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2019-2020年高中英語 語法講解 新人教版必修1 什么叫句子成分呢？句子的組成成分叫句子成分。在句子中，詞與詞之間有一定的組合關系，按照不同的關系，可以把句子分為不同的組成成分。句子成分由詞或詞組充當。現(xiàn)代漢語里一般的句子成分有六種，即主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語和補語。英語的基本成分有七種：主語（subject）、謂語（predicate）、表語（predicative）、賓語（object）、定語（attribute）、狀語(adverbial) 和補語（plement）。 英語五種基本句型列式如下： 一： Ｓ Ｖ （主＋謂） 二： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表） 三： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋謂＋賓） 四： Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋謂＋間賓＋直賓） 五： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋謂＋賓＋賓補） 基本句型 一：Ｓ Ｖ （主＋謂） 此句型的句子有一個共同特點，即句子的謂語動詞都能表達完整的意思。這類動詞叫做不及物動詞，后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語、狀語從句等。不及物動詞（vi.）沒有賓語，形成主謂結構，如：We e. Ｓ │ Ｖ （不及物動詞） 1. The moon │rose. 月亮升起了。 2. The machine │doesn’t work. 機器不運轉啦。 3. We all │breathe, eat, and drink. 我們大家都呼吸、吃和喝。 基本句型 二： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表） 系動詞分兩類：be, look, keep, seem等屬一類，表示情況；get, grow, bee, turn等屬另一類，表示變化。be 本身沒有什么意義,只起連系主語和表語的作用。其它系動詞仍保持其部分詞義。感官動詞多可用作聯(lián)系動詞：look well/面色好,sound nice/聽起來不錯,feel good/感覺好，smell bad/難聞 Ｓ │Ｖ（是系動詞）│ Ｐ 1. This │is │an English-Chinese dictionary. 這是本英漢辭典。 2. The dinner │smells │good. 午餐的氣味很好。 3. Everything │looks │different. 一切看來都不同了。 4 His face │turned │red. 他的臉紅了。 There be 結構： There be 表示‘存在有’。這里的there沒有實際意義，不可與副詞‘there那里’混淆。 此結構后跟名詞，表示‘（存在）有某事物’ 試比較：There is a boy there.（那兒有一個男孩。）/前一個there無實意，后一個there為副詞‘那里’。 基本句型 三： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋謂＋賓） 此句型句子的共同特點是：謂語動詞都具有實義，都是主語產(chǎn)生的動作，但不能表達完整的意思，必須跟有一個賓語，即動作的承受者，才能使意思完整。這類動詞叫做及物動詞。 Ｓ │Ｖ（及物動詞）│ Ｏ 1. Who │knows │the answer? 誰知道答案？ 2. He │has refused │to help them. 他拒絕幫他們。 3. He │enjoys │reading. 他喜歡看書。 4. They │ate │what was left over. 他們吃了剩飯。 基本句型 四： Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋謂＋間賓＋直賓） 接雙賓語的動詞有give，pass，bring，show等。這兩個賓語通常一個指人，為間接賓語；一個指物，為直接賓語。間接賓語一般位于直接賓語之前。 一般的順序為：動詞 + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語。如：Give me a cup of tea, please. Ｓ │Ｖ（及物）│ ｏ（多指人） │ Ｏ（多指物） 1. She │ordered │herself │a new dress. 她給自己定了一套新衣裳。 2. He │brought │you │a dictionary. 他給你帶來了一本字典。 3. I │showed │him │my pictures. 我給他看我的照片 4. I │gave │my car │a wash. 我洗了我的汽車。 基本句型 五： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋謂＋賓＋賓補） 賓語補足語：位于賓語之后對賓語作出說明的成分。賓語與其補足語有邏輯上的主謂關系，它們一起構成復合賓語。 Ｓ │Ｖ（及物）│ Ｏ（賓語） │ Ｃ（賓補） 1. They │found │the house │deserted. 他們發(fā)現(xiàn)那房子無人居住。 2. What │makes │him │think so? 他怎么會這樣想？ 3. We │saw │him │out. 我們送他出去 4. He │asked │me │to e back soon. 他要我早點回來。 5個基本句型之外，會有些成分修飾主語或賓語，這些為定語 一、 定語：（1）定義：對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子，漢語中常用‘……的’表示。 （2）位置：名詞之前。若修飾不定代詞時，（如：something、nothing）；或不定式、分詞短語作定語、從句作定語時，則定語后置。 (3) 詞類： 形容詞作定語： The little boy needs a blue pen. (little修飾名詞boy；blue修飾名詞pen.）/小男孩需要一支蘭色的鋼筆。 數(shù)詞作定語相當于形容詞： Two boys need two pens.兩個男孩需要兩支鋼筆。 代詞或名詞所有格作定語： One of the boys likes Toms pen. 這群男孩中的一個需要Tom的鋼筆。 介詞短語作定語： The boy in blue is Tom./穿蘭色衣服的孩子是湯姆。 不定式作定語： The boy to write this letter is Tom./將要寫這封信的男孩是湯姆。 There is nothing to do today./今天無事要做。 分詞（短語）作定語： The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother./那個微笑的男孩需要 定語從句： (1). I sat next to a girl whose name was Diana. (2). In the corner there is a garbage can around which are pieces of garbage and waste paper. 句子成分練習題( 一 ) (一). 指出下列句中主語的中心詞（2分， 2分鐘） ①There is an old man ing here. ②The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. (二) 選出句中謂語的中心詞（5分， 5分鐘） ① I dont like the picture on the wall. A. dont B. like C. picture D. wall ② There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon. A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon ③ Tom didnt do his homework yesterday. A. Tom B. didnt C. do D. his homework ④What I want to tell you is this. A. want B. to tell C. you D. is ⑤ We had better send for a doctor. A. We B. had C. send D. doctor (三) 挑出下列句中的賓語（3分，3分鐘） ① My brother hasnt done his homework. ② People all over the world speak English. ③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. (四) 挑出下列句中的表語（4分， 4分鐘） ① The old man was feeling very tired. ② The leaves have turned yellow. ③ Soon They all became interested in the subject. ④She was the first to learn about it. (五) 挑出下列句中的定語（4分，4分鐘） ① I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe! ② What is your given name? ③ On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. ④ I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. (六) 挑出下列句中的賓語補足語（3分， 3分鐘） ③ She found it difficult to do the work. ④ They call me Lily sometimes. ⑤ I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus. (七) 劃出句中的直接賓語和間接賓語（5分， 5分鐘） ① Please tell us a story. ② My father bought a new bike for me last week. ③ Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term. ④ Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. ⑤ Did he leave any message for me?  定語從句小復習 先行詞：定語從句的引導詞前面的被定語從句所修飾的名詞、代詞。 關系詞： 成分 所指 關系詞 主語 指人 who/that 指物 which/that 賓語 指人 (whom/who/that) 指物 (that/which) 定語 指人 whose + 名詞//=the + 名詞of whom 指物 whose + 名詞//=the + 名詞of which 狀語 when/where/why/ 介詞+which/whom the way引導的方式狀語用(that/in which 或省略) (1)．把下列各組句子合并成一句。 定語從句 1. This is the tree. He was climbing it yesterday. 2. The girl is not here now. She told me the news. 3. The house is our library. Its door is painted red. 4. I always remember the days. We spent them together. (2).單選 1. This is the best book _____ I have been looking for all this year. A. who B. whom C. which D. / 2. This is one of the articles that _____ written by him. A. was B. were C. is D. are 3. Don’t go in, this is the shop _____ we have just been _____. A. /, to B. that, / C. where, to D. which, there 4. He is the most careful boy _____ I know. A. what B. which C. as D. / 5. Is this the shop _____ sells children’s clothing? A. which B. where C. in which D. what 6. Is this museum _____ they visited last month? A. that B. which C. where D. the one 7. I sat next to a girl _______ name was Diana. A. who B. whom C. which D.whose 背誦且默寫： 1. Mom and Dad arrive back from vacation a day earlier than expected. 翻譯________________________________________________________ 2.Eric 跑進來，后面跟著一只狗，狗走得很慢。翻譯________________________________________________________ 3. Maybe, but now that he has been so rude to us, I feel like we have to punish him or he won’t respect us. （以上是課本22—23頁的句子） 翻譯 ________________________________________________________ 4.很多青少年感到很孤單，似乎沒有人能理解他們和他們所經(jīng)歷的變化。（以下句子能在課本38頁找到） 翻譯________________________________________________________ 5. Since teenagers have difficulty (in) balancing these needs, they often question who they are and how they fit in society. (Line 24-25 Page 38) 翻譯________________________________________________________ 6. 好消息是這樣的成長煩惱不會持續(xù)太久。（Line 27 Page 38）翻譯________________________________________________________ 單元Unit 1 重點單詞與短語 1. Going to a British high school for one year was an enjoyable and exciting experience. ( 動名詞 做主語謂語動詞用單數(shù)) experience (可數(shù)名詞)經(jīng)歷;(不可數(shù)名詞)經(jīng)驗 v.體驗 2. mean to do sth.// mean doing sth. ____________/____________ 3.(1)devote oneself to doing sth.　______________________ (2) achieve high grades _________________ 4. It was a struggle for sb. to do sth. _______________________________ 5. as heavy as 跟…一樣重 as well as _______________ as much as _________ 6. give sb. encouragement ___________ 7. (1)during the lunch break __________ (2) during break times 8.spend time/money _______ doing sth. // _______ sth. 9. prepare to do sth.// for sth. ______________ 10.look back on ____________ 11.upon doing ___________ eg: Upon arriving home, he have a dinner. 12. donate the book __ the library __________ 13.regret to do sth.// regret doing sth. __________ 14.run a farm _______ 15. approve the idea // of the opinion ___________ 16.much more than _________ 17.告知某人某事 _____________ 18.畢業(yè)后___________ 19. 被要求做某事___________ eg.Tom被要求8點到校。-_________________ 20. so….that_______ 他如此之友好以至于我都感動啦。 21. be in charge of // be in the charge of ____________/_________ 22. 做出決定 _______________ 單元 unit 2 重點單詞與短語 1. 比預期的/跟預期的一樣_____________ 2. followed by….// walking slowly…做伴隨狀語(doing表主動 done 表被動) 3._____ to do with it// ______to deal with it 怎樣處理這件事情 4.with +賓語+ 賓語補足學生出了校門，手上帶著本書。_____________ 5. have sth. done__________ have sb. do sth. ________ 6. tolerate _______ 7.not …any more//no more ________ 8.instead of sth. ________ 9. now that _______ 10. 尊重某人_________ 11.對…感到自豪__________ 12. 徒勞的__________ 13.handle ______ - 14.堅持做某事______ 15.waste time in _______(watch) DVDs and _____(listen) to foreign music 16.prevent doing sth.___________ 17.suggest (建議;暗示)+one’s doing 18.禁止某人做某事__________ 19. go through ________ 20.He along with you _____(be) from China. 21.bee confused with ______ 22.have difficulty (in)_________(balance) these needs. _______________ 單元Unit 1 重點單詞與短語 1. 去英國中學學習一年是件非常有趣和令人激動的事。 2. 打算做某事//意味著… 3.(1)doing// 致力于 (2) 獲得好成績 4. 對某人來說，是件難事 5. as well as 和；也；跟……一樣好 as much as 多達 6. give sb. encouragement __給某人鼓勵_____ 7. (1)during the lunch break _在午飯休息時間_ (2) during break times 課間休息時間 8.spend time/money ___in__ doing sth. // __on__ sth. 9. prepare to do sth.// for sth. __準備做某事____ 10.look back on __回憶_____ 11.upon doing ___一….就_____ eg: Upon arriving home, he have a dinner. 12. donate the book _to_ the library捐獻書本給圖書館 13.regret to do sth.// regret doing sth. __后悔去做某事//后悔做過某事 14.run a farm 經(jīng)營 15. approve the idea // of the opinion 批準//贊同 16.much more than 不僅僅是_ 17.告知某人某事 inform sb. of sth. _ 18.畢業(yè)后__after graduation____ 19. 被要求做某事be required to do sth. eg.Tom被要求8點到校。-Tom was required to go to school at 8 pm. 20. so….that_______ 他如此之友好以至于我都感動啦。He was so friendly that I was moved. 21. be in charge of // be in the charge of __負責_/__由…來負責_ 22. 做出決定 ___make decisions_____ 單元 unit 2 重點單詞與短語 1. 比預期的/跟預期的一樣___than expected//as expected____ 2. followed by….// walking slowly…做伴隨狀語(doing表主動 done 表被動) 3.___what_ to do with it// ___how_ to deal with it 怎樣處理這件事情 4.with +賓語+ 賓語補足學生出了校門，手上揮動著書本。__He get out of the school with a book waving in his hand 5. have sth. done讓某事被做have sb. do sth.讓某人做某事 6. tolerate 忍受 7.not …any more//no more 不在 8.instead of sth. 代替 9. now that 既然 10. 尊重某人show respect for// respect sb. 11.對…感到自豪be proud of 12. 徒勞的for nothing 13.handle 處理 14.堅持做某事insist on doing 15.waste time in watching (watch) DVDs and listening (listen) to foreign music 16.prevent doing sth.___阻止做某事__ 17.suggest (建議;暗示)+one’s doing 建議某人做某事 advice sb. to do sth. 18.禁止某人做某事forbid sb. from doing // to do sth. 19. go through 體驗;經(jīng)歷 20.He along with you_ is (be) from China. 21.bee confused with 對某事感到困惑的 22.have difficulty (in)_balancing (balance) these needs. 在保持這些平衡存在困難