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2019年高考英語真題分類匯編 專題十三 詞義猜測 Passage 1(xx課標(biāo)全國Ⅰ,B)體裁:說明文　詞數(shù):298 Passenger pigeons(旅鴿)once flew over much of the United States in unbelievable numbers.Written accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries described flocks(群)so large that they darkened the sky for hours. It was calculated that when its population reached its highest point,there were more than 3 billion passenger pigeons—a number equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the United States,making it perhaps the most abundant bird in the world.Even as late as 1870 when their numbers had already bee smaller,a flock believed to be 1 mile wide and 320 miles(about 515 kilometers)long was seen near Cincinnati. Sadly,the abundance of passenger pigeons may have been their undoing.Where the birds were most abundant,people believed there was an ever-lasting supply and killed them by the thousandsmercial hunters attracted them to small clearings with grain,waited until pigeons had settled to feed,then threw large nets over them,taking hundreds at a time.The birds were shipped to large cities and sold in restaurants. By the closing decades of the 19th century,the hardwood forests where passenger pigeons nested had been damaged by Americans?? need for wood,which scattered(驅(qū)散)the flocks and forced the birds to go farther north,where cold temperatures and spring storms contributed to their decline.Soon the great flocks were gone,never to be seen again. In 1897,the state of Michigan passed a law prohibiting the killing of passenger pigeons,but by then,no sizable flocks had been seen in the state for 10 years.The last confirmed wild pigeon in the United States was shot by a boy in Pike County,Ohio,in 1900.For a time,a few birds survived under human care.The last of them,known affectionately as Martha,died at the Cincinnati Zoological Garden on September 1,1914. 1.In the 18th and early 19th centuries,passenger pigeons　　　. A.were the biggest bird in the world B.lived mainly in the south of America C.did great harm to the natural environment D.were the largest bird population in the US 2.The underlined word “undoing”probably refers to the pigeons??　　　. A.escape B.ruin C.liberation D.evolution 3.What was the main reason for people to kill passenger pigeons? A.To seek pleasure. B.To save other birds. C.To make money. D.To protect crops. 4.What can we infer about the law passed in Michigan? A.It was ignored by the public. B.It was declared too late. C.It was unfair. D.It was strict. 答案 [語篇解讀]　本文為說明文,題材為環(huán)境與自然類。曾幾何時(shí)在美國蔚藍(lán)的天空飛翔著一種鳥,這種鳥可能是當(dāng)時(shí)美國數(shù)量最多的鳥類——旅鴿。但是慢慢地這種鳥的數(shù)量急劇減少,人們幾乎看不到它們了。發(fā)生了什么事?這些鳥去哪兒了呢? 1.D　 2.B　 3.C　 4.B　 Passage 2(xx課標(biāo)全國Ⅱ,C)體裁:說明文　詞數(shù):276 One of the latest trends(趨勢) in American childcare is Chinese au pairs.Au Pair in Stamford,Conn.,for example,has got increasing numbers of requests for Chinese au pairs from zero to around 4,000 since xx.And that??s true all across the country. “I thought it would be very useful for him to learn Chinese at an early age,”Joseph Stocke,the managing director of a pany,says of his 2-year-old son.“I would at least like to give him the chance to use the language in the future.”After only six months of being cared for by a 25-year-old woman from China,the boy can already understand basic Chinese daily expressions,his dad says. Li Drake,a Chinese native raising two children in Minnesota with an American husband,had another reason for looking for an au pair from China:She didn??t want her children to miss out on their roots.“Because I am Chinese,my husband and I wanted the children to keep exposed to(接觸) the language and culture,” she says. “Staying with a native speaker is better for children than simply sitting in a classroom,” says Suzanne Flynn,a professor in language education of children.“But parents must understand that just one year with an au pair is unlikely to produce wondersplete mastery demands continued learning until the age of 10 or 12.” The popularity of au pairs from China has been strengthened by the increasing numbers of American parents who want their children to learn Chinese.It is expected that American demand for au pairs will continue to rise in the next few years. 1.What does the term “au pair” in the text mean? A.A mother raising her children on her own. B.A child learning a foreign language at home. C.A professor in language education of children. D.A young foreign woman taking care of children. 2.Li Drake has her children study Chinese because she wants them 　　　. A.to live in China some day B.to speak the language at home C.to catch up with other children D.to learn about the Chinese culture 3.What can we infer from the text? A.Learning Chinese is being popular in America. B.Educated women do better in looking after children. C.Chinese au pairs need to improve their English skills. D.Children can learn a foreign language well in six months. 答案 [語篇解讀]　本文為說明文,題材是社會(huì)文化類。在美國開始盛行雇用中國換工互惠生來照看孩子,因?yàn)樵絹碓蕉嗟母改赶Ｍ⒆涌梢员M早學(xué)習(xí)漢語。 1.D　 2.D　 3.A　 Passage 3(xx北京,D)體裁:說明文　詞數(shù):351 Store Scent(香味) What is the first thing you notice when you walk into a shop?The products displayed(展示)at the entrance?Or the soft background music? But have you ever noticed the smell?Unless it is bad,the answer is likely to be no.But while a shop??s scent may not be outstanding pared with sights and sounds,it is certainly there.And it is proving to be an increasingly powerful tool in encouraging people to purchase. A brand store has bee famous for its distinctive scent which floats through the fairly dark hall and out to the entrance,via scent machines.A smell may be attractive but it may not just be used for freshening air.One sports goods pany once reported that when it first introduced scent into its stores,customers?? intention to purchase increased by 80 percent. When it es to the best shopping streets in Paris,scent is just as important to a brand??s success as the quality of its window displays and goods on sale.That is mainly because shopping is a very different experience to what it used to be. Some years ago,the focus for brand name shopping was on a few people with sales assistants?? disproving attitude and don??t-touch-what-you-can??t-afford displays.Now the rise of electronic merce(e-merce)has opened up famous brands to a wider audience.But while e-shops can use sights and sounds,only bricks-and-mortar stores(實(shí)體店)can offer a full experience from the minute customers step through the door to the moment they leave.Another brand store seeks to be much more than a shop,but rather a destination.And scent is just one way to achieve this. Now,a famous store uses plex man-made smell to make sure that the soft scent of baby powder floats through the kid department,and coconut(椰子)scent in the swimsuit section.A department store has even opened a new lab,inviting customers on a journey into the store??s windows to smell books,pots and drawers,in search of their perfect scent. 1.According to the passage,what is an increasingly powerful tool in the success of some brand stores? A.Friendly assistants. B.Unique scents. C.Soft background music. D.Attractive window display. 2.E-shops are mentioned in the passage to　　　. A.show the advantages of bricks-and-mortar stores B.urge shop assistants to change their attitude C.push stores to use sights and sounds D.introduce the rise of e-merce 3.The underlined word “destination” in Paragraph 5 means　　　. A.a platform that exhibits goods B.a spot where travelers like to stay C.a place where customers love to go D.a target that a store expects to meet 4.The main purpose of the passage is to　　　. Apare and evaluate B.examine and assess C.argue and discuss D.inform and explain 答案 [語篇解讀]　本文為說明文,題材為社會(huì)文化。文章告訴我們商店都是有它們獨(dú)特的氣味的,這種氣味可以讓顧客更加喜歡在商店購物。 1.B　 2.A　 3.C　 4.D　 Passage 4(xx重慶,D)體裁:記敘文　詞數(shù):251 One moment it was quiet and calm in the forest,the next,the air was charged with tension.The elephant had heard the distant alarm calls of animals and her mood suddenly changed.I urged the elephant deeper into the forest.We sounded like a forest fire—crackling,snapping,trailblazing.But through all the noise came a sharp warning cry.The elephant stopped and we heard it again—the tell-tale call of a spotted deer. I looked quickly around the shadows of the forest.Rays of sunlight shone through tree branches,beneath which the patchwork(交錯(cuò))of green plants and shadows-within-shadows would make tiger stripes(條紋)look more attractive.Apart from an occasional noise from the elephant??s stomach,the forest was silent. Gradually,the tension slipped from our bodies.The elephant seized a nearby branch and put it into her mouth.I reached forward and gently moved my hand over the elephant??s neck;there was a soft part,free of wrinkles and hairs,behind her ear. This was my fourth time to sense the aura of the forest in Corbett,although I saw no tigers in the end.Located at the foot of the Himalayan mountains,Corbett is home to about 135 Bengal tigers,but the forest seemed to be guarding their whereabouts(出沒處),a silent reminder of their secrecy and rarity.Still,I was happy enough touching the elephant behind the ear.If I had so desperately wanted to see a tiger,I could have gone to a zoo.After all,spotting tigers merely confirms their beauty;tracking them can make you aware of something more. 1.Which of the following was a clear signal of alarm? A.The elephant stopped. B.A spotted deer called. C.The elephant seized a branch. D.The forest was silent for a while. 2.The author begins his account of the tour in the forest mainly by　　　. A.describing various sounds Bparing different animals C.listing different activities D.introducing various plants 3.What does the underlined part “to sense the aura” most probably mean? A.To see the diversity. B.To enjoy the scenery. C.To feel the atmosphere. D.To experience the freedom. 4.How does the author feel after several visits to Corbett? A.Seeing a Bengal tiger is quite thrilling. B.It is very time-consuming to travel in Corbett. C.It is really worthwhile to study the animals in Corbett. D.The process of finding Bengal tigers is most appealing. 答案 [語篇解讀]　本文是記敘文,題材為社會(huì)生活類。為了看到孟加拉虎,“我”第四次來到了喜馬拉雅山下的Corbett森林中。這一次“我”摸著身邊的大象,聽到了森林中的各種聲音。這次經(jīng)歷讓“我”明白了看到孟加拉虎也許不如追蹤它們更有意義。 1.B　 2.A　 3.C　 4.D　 Passage 5(xx福建,B)體裁:說明文　詞數(shù):409 Walt Disney is credited for creating such wonderful things as Donald Duck and Mickey Mouse.However,he cannot take the credit for creating other well-loved characters,such as Cinderella and Snow White.They are almost automatically associated with Disney because Disney turned old fables(寓言)into cartoon movies. The original Cinderella varies very much from the Disney version we know today.It started off with the girl mourning her mother??s death and going to her tomb three times a day.In addition,there were only birds that helped Cinderella;there was no such thing as a fairy godmother or helpful mice,nor was there mention of a horse and carriage. The stepsisters were cruel:they always threw Cinderella??s food into the ashes of the fire,and made her sleep on the ashes on the floor,hence(因此)her name. In the original story,the king??s ball actually lasted for three days.With the help of the birds,the girl,beautifully dressed,danced with the prince on all three nights and the prince fell in love with her.However,she broke away from him to rush back home each night.On the last night,the prince placed something sticky on the stairs;as Cinderella made her escape,a shoe got stuck on it. Here now is where the story bees unpleasant:when the prince went to the house looking for the girl whose foot fit the shoe,the wicked(邪惡的)stepmother told one of her two daughters to cut off her big toe to fit into the shoe.The daughter did as told.So the prince took her away to be his bride.But,when they passed the tomb of Cinderella??s mother,the birds called out to the prince, “Turn and peep,there??s blood within the shoe; The shoe is too small,the true bride waits for you.” Realizing he had been tricked,the prince returned the daughter to her mother;the other then had to cut off part of her heel in order to fit into the shoe,with the same result.Only Cinderella??s foot fit perfectly and so the prince chose to marry her.The story ends with the wedding day:as Cinderella??s two stepsisters followed her,pretending to be devoted to her so that they could enjoy the king??s riches,two birds flew by and plucked(啄)out their eyes.Because of their wickedness and falsehood,they had to spend the rest of their days blind. The original Cinderella is so different from the Disney version.Thank goodness Disney made such changes;it indeed was a wise move. 1.What does the underlined word“They”in the first paragraph refer to? 　　　　　　 　　　　　　 　　　　　　 A.Such wonderful things. B.Other well-loved characters. C.Old fables. D.Cartoon movies. 2.How did Cinderella get her name? A.The birds came up with it. B.It was given by Disney. C.It came from the word“ash”. D.She got it from her mother. 3.Which of the following is TRUE according to the original story? A.Helpful mice got Cinderella a beautiful dress. B.The ball was held to celebrate the prince??s wedding. C.Cinderella left her shoe on the stairs on purpose. D.The birds told the prince that he had been cheated. 4.The moral of the original story is that　　　. A.a wicked person cannot escape punishment B.a devoted person certainly deserves respect C.a well-behaved child earns a great reward D.a dishonest child cannot get mother love 5.What does the author think of the Disney version? A.Excellent. B.Ordinary. C.Dull. D.Ridiculous. 答案 [語篇解讀]　本文為說明文,題材為文學(xué)類,介紹了《灰姑娘》的由來。 1.B　 2.C 3.D　 4.A　 5.A　 Passage 6(xx廣東,B)體裁:夾敘夾議　詞數(shù):342 It was a cold winter day.A woman drove up to the Rainbow Bridge tollbooth(收費(fèi)站).“I??m paying for myself,and for the six cars behind me,”she said with a smile,handing over seven tickets.One after another,the next six drivers arriving at the tollbooth were informed,“Some lady up ahead already paid your fare.” It turned out that the woman,Natalie Smith,had read something on a friend??s refrigerator:“Practice random kindness and senseless acts of beauty.”The phrase impressed her so much that she copied it down. Judy Foreman spotted the same phrase on a warehouse wall far away from home.When it stayed on her mind for days,she gave up and drove all the way back to copy it down.“I thought it was beautiful,”she said,explaining why she??d taken to writing it at the bottom of all her letters,“l(fā)ike a message from above.”Her husband,Frank,liked the phrase so much that he put it up on the classroom wall for his students,one of whom was the daughter of Alice Johnson,a local news reporter.Alice put it in the newspaper,admitting that though she liked it,she didn??t know where it came from or what it really meant. Two days later,Alice got a call from Anne Herbert,a woman living in Marin.It was in a restaurant that Anne wrote the phrase down on a piece of paper,after turning it around in her mind for days. “Here??s the idea,”Anne says.“Anything you think there should be more of,do it randomly.”Her fantasies include painting the classrooms of shabby schools,leaving hot meals on kitchen tables in the poor part of town,and giving money secretly to a proud old lady.Anne says,“Kindness can build on itself as much as violence can.” The acts of random kindness spread.If you were one of those drivers who found your fare paid,who knows what you might have been inspired to do for someone else later.Like all great events,kindness begins slowly,with every single act.Let it be yours! 1.Why did Natalie Smith pay for the six cars behind her? A.She knew the car drivers well. B.She wanted to show kindness. C.She hoped to please others. D.She had seven tickets. 2.Judy Foreman copied down the phrase because she　　　. A.thought it was beautifully written B.wanted to know what it really meant C.decided to write it on a warehouse wall D.wanted her husband to put it up in the classroom 3.Who came up with the phrase according to the passage? A.Judy Foreman. B.Natalie Smith. C.Alice Johnson. D.Anne Herbert. 4.Which of the following statements is closest in meaning to the underlined sentence above? A.Kindness and violence can change the world. B.Kindness and violence can affect one??s behavior. C.Kindness and violence can reproduce themselves. D.Kindness and violence can shape one??s character. 5.What can we infer from the last paragraph? A.People should practice random kindness to those in need. B.People who receive kindness are likely to offer it to others. C.People should practice random kindness to strangers they meet. D.People who receive kindness are likely to pay it back to the giver. 答案 [語篇解讀]　本文是夾敘夾議文,題材為生活哲理類。文章講述一位婦女曾在朋友的冰箱上看到一句俗語,從而有感而發(fā)。她在收費(fèi)站為素不相識的其他六名司機(jī)支付費(fèi)用,這個(gè)故事告訴我們,勿以善小而不為。 1.B　 2.A　 3.D　 4.C　 5.B　 Passage 7(xx湖南,C)體裁:說明文　詞數(shù):328 The behaviour of a building??s users may be at least as important as its design when it es to energy use,according to new research from the UK Energy Research Centre(UKERC).The UK promises to reduce its carbon emissions(排放)by 80 percent by 2050,part of which will be achieved by all new homes being zero-carbon by xx.But this report shows that sustainable building design on its own—though extremely important—is not enough to achieve such reductions:the behaviour of the people using the building has to change too. The study suggests that the ways that people use and live in their homes have been largely ignored by existing efforts to improve energy efficiency(效率),which instead focus on architectural and technological developments. “Technology is going to assist but it is not going to do everything,”explains Katy Janda,a UKERC senior researcher,“consumption patterns of building users can defeat the most careful design.”In other words,old habits die hard,even in the best-designed eco-home. Another part of the problem is information.Households and bill-payers don??t have the knowledge they need to change their energy-use habits.Without specific information,it??s hard to estimate the costs and benefits of making different choices.Feedback(反饋)facilities,like smart meters and energy monitors,could help bridge this information gap by helping people see how changing their behaviour directly affects their energy use;some studies have shown that households can achieve up to 15 percent energy savings using smart meters. Social science research has added a further dimension(方面),suggesting that individuals?? behaviour in the home can be personal and cannot be predicted—whether people throw open their windows rather than turn down the thermostat(恒溫器),for example. Janda argues that education is the key.She calls for a focused programme to teach people about buildings and their own behaviour in them. 1.As to energy use,the new research from UKERC stresses the importance of　　　. 　　　　　　 　　　　　　 　　　　　　 A.zero-carbon homes B.the behaviour of building users C.sustainable building design D.the reduction of carbon emissions 2.The underlined word“which”in Paragraph 2 refers to“　　　”. A.the ways B.their homes C.developments D.existing efforts 3.What are Katy Janda??s words mainly about? A.The importance of changing building users?? habits. B.The necessity of making a careful building design. C.The variety of consumption patterns of building users. D.The role of technology in improving energy efficiency. 4.The information gap in energy use　　　. A.can be bridged by feedback facilities B.affects the study on energy monitors C.brings about problems for smart meters D.will be caused by building users?? old habits 5.What does the dimension added by social science research suggest? A.The social science research is to be furthered. B.The education programme is under discussion. C.The behaviour of building users is unpredictable. D.The behaviour preference of building users i