上下文意思不符。 2．C 空格 2所在的句子由 but連接，所以該句子表達(dá)的意思一定與第二句相反。第二句對(duì)鯊魚(yú)的評(píng)價(jià)是負(fù)面的，填入空格 2的詞應(yīng)該是正面的。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有 valuable符合這一條件，所以是答案。 3．B 第三句說(shuō)到鯊魚(yú)有益于 “waters and human beings”，第五句又說(shuō)到鯊魚(yú)瀕臨滅絕的危險(xiǎn)。根據(jù)上下文的意思，threatening（威脅）到它們的應(yīng)該是 existence（生存）。其他的三個(gè)選項(xiàng) source

40、，friends，fish都不合適，與上下文意思沒(méi)有聯(lián)系。 4．D 如果鯊魚(yú)消失，從什么地方消失呢 ?當(dāng)然從 earth（地球）上消失。從 space（宇宙空間）、 sky（天空） 中消失，或從 land（陸地）上消失，都有悖常理。 5．C 四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的意思都是 “因?yàn)椤?，但是從用法上分析?because、since和 by reason that之后要接句子， because of之后接名詞或名詞短語(yǔ)。 their warm waters是名詞短語(yǔ)，所以要選用 because of。 6．D “… people also swim”明顯是定語(yǔ)從句，其先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞 ar

41、ea，所以要選關(guān)系副詞 where。 7．B 從上下文判斷，本句的意思是：鯊魚(yú)將人錯(cuò)認(rèn)為是海洋動(dòng)物。而“將……錯(cuò)認(rèn)為是 ”的英語(yǔ)表達(dá)是 mistake … for，所以本題的答案是選項(xiàng) B。 8．A 本段的意思是：鯊魚(yú)并非故意襲擊人類(lèi)。人們認(rèn)為，由于鯊魚(yú)將人錯(cuò)認(rèn)為是海獅等海洋動(dòng)物，在饑餓時(shí)才襲擊人類(lèi)。日出和日落時(shí)，正是鯊魚(yú)饑腸轆轆的時(shí)候，人們不應(yīng)該出海游泳。空格 8填入的詞應(yīng)該與時(shí)間有關(guān)，所以 times是答案，而與地點(diǎn)有關(guān)的選項(xiàng)（ places seas和 oceans）與上下文意思脫節(jié)。 9．C 本段第一、二句是說(shuō)，鯊魚(yú)的嗅覺(jué)特別靈敏，能嗅到海水中存在的極為微量的氣味。作者舉了

42、三個(gè)物質(zhì)：血、體液和化學(xué)品?？崭?9要填入表示物質(zhì)的名詞。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中惟一表達(dá)物質(zhì)的詞是 chemicals（化學(xué)品）。所以 chemicals是答案，而其它三個(gè)選項(xiàng)與學(xué)科有關(guān)，脫離了上下文的意思，不是本題的答案。 10．B 在第一、二句意思的基礎(chǔ)上，作者進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明，靈敏的嗅覺(jué)有助于鯊魚(yú)找到食物。所以本題的答案是選項(xiàng) D的 senses，因?yàn)?feelings，touches和 tastes都與 smells無(wú)關(guān)。 11．D 本句的中心詞是復(fù)數(shù)的 sharks，another所修飾的名詞一般是單數(shù)，所以不會(huì)是答案。 these和 those是表特指的代詞，指代前面出現(xiàn)過(guò)的名詞。由于前面沒(méi)

43、有先行詞，所以也不可能是答案。剩下的 other是答案， any other sharks的說(shuō)法也合乎英語(yǔ)的用法。 12．A 從上下文判斷，醫(yī)學(xué)研究人員想要更多了解的是 “身體抗病 system（系統(tǒng)） ”，不會(huì)是 “身體抗病 idea（思想）”、“身體抗病工作（ work）”或“身體抗病 circle（周期） ”。 13．A 本段昀后一句的意思是：醫(yī)學(xué)研究人員研究鯊魚(yú)的目的是為了找到一種人類(lèi)抗病的方法。所以空格 l3所在句子的意思應(yīng)該是 recover（quickly from injuries）。科學(xué)家想要探索的應(yīng)該是有關(guān)受傷鯊魚(yú) recover quickly from inju

44、ries的秘密，而 reform（改造）、 return（回歸）和 rely（依靠）只是與答案 recover詞形上有點(diǎn)相似而已，其意思與上下文的意思風(fēng)馬牛不相及。 14．B 從上下文判斷，鯊魚(yú)的存在能使 oceans得益。鯊魚(yú)不生活在 rivers、forests或 mountains中，所以，這三個(gè)選項(xiàng)不會(huì)是答案。 15．D 本段的其余三句都是說(shuō)明為什么鯊魚(yú)有益于海洋。它們吃海洋動(dòng)物，結(jié)果使得海洋中的動(dòng)物數(shù)量不會(huì)過(guò)多。 weak、little、few都與上面表達(dá)的意思相反，所以，只有 great是答案。 第十五篇 “Liquefaction” Key to Much o

45、f Japanese Earthquake Damage The massive subduction zone1 earthquake in Japan caused a significant level of soil "liquefaction"2 that has surprised researchers with its 1 severity, a new analysis shows. "Weve seen localized3 examples of soil liquefaction as extreme as this before, but the

46、distance and 2 of damage in Japan were unusually severe," said Scott Ashford, a professor of geotechnical engineering4 at Oregon State University5. "Entire structures were tilted and sinking into the sediments," Ashford said. "The shifts in soil destroyed water, drain and gas pipelines6, cripp

47、ling the utilities and infrastructure these communities need to 3 . We saw some places that sank as much as four feet." Some degree of soil liquefaction7 is common in almost any major earthquake. Its a phenomenon in which soils soaked with water, particularly recent sediments or sand, can lose

48、 much of their 4 and flow during an earthquake. This can allow structures to shift or sink or 5 . But most earthquakes are much 6 than the recent event in Japan, Ashford said. The length of the Japanese earthquake, as much as five minutes, may force researchers to reconsider th

49、e extent of liquefaction damage possibly occurring in situations such as this8. "With such a long-lasting earthquake, we saw 7 structures that might have been okay after 30 seconds just continued to sink and tilt as the shaking continued for several more minutes," he said. "And it was clear t

50、hat younger sediments, and especially areas built on 8 filled ground, are much more vulnerable." The data provided by analyzing the Japanese earthquake, researchers said, should make it possible to improve the understanding of this soil 9 and better prepare for it in the future. Ashford said

51、it was critical for the team to collect the information quickly, 10 damage was removed in the recovery efforts9. "Theres no doubt that well learn things from what happened in Japan10 that11 will help us to reduce risks in other similar 11 ," Ashford said. "Future construction in some places

52、 may make more use of techniques known to reduce liquefaction, such as better compaction to make soils dense, or use of reinforcing stone columns." Ashford pointed out that northern California have younger soils vulnerable to liquefaction ---on the coast, near river deposits or in areas with filled

53、 ground. The "young" sediments, in geologic terms, may be those 12 within the past 10,000 years or more. In Oregon, for instance, that describes much of downtown Portland, the Portland International Airport and other cities. Anything 13 a river and old flood plains is a suspect12, and t

54、he Oregon Department of Transportation has already concluded that 1,100 bridges in the state are at risk from an earthquake. Fewer than 15 percent of them have been reinforced to 14 collapse. Japan has suffered tremendous losses in the March 11 earthquake, but Japanese construction 15 helpe

55、d prevent many buildings from collapse ---even as they tilted and sank into the ground. 1.A．internal B. different C. difficult D. widespread 2.A．volume B. length C. extent D. width 3.A．function B. repair C. build

56、 D. remove 4.A．durability B. strength C. ability D. property 5.A．a(chǎn)scend B. compact C. collapse D. recover 6.A．shorter B. longer C. simpler D. stranger 7.A．when B. what C. how

57、 D. which 8.A．occasionally B. frequently C. specially D. recently 9.A．development B. phenomenon C. formation D. composition 10.A．unless B. until C. after D. before 11.A．findings B. locations C. events

58、 D. sources 12.A．delivered B. deposited C. destroyed D. detached 13.A．near B. from C. inside D. over 14.A．prevent B. accelerate C. predict D. detect 15.A．styles B. sites C. costs

59、D. standards 答案與題解： 1.D前文說(shuō)到日本的俯沖帶地震是massive（巨大的），而且砂土液化到達(dá)一個(gè)significant level。根據(jù)上述描述，選widespread（分布廣泛的）修飾severity是正確的。其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)與severity搭配后，意思接不上。 2.C 本句由but連接并列的兩個(gè)分句組成。第一個(gè)分句說(shuō)以前也發(fā)生過(guò)地震引發(fā)的砂土液化的現(xiàn)象，但涉及范圍較小。第二個(gè)分句通過(guò)but語(yǔ)氣一轉(zhuǎn)，說(shuō)這次地震造成的破壞是罕見(jiàn)的。很顯然，選extent(程度)與distance（距離，范圍）合用說(shuō)明破壞的程度和范圍是符合上下文的意思的。 3.A 在“The s

60、hifts in soil destroyed water, sewer and gas pipelines, crippling the utilities and infrastructure these communities need to…”中，"these communities need to...”是定語(yǔ)從句，指代utilities和infrastructure的關(guān)系代詞which在定語(yǔ)從句中起賓語(yǔ)作用，被省略了。need 后面的動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是which，也就是utilities and infrastructure。從意思上看，這 些社區(qū)需要這些公用事業(yè)設(shè)備和基礎(chǔ)

61、設(shè)施起功能作用（function)。選function是對(duì)的。其他選項(xiàng)都不合適。 4.B 浸了水的砂土，特別是新近的沉積土、沙土等失去的不會(huì)是durability（耐用性）和ability（能力），也不會(huì)是泛泛的property（性質(zhì)），而是strength（強(qiáng)度）。 5.C 浸了水的砂土強(qiáng)度降低或消失。砂土隨水流動(dòng)，就會(huì)引發(fā)建筑物移位（shift）或下沉(sink)。再發(fā)展下去，建筑物就會(huì)倒塌（collapse)。collapse是答案。若選擇ascend（上升）、compact(壓實(shí))或recover（復(fù)原），意思與上文接不上。 6.A 地震持續(xù)的時(shí)間一般為數(shù)十秒。這次日本地震的時(shí)間

62、長(zhǎng)達(dá)5分鐘。所以本題要填入的詞應(yīng)該是shorter，說(shuō)明大多數(shù)地震的持續(xù)時(shí)間比它短。 7.C 從意思上看，選how是正確的。when structures、what structures或which structures意思明顯不通。 8.D 第三段第二句出現(xiàn)“particularly recent sediment…"。recent sediment浸水后就失去了強(qiáng)度。這提示了本題要選recently，因?yàn)榻⒃谛陆罹偷耐寥郎系慕ㄖ锸亲钜资艿絺Φ摹? 9.B 分析日本大地震得出的數(shù)據(jù)不會(huì)令科學(xué)家獲得有關(guān)soil development（土壤發(fā)展）、soil formation（土

63、壤形成）soil composition（土壤構(gòu)成）這些方面的知識(shí)。若選phenomenon，意思就是科學(xué)家的研究分析有助于他們了解到土壤浸水后的這類(lèi)現(xiàn)象，以便做好防備，對(duì)付 未來(lái)可能發(fā)生的同類(lèi)現(xiàn)象。上下文意思很連貫，因此phenomenon是正確的選項(xiàng)。 1O.D 選unless、until或after都不合邏輯。本題句子的意思是：重建工作首先要清理廢墟，這樣地震現(xiàn)場(chǎng)就被破壞了。所以科學(xué)家要趕在重建工作開(kāi)始之前收集好地震資料。before是答案。 11.C 本句的意思是：科學(xué)家無(wú)疑會(huì)從日本大地震中學(xué)到不少東西，從而有助于減低今后發(fā)生類(lèi)似的地震時(shí)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有events合適。s

64、imilar events指的是“類(lèi)似的地震事 件”。若選findings（調(diào)查結(jié)果）、locations（地點(diǎn)）或sources（來(lái)源），句子的意思就不對(duì)。 12.B 本句解釋“young”這個(gè)詞在地質(zhì)學(xué)中的含義。句中的those指代sediments。"young" sediments指那些年代少于或略超過(guò)一萬(wàn)年的sediments。deposit是“沉積”，與句子意思匹配，是答案。其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)，詞義離題很遠(yuǎn)，只是詞形與deposit有點(diǎn)相似，起干擾作用而已，它們不是答案。 13.A 上一段說(shuō)，younger soils是非常脆弱的。本句的anything指的是soils。哪些地方的soils是疑似高危對(duì)象呢？如果指soils from/inside/over river and old flood plains是不合常理的。正確的選擇應(yīng)該是near，靠近河流和原洪泛區(qū)的土壤才是危險(xiǎn)地區(qū)。因此near是答案。 14.A 加固危橋的目的是為了防止坍塌。選項(xiàng)prevent是