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1、PETS3寫作電子教材 第一課時 課程安排： 1. 命題化作文 2. 圖表作文 3. 信件作文 任考兩種，進(jìn)行組合，必然有信件題。 一、三個避免錯誤： 1. 語法不能出現(xiàn)重大錯誤 2. 不能有太多拼寫錯誤 3. 內(nèi)容要切題 評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：語言第一位；結(jié)構(gòu)第二位；內(nèi)容第三位 高分作文要有三個C 1. contact 緊湊 2. concise 簡潔的 3. concrete 具體 好作文一定是結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、用詞簡潔、內(nèi)容具體的文章。 好作文有“三多”： 1. 關(guān)聯(lián)詞多 2. 動詞短語多、 形容詞多 3. 熟練運(yùn)用復(fù)雜語法較多，多出現(xiàn)第三人稱寫法. 二、選題 1、

2、兩個無關(guān)： 1） 與現(xiàn)有的專業(yè)學(xué)習(xí)無關(guān) 2） 與居住地域和文化品味無關(guān) 2. 怎樣選題和表述 1）永恒話題 例如：friendship and love ，environmental protection， cultural exchange，health，education. 2）熱點(diǎn)話題 例如：indulgence of computer network，honesty and mutual trust，teamwork，traffic，housing.. 3）表述： （1）要對觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行闡述； （2）觀點(diǎn)對比； （3）原因解釋； （4）舉例說明； （5）建議措施； （6）趨勢；

3、 （7）對圖畫圖表進(jìn)行描述。 三、寫作流程： 1. 三分鐘判斷寫作段落種類；（選出上面中三種需要的種類） 2. 套寫各段首句； 3. 25分鐘寫作，長短結(jié)合，難易結(jié)合。 寫作策略：長句靠語法串接，短句靠關(guān)聯(lián)詞串接。 4. 檢查，三一致，兩不能。 人稱一致、時態(tài)一致、主謂一致。 人稱一致：盡量用第一人稱。 時態(tài)一致：基本在現(xiàn)在時展開，寫作中優(yōu)選將來時，進(jìn)行時，現(xiàn)在時，完成時。 在兩個地方面臨過去時：描述圖表的第一段時。舉單例法時可將單例法變成雙例法避免過去時。 四、觀點(diǎn)陳述文章寫作方法 1. 時間、 地點(diǎn)、人稱具體化； 2. 正反對比法 It is general

4、ly believed that_______. 1） 關(guān)聯(lián)詞短語化 to begin with at the first place in addition what is more third 2）動詞短語化 3）名詞修飾化 It is commonly accepted that it is universally acknowledged that 4 ) 否定修辭 Therefore,it is not difficult to imagine what life will be if in a world whitout smoking. 5 )

5、轉(zhuǎn)折詞 On the contrary 寫單句想三步：1. 句型，時態(tài)，單復(fù)數(shù) 2.關(guān)鍵詞 3.修飾詞 五、英語句型： 1. there be 2. 名詞 + is/ are + 形容詞/ 名詞 （主系表） be to do be+表語從句 be+形容詞+ for sb + to do sth use to be love marry murder fall in love with get along with 背單詞： 第一步背動詞； 第二步背形容詞； 第三步背介詞短語； 最后背名詞。 3. 主謂賓表達(dá) 名詞+謂語動

6、詞+名詞 謂語動詞：動詞+介詞 名詞：前加形容詞； 名詞+doing/ done 名詞+that+從句 第二課時 4. 引用 When it comes to the topic of smoking (When _____ is discussed,) it is presumably proper (reasonable, appropriate, suitable, justified) to cite an old saying (a proverb): ____________. 在google中搜索quotation The price of a g

7、ood health is above rubies. 讀一些演講詞 1）借文章的話發(fā)揮； 2）借結(jié)構(gòu)換名詞； 3）加強(qiáng)查找。 六、第二段寫作 1. 舉例 2. 原因 他們怎么想、怎么做、政府 他們開始意識到 They come to realize that ______ is important / harmful They seldom come to realize that ______ is important / harmful They fail to recognize… Government make plans help them… 第三課時

8、 1. 舉例 2. 原因 兩方面表述觀點(diǎn)： 1）正反對比 2）引用 1）人們思想意識 pay attention to due attention to be awear of consequence They seldom pay due attention to smoking. They are not fully awear of consequence of smoking. attach important to do ones best to do sth try ones best to do sth take actions activ

9、e concrete swift action 2）政府行為 make plans tailor to expensive time consuming 讀文章要滿足KMTS: key words, 關(guān)鍵詞 main idea topic sentence structure 3）科學(xué)技術(shù) effective medicine has not been invented yet. Effective drugs and dozes have not been found yet. To begin with, some smorkers d

10、ont (pay due attention to seldom come to realize that) not fully aware of the consequence of smoking, as a result, they seldom do their best to get rid of smoking. Second, government does not make plans that tailor to smokers need. Third, effective drugs and dozes have not been found yet. 例如： 1）

11、美國人口增加 2）動物數(shù)量減少 3）分析動物減少原因 critical reading 評判式閱讀 1）掌握名詞具體問題 2）動詞邏輯問題 廣泛的閱讀可以模仿字、結(jié)構(gòu)、創(chuàng)意、框架。 七、第三段寫作 建議段 In order to protect non-smokers from becoming smokers, measures should be taken to reduce the appeal of smoking. 1）是否有立法的必要 make laws initiate laws prise for legislation 2）投資 inves

12、t set aside sufficient found allocate annual budget 3）增強(qiáng)意識 cultivate awareness enhance awareness 4）采取行動 第四課時 八、提綱作文整體思路 P182 經(jīng)典例文3 What Is Success? [提綱] 1.不同的人對成功有不同的看法。（觀點(diǎn)對應(yīng)） 2.然而，我的觀點(diǎn)是…… 3.為了獲得成功，我們應(yīng)該……（建議措施） 1. show your understanding （1

13、）It is generally believed that_______. When people have _______, they offer _______ to others. On the contrary, when people are deprived of ________, they feel _________. Therefore, it is not difficult to imagine what life will be if in a world devoid of ______. （2）When it comes to the topic of __

14、_____(When _____ is discussed,) it is presumably proper (reasonable, appropriate, suitable, justified) to cite an old saying (a proverb): ____________. This remark (statement, comment, observation) is naturally linked with (be associated with, ) a golden rule (a universal truth, a fundamental princi

15、ple, a glittering rule) in an ever-changing society, that is, ________ 2. 不同人有不同觀點(diǎn)（觀點(diǎn)對比） （1）When asked about an ideal place to live, the vast (overwhelming majority of/quite a few) people believe that a city may be a wise choice but other people don’t think so, insisting that countryside be a co

16、mfortable and peaceful place to live in. （2）When it comes to private cars, people‘s views/notions vary from one to another. Some people maintain that ____. Although it does contain an element of truth, the opposite is probably true. （3）Whenever the debate of _____ is raised among the general publi

17、c, some people tend to exaggerate any benefit that may arise. However, through years of practice, it turns out that this statement has many restrictions. 3. reason（原因） （1）因果兼顧 What has brought about this debate? Personally, I believe that three primary reasons may account for this. To begin with

18、, as a result of ___, _____. So ___. In addition, ___ in order to ___, Then ___. Finally, coupled with ___ is ___ that contributes to ___ （3）因果取舍 When it comes to the issue of _________, some people are more likely to ascribe its emergence to _______. However, it is not the primary reason at all. R

19、ather, _______. 4. 應(yīng)該怎么做（advise suggest） （1） 建議列舉 It is imperative for us to take severe measures to put it on hold. For one thing, we must appeal to authorities to make (initiate, launch) strict (severe) laws to control _____. For another thing, we should enhance people’s awareness that ____

20、is vital for us. Still, we are obliged to take broad actions to start an anti-____ campaign. Only in this way can we have a bright future. （2） 設(shè)問 What measures should be taken to arrest and reverse this grave situation? All nations round the world are expected to launch comprehensive projects tha

21、t tailor to local situation. Although these plans are geographically and culturally specific, they must contain two key elements: protection and education. By protection I mean up-to-date measures to keep track of any destructive activities that may arise. By education I mean common understanding am

22、ong people at all ages that _____ is an indispensable part in ______. Many options still exist, and human beings can still have a bright future. 九、圖表作文寫作 第一步，描述（describe） 第二步，原因（reason） 第三步，預(yù)測（predict） 1. 圖表種類 （1）table （2）graph （3）pie chart （4）bar chart P189例題 1. 描述

23、 第一句話，Indicated above is a graph 第二句話抓住圖表總趨勢 第三句話寫最低點(diǎn) 第四句話寫最高點(diǎn) 最后一句寫圖表的變化是什么樣的 第五課時 [例子]The graph below shows the changes of consumer price index in a certain country from the year 1929 to 1975. Write a short composition of about 120 words to describe the changes and offer your own reasons fo

24、r the changes. [范文]This graph gives information about the changes in consumer price index from the year 1929 to 1975. After studying the information in the graph we may conclude that prices increased greatly over the time span despite fluctuations. Although the consumer price index reache

25、d its bottom in 1933, the index almost tripled from 1929 to 1975, growing from 50 to 150. The most possible reason for the rise of prices was economic development. As is known by everyone, when one economy becomes prosperous, it usually needs a larger amount of circulating money. And since the

26、overall economic development of most countries between 1929 and 1977, including the country in question, was for the better, it was understandable that more and more bank notes had been added to circulation, and this almost inevitably caused inflation, which brought about the rise in prices.

27、[例子]The bar chart below shows the tendencies of infant mortality and peoples life expectancy in a developing country. Look at the graph and write a composition of about 120 words making reference to the following points. The bar chart below shows the tendencies of infant mortality and people’s life

28、 expectancy in a developing country. Look at the graph and write a composition of about 120 words making reference to the following points. 1. The changing tendencies in infant mortality and life expectancy. 2. Possible reasons for the changes. [范文]These two graphs describe resp

29、ectively the development tendency of infant mortality and life expectancy in a developing country. As is show in the graphs, there has been a marked decrease in the infant mortality rate between the year 1960 and 1990, whereas the life expectancy zoomed from 40 in the year 1960 to 90 years in 1990.

30、In the year 1960, the infant mortality rate was about 225 in 1000, as compared to about 100 in the year 1990. There are multiple reasons for the decrease in infant mortality rate, the most important of which, I would propose, is the development of medical care for children and expecting mothers

31、. The increase in life expectancy is due to several reasons. Better chances for personal development, better education and better economic environment which the development of the country has provided are all contributing factors, in addition to the development of medicine, which greatly reduced the

32、 chances of dying from diseases. 原因段的寫法： 1. 原因分析段落: 開頭方法(1) : 因果兼顧 What has brought about this debate? Personally, I believe that three primary reasons may account for this. To begin with, as a result of ___, _____. So ___. In addition, ___ in order to ___, Then ___. Finally, coupled with ___

33、is ___ that contributes to ___ 開頭方法(2) 無果有因 There are many reasons for it, the most important of which, I would propose, is _____. Additionally, ___ is a contributing factor accounting for ______. Finally, ____ can be traced to _____. 開頭方法（3）因果取舍 When it comes to the issue of _________, some

34、 people are more likely to ascribe its emergence to _______. However, it is not the primary reason at all. Rather, _______. Whenever the debate of _______ is raised, some people are prone to attribute its expansion to _____. Nevertheless, it is nothing more than a tip of the gigantic iceberg. As

35、a matter of fact, __________. 第六課時 結(jié)論段的寫法： 1. 結(jié)論段：用to sum up, to wit, in a word, in conclusion進(jìn)行觀點(diǎn)重述 2. 預(yù)測趨勢段： 好趨勢：on the basis of analysis, we can confidently predict that great changes have taken place in the past _____ years. This tendency, I believe, will be going on in an exciting dire

36、ction. 不好趨勢：On the basis of analysis above, it is reasonable to conclude that _____ has posed tremendous threat to our life. Worse still, this tendency will be going on in a disturbing direction. Therefore it is high time that we took drastic actions to put it on hold. As an old saying goes, “Don’t

37、 fix your roof on a rainy day.” 3. 建議措施段： 開頭方法（1） 建議列舉: It is imperative for us to take severe measures to put it on hold. For one thing, we must appeal to authorities to make (initiate, launch) strict (severe) laws to control _____. For another thing, we should enhance people’s awareness that _

38、___ is vital for us. Still, we are obliged to take broad actions to start an anti-____ campaign. Only in this way can we have a bright future. 開頭方法（2）設(shè)問 What measures should be taken to arrest and reverse this grave situation? All nations round the world are expected to launch comprehensive pro

39、jects that tailor to local situation. Although these plans are geographically and culturally specific, they must contain two key elements: protection and education. By protection I mean up-to-date measures to keep track of any destructive activities that may arise. By education I mean common underst

40、anding among people at all ages that _____ is an indispensable part in ______. Many options still exist, and human beings can still have a bright future. 題型分類： 第一段: 起始段: 1. 觀點(diǎn)對比選擇題： 開頭方式（1）： When asked about an ideal place to live, the vast (overwhelming majority of/quite a few) people beli

41、eve that a city may be a wise choice but other people don’t think so, insisting that countryside be a comfortable and peaceful place to live in. 開頭方式（2） When it comes to private cars, people‘s views/notions vary from one to another. Some people maintain that ____. Although it does contain an ele

42、ment of truth, the opposite is probably true. 開頭方式（3） Whenever the debate of _____ is raised among the general public, some people tend to exaggerate any benefit that may arise. However, through years of practice, it turns out that this statement has many restrictions. 2. 第二段: 拓展段觀點(diǎn)論證： 開頭方

43、式（1）引出主題，正向復(fù)述找出利益，反義詞重述找到缺陷，反問結(jié)束 It is generally believed that_______. When people have _______, they offer _______ to others. On the contrary, when people are deprived of ________, they feel _________. Therefore, it is not difficult to imagine what life will be if in a world devoid of ______.

44、 開頭方式(2) 引用推出觀點(diǎn). When it comes to the topic of _______(When _____ is discussed,) it is presumably proper (reasonable, appropriate, suitable, justified) to cite an old saying (a proverb): ____________. This remark (statement, comment, observation) is naturally linked with (be associated with, ) a

45、 golden rule (a universal truth, a fundamental principle, a glittering rule) in an ever-changing society, that is, ________ 1. 原因分析段落: 開頭方法(1) : 因果兼顧 What has brought about this debate? Personally, I believe that three primary reasons may account for this. To begin with, as a result of __

46、_, _____. So ___. In addition, ___ in order to ___, Then ___. Finally, coupled with ___ is ___ that contributes to ___ 開頭方法(2) 無果有因 There are many reasons for it, the most important of which, I would propose, is _____. Additionally, ___ is a contributing factor accounting for ______. Finally, __

47、__ can be traced to _____. 開頭方法（3）因果取舍 When it comes to the issue of _________, some people are more likely to ascribe its emergence to _______. However, it is not the primary reason at all. Rather, _______. Whenever the debate of _______ is raised, some people are prone to attribute its expa

48、nsion to _____. Nevertheless, it is nothing more than a tip of the gigantic iceberg. As a matter of fact, __________. 2. 舉例說明 開頭方法（1）雙例排比: Numerous cases exist to illustrate how important _____ is. When _____, ______. Or when ______, ___________. By doing so, ________________. 開頭方法（2）單例敘述

49、Numerous cases exist to illustrate my point, but one will suffice. When________, __________. By doing so, _______. As an example of the power of love, we should trace back to ______ when _______. Numerous evidences exist, but this one will suffice. I can find no better illustration than this

50、 one _____ is a case in point. 開頭方法（3）夾敘夾議 Naturally enough, the statement above always reminds people of a similar circumstance that is prevalent in the general republic (an ever-changing society, the contemporary society, in our ear, in our epoch), that is, when _______, ___________. Simi

51、larly, people never lack evidence when they attempt to demonstrate the power of ______. When ______, _________.As an old saying goes, _________. 結(jié)論段 1. 結(jié)論段：用to sum up, to wit, in a word, in conclusion進(jìn)行觀點(diǎn)重述 2. 預(yù)測趨勢段： 好趨勢：on the basis of analysis, we can confidently predict that great changes

52、 have taken place in the past _____ years. This tendency, I believe, will be going on in an exciting direction. 不好趨勢：On the basis of analysis above, it is reasonable to conclude that _____ has posed tremendous threat to our life. Worse still, this tendency will be going on in a disturbing direction

53、. Therefore it is high time that we took drastic actions to put it on hold. As an old saying goes, “Don’t fix your roof on a rainy day.” 3. 建議措施段： 開頭方法（1） 建議列舉: It is imperative for us to take severe measures to put it on hold. For one thing, we must appeal to authorities to make (initiate, laun

54、ch) strict (severe) laws to control _____. For another thing, we should enhance people’s awareness that ____ is vital for us. Still, we are obliged to take broad actions to start an anti-____ campaign. Only in this way can we have a bright future. 開頭方法（2）設(shè)問 What measures should be taken to arre

55、st and reverse this grave situation? All nations round the world are expected to launch comprehensive projects that tailor to local situation. Although these plans are geographically and culturally specific, they must contain two key elements: protection and education. By protection I mean up-to-dat

56、e measures to keep track of any destructive activities that may arise. By education I mean common understanding among people at all ages that _____ is an indispensable part in ______. Many options still exist, and human beings can still have a bright future. 信件作文寫作流程： 開頭段： 1） 問候收信人：Dear sir/ma

57、dam 2） 解釋寫信的原因： 申請：I am writing for a precious opportunity to work in your company that enjoys years of reputation 邀請：I am writing to invite you to attend (take part in/participate) a dinner party (a reception/a seminar/a conference) that is to be held on August 18, 2006. 感謝： I am writing t

58、o extend my heartfelt thanks (sincere gratitude) toward ___. 投訴： I am writing to complain about the poor service (quality) of a product that I purchased from your store two weeks ago. 祝賀： I am writing to extend my sincere greetings, wishing you a happy New Year, your career greater success a

59、nd your family happiness. 中間段： 用first, second, third闡述寫信的原因，提出具體的要求，具體的建議或者忠告（具體看題目來定） 中間段的寫作步驟 1）閱讀題目要求，找到可以用到的名詞或動詞 Write a letter of application according to the following situation. You saw an advertisement in this morning’s newspaper. A company needs a typist and you are interested. Wr

60、ite an application letter to that company. In your letter, provide the necessary information about yourself, tell them that you are qualified for that job. 2）寫作順序：背景介紹 + 情況咨詢 + 原因分析 (名詞具體化, 動詞尋找近義詞替換) I read today’s Beijing Youth this morning, pleased to discover that your company is looking f

61、or a typist. I wonder if you could be free to have a pleasant talk with me, for all the requirements specified in your advertisement tend to fit my present situation. First, my typing speed is as high as 200 words per minute, which is the definite weight for a qualified typist. Second, I can speak a

62、nd write English fluently, so I will be capable of typing both Chinese and English. Third and last, a warm-hearted woman who is always ready to help other people, I don’t think I have any problem while work with other colleagues. Under these circumstances, I firmly believe that I can contribute to p

63、rosperity of your company. On the other hand, a foreign company with an international background will certainly enrich my working experience and broaden my mind, thus paving a way for my prospective career. 結(jié)尾段：三句話 I would appreciate your assistance in this matter. If you have any questions, pleas

64、e don’t hesitate to contact me. Look forward to your reply. Sincerely Yours 第二部分：NOTE的寫法 NOTE在考試中可能涉及：Note of thanks, Messages, Invitations, Appointments, Apologies Note可以是一句話或者幾句話，語言風(fēng)格上可以口語化，所以在難度上不如信件。 具體格式為： 1） 稱呼對方名字：Dear Larry 2) 闡明留言目的：注意寫清時間，地點(diǎn)，原因和目的 1) Thank you very much for

65、_____ 2) I’ve got to meet a new client in Holiday Inn this evening 3) We would be happy if you could come to dinner with us at the canteen at 6:00 PM on 26, August. (這些題目中一定會有暗示，充分利用題目中的文字） 3) 向?qū)Ψ奖硎咀８；蛘咛嵝炎⒁馐马? Merry Christmas We’ll be glad if you could be with us I hope you will be there I

66、hope you will enjoy it. Please feel free to bring an escort if you choose 1) 落款寫清留言人的名字（如果題目中有名字的話，就用題目中的名字 Xiao Wang Li Ming 第七課時 例題：求職 You are Zhang Li. You are about to graduate from a university in the coming month. Right now you are doing some job hunting. Write a letter of job application to a Japanese bank in your city. Your letter should cover the following points: 1) a brief introduction about yourself, your study, ie. Your major, the number of years of study and self-