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1、 英語原文 Intelligent Traffic Light Control by Marco Wiering The topic I picked for our community project was traffic lights. In a community, people need stop signs and traffic lights to slow down drivers from going too fast. If there were no traffic lights or stop signs, people’s lives would b

2、e in danger from drivers going too fast. The urban traffic trends towards the saturation, the rate of increase of the road of big city far lags behind rate of increase of the car. The urban passenger traffic has already become the main part of city traffic day by day and it has used about 80% of

3、the area of road of center district. With the increase of population and industry activity, peoples traffic is more and more frequent, which is unavoidable. What means of transportation people adopt produces pressure completely different to city traffic. According to calculating, if it is 1 to adopt

4、 the area of road that the public transport needs, bike needs 5-7, car needs 15-25, even to walk is 3 times more than to take public transits. So only by building road cant solve the city traffic problem finally yet. Every large city of the world increases the traffic policy to the first place of th

5、e question. For example， according to calculating, when the automobile owning amount of Shanghai reaches 800,000 (outside cars count separately ), if it distributes still as now for example: center district accounts for great proportion, even when several loop-lines and arterial highways have been

6、built up , the traffic cannot be improved more than before and the situation might be even worse. So the traffic policy Shanghai must adopt , or called traffic strategy is that have priority to develop public passenger traffic of city, narrow the scope of using of the bicycle progressively , control

7、 the scale of growth of the car traffic in the center district, limit the development of the motorcycle strictly. There are more municipals project under construction in big city. the influence on the traffic is greater. Municipal infrastructure construction is originally a good thing of allevi

8、ating the traffic, but in the course of constructing, it unavoidably influence the local traffic. Some road sections are blocked, some change into an one-way lane, thus the vehicle can only take a devious route . The construction makes the road very narrow, forming the bottleneck, which seriously in

9、fluence the car flow. When having stop signs and traffic lights, people have a tendency to drive slower and look out for people walking in the middle of streets. To put a traffic light or a stop sign in a community, it takes a lot of work and planning from the community and the city to put one in.

10、It is not cheap to do it either. The community first needs to take a petition around to everyone in the community and have them sign so they can take it to the board when the next city council meeting is. A couple residents will present it to the board, and they will decide weather or not to put it

11、in or not. If not put in a lot of residents might be mad and bad things could happened to that part of the city. When the planning of putting traffic lights and stop signs, you should look at the subdivision plan and figure out where all the buildings and schools are for the protection of student

12、s walking and riding home from school. In our plan that we have made, we will need traffic lights next to the school, so people will look out for the students going home. We will need a stop sign next to the park incase kids run out in the street. This will help the protection of the kids having fun

13、. Will need a traffic light separating the mall and the store. This will be the busiest part of the town with people going to the mall and the store. And finally there will need to be a stop sign at the end of the streets so people don’t drive too fast and get in a big accident. If this is down ever

14、yone will be safe driving, walking, or riding their bikes. In putting in a traffic light, it takes a lot of planning and money to complete it. A traffic light cost around $40,000 to $125,000 and sometimes more depending on the location. If a business goes in and a traffic light needs to go in, th

15、e business or businesses will have to pay some money to pay for it to make sure everyone is safe going from and to that business. Also if there is too many accidents in one particular place in a city, a traffic light will go in to safe people from getting a severe accident and ending their life and

16、maybe someone else’s. The reason I picked this part of our community development report was that traffic is a very important part of a city. If not for traffic lights and stop signs, people’s lives would be in danger every time they walked out their doors. People will be driving extremely fas

17、t and people will be hit just trying to have fun with their friends. So having traffic lights and stop signs this will prevent all this from happening. Traffic in a city is very much affected by traffic light controllers. When waiting for a traffic light, the driver looses time and the car uses fu

18、el. Hence, reducing waiting times before traffic lights can save our European society billions of Euros annually. To make traffic light controllers more intelligent, we exploit the emergence of novel technologies such as communication networks and sensor networks, as well as the use of more sophisti

19、cated algorithms for setting traffic lights. Intelligent traffic light control does not only mean that traffic lights are set in order to minimize waiting times of road users, but also that road users receive information about how to drive through a city in order to minimize their waiting times. Thi

20、s means that we are coping with a complex multi-agent system, where communication and coordination play essential roles. Our research has led to a novel system in which traffic light controllers and the behaviour of car drivers are optimized using machine-learning methods. Our idea of setting a tra

21、ffic light is as follows. Suppose there are a number of cars with their destination address standing before a crossing. All cars communicate to the traffic light their specific place in the queue and their destination address. Now the traffic light has to decide which option (ie, which lanes are to

22、be put on green) is optimal to minimize the long-term average waiting time until all cars have arrived at their destination address. The learning traffic light controllers solve this problem by estimating how long it would take for a car to arrive at its destination address (for which the car may ne

23、ed to pass many different traffic lights) when currently the light would be put on green, and how long it would take if the light would be put on red. The difference between the waiting time for red and the waiting time for green is the gain for the car. Now the traffic light controllers set the lig

24、hts in such a way to maximize the average gain of all cars standing before the crossing. To estimate the waiting times, we use reinforcement learning which keeps track of the waiting times of individual cars and uses a smart way to compute the long term average waiting times using dynamic programmin

25、g algorithms. One nice feature is that the system is very fair; it never lets one car wait for a very long time, since then its gain of setting its own light to green becomes very large, and the optimal decision of the traffic light will set his light to green. Furthermore, since we estimate waiting

26、 times before traffic lights until the destination of the road user has been reached, the road user can use this information to choose to which next traffic light to go, thereby improving its driving behaviour through a city. Note that we solve the traffic light control problem by using a distribute

27、d multi-agent system, where cooperation and coordination are done by communication, learning, and voting mechanisms. To allow for green waves during extremely busy situations, we combine our algorithm with a special bucket algorithm which propagates gains from one traffic light to the next one, indu

28、cing stronger voting on the next traffic controller option. We have implemented the Green Light District, a traffic simulator in Java in which infrastructures can be edited easily by using the mouse, and different levels of road usage can be simulated. A large number of fixed and learning traffic

29、 light controllers have already been tested in the simulator and the resulting average waiting times of cars have been plotted and compared. The results indicate that the learning controllers can reduce average waiting times with at least 10% in semi-busy traffic situations, and even much more when

30、high congestion of the traffic occurs. We are currently studying the behaviour of the learning traffic light controllers on many different infrastructures in our simulator. We are also planning to cooperate with other institutes and companies in the Netherlands to apply our system to real world tra

31、ffic situations. For this, modern technologies such as communicating networks can be brought to use on a very large scale, making the necessary communication between road users and traffic lights possible. 中文翻譯： 智能交通信號燈控制

32、 馬克威寧 我所選擇的社區(qū)項目主題是交通燈。在一個社會，人們需要停車標志和交通燈，以減緩司機從走得太快。如果沒有交通燈或停止的標志，駕駛員將開得很快以至于威脅到人們的生活。 大城市的交通問題是越來越嚴重，原因有很多方面共同造成的。在接近飽和的城市交通的趨勢，大的城市道路增長速度遠遠落后于汽車的增長速度。城市客運交通已經(jīng)成為城市交通日新月異的主要組成部分，它使用了約80％對中心區(qū)道路面積。隨著人口和產業(yè)活動的增加，人們的出行越來越頻繁是不可避免的。什么樣的交通設施產生壓力的手段采取完全不同的城市交通。據(jù)計算，如果采用的是1區(qū)的

33、道路公共交通的需求，自行車需要5-7，汽車需要15-25，甚至步行3倍多乘搭公共過境。因此，通過修建道路并不能最終解決城市交通問題。世界的每一個大城市都把處理該市交通問題當成最重要的事情來對待。 當有停車標志和交通燈，人們有一種傾向會把車開慢點開慢點，并向四周看看，是否有人們在街道中走出。把一個交通燈，或在一個社區(qū)停止的標志，它需要從社會上大量的工作，諸如規(guī)劃和城市，而且干這個事情的成本不是很便宜。社區(qū)首先需要采取請愿周圍每個人在社會上并讓他們簽名，以便他們能夠到董事會下一次市議會會議。每一對夫婦的想法都將提交給董事會，他們將決定究竟要不要投入或不是。如果不同意設置大量的交通燈，大量的居民便

34、會很懊惱，那些道路上不好的事情就可能發(fā)生在這個城市的某一部分。 當規(guī)劃交通燈和停車標志的時候，你應該再看看細分計劃，并找出其中所有的建筑物和學校。以便確認學生無論是騎車還是步行回家時能夠受到足夠的保護。在我們已經(jīng)取得的計劃中，我們將需要把交通燈安置在學校的旁邊，所以人們在駕駛時會留心前方是否有學生回家了。我們需要一個停止標志緊靠著公園以防孩子們突然從公園里跑到外面的馬路上。這將有助于保護孩子的玩樂。將需要一個紅綠燈分離商場和商店。這將是與去商場和商店的人的小鎮(zhèn)最繁忙的一部分。最后還有一個需要在街道盡頭放置一個停止標志。這樣就會提醒駕駛員不要開得太快，從而避免一個大交通事故。如果以上所說的都得

35、到解決，大家無論是駕駛，步行，或騎自行車，都會很安全。 要想安置一個交通燈，需要完成它的規(guī)劃精力和資金來很多。一個紅綠燈費用約40,000美元至125,000美元，有時位置的不同則需要更多的。如果企業(yè)在那邊，那么一個紅綠燈也需要在那邊，企業(yè)或法人單位將不得不付出一些金錢，購買它，以確保每個人的安全，并且繼續(xù)經(jīng)營自己公司的業(yè)務。另外，如果在一個城市一個特定的地方，總是有許多事故發(fā)生，一個交通燈就會需要出現(xiàn)在那里，以確保人們不再受到一些足以結束他們生命的交通事故的威脅。這對于別人也是一種安全保障。 我之所以挑選這個社區(qū)的發(fā)展報告的一部分是因為交通是一個城市的重要組成部分。如果沒有交通燈和停止的

36、標志，人們的生活在每次他們走出大門時將受到威脅。人們會開車開得非常快，駕駛人將受到撞擊原因只是想與他們的朋友的玩樂。因此，有交通燈和停車標志這將防止發(fā)生這一切。 一個城市的交通是受紅綠燈控制的很大的影響。當在等待一個交通燈的時候，司機們失去了寶貴的時間和汽車使用的燃料。因此，減少交通燈前的等待時間，我們歐洲社會一般可以節(jié)省數(shù)十億歐元。為了使交通燈控制器更多的智能化，我們開發(fā)研究了新技術，如通信網(wǎng)絡和傳感器網(wǎng)絡，以及用于設置交通燈的使用更復雜的算法的出現(xiàn)。智能交通燈控制不僅僅意味著交通燈設置，以減少對道路使用者的等待時間，而且道路使用者收到關于如何通過城市驅動器，以減少他們的輪候時間的資料。這

37、意味著，我們正在處理一個復雜的多代理系統(tǒng)，在溝通和協(xié)調應對發(fā)揮重要作用。我們的研究已導致了一種新的制度，使交通燈控制器和汽車駕駛員的行為進行了優(yōu)化利用機器學習方法。 我們設置一個紅綠燈的想法如下。假設有一個汽車用自己的目的地之前，站在十字路口的地址數(shù)量。所有汽車都傳達到紅綠燈，他們在隊列中的具體地點和目的地地址?，F(xiàn)在的交通燈已決定哪個選項（即，它是將線放在綠色）是最優(yōu)的，以盡量減少長期的平均輪候時間，直到所有的汽車都在他們抵達目的地的地址。交通燈控制器的學習解決估計需要多少時間，將采取一車在其目的地的地址（抵達該汽車可能需要通過很多不同的交通燈）時，將根據(jù)目前的綠色投入，以及如何解決此問題如

38、果長時間才能光將于紅色表決。紅色之間的等待時間與等候時間差是綠色的車增益?，F(xiàn)在的交通燈控制器設置在這樣的燈光，以最大限度地發(fā)揮所有過境站在車前的平均漲幅。為了估計輪候時間，我們使用強化學習的不斷個別車的等待時間的軌道，并使用一個巧妙的方法來計算長期平均輪候時間用動態(tài)規(guī)劃算法。一個很好的特性是，該系統(tǒng)是非常公平的，它從來沒有讓一個很長的時間等待車，從那時起它的設定自己的綠色光增益變得非常大，對交通燈的最優(yōu)決策將設置他的光綠色。此外，由于我們估計等待交通燈前的道路，直到用戶已達到目的地時，道路使用者可以使用這些信息來選擇的下一個紅綠燈的時間，從而提高一個城市通過其駕駛行為。請注意，我們使用一個解決

39、分布式多代理系統(tǒng)，進行合作和協(xié)調是通過溝通完成，學習的交通燈控制問題，并參加表決的機制。為了讓綠色波浪在極其繁忙的情況下，我們結合了一個特殊的傳播桶算法從一個紅綠燈到下一個獲得我們的算法，以便獲得對于更強的對未來交通控制器的更多贊成票。 我們實施了綠燈區(qū)，在Java模擬器中的交通基礎設施可以使用鼠標很方便的被編輯，道路使用不同的級別可以模擬。固定和學習大量的交通燈控制器已經(jīng)在模擬器測試和由此產生的平均輪候時間已繪制汽車和比較。結果表明，學習控制器可以減少至少10個半繁忙的交通狀況％的平均輪候時間，當發(fā)生的交通擠塞時，可以節(jié)約的時間更多。 目前，我們在我們的模擬器上正在研究的學習許多不同的交通燈控制器基礎設施的行為。我們還計劃與其他機構和荷蘭公司合作，利用我們的系統(tǒng)，以現(xiàn)實世界的交通情況。這樣，通信網(wǎng)絡等現(xiàn)代技術可以應用在一個非常大的規(guī)模的交通系統(tǒng)中，使道路的用戶和交通燈溝通成為現(xiàn)實可能。