《中國對(duì)外投資和經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系與波羅的海地區(qū)國家外文翻譯》由會(huì)員分享，可在線閱讀，更多相關(guān)《中國對(duì)外投資和經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系與波羅的海地區(qū)國家外文翻譯（16頁珍藏版）》請(qǐng)?jiān)谘b配圖網(wǎng)上搜索。

1、中國對(duì)外投資和經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系與波羅的海地區(qū)國家外文翻譯 本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯 外文題目: Chinese Foreign Investments and Economic Relations with the Baltic Sea Region Countries 出 處: Electronic Publications of Pan-European Institute作 者: Laura Barauskaite Chinese Foreign Investments and Economic Relations with t

2、he Baltic Sea Region Countries 一、Introduction Nowadays China is one of the fastest growing countries in the world and especially for this reason it demands more studies and various researches than ever before. In addition, investments to and from the country are growing as well, for instance at

3、 these days China is known as one of the leading foreign direct investment FDI recipients in the world and as country with growing interest for other countries’ markets. This is also due to Chinas economic, trade and investment climate, which have changed dramatically after 1978 when its reform and

4、opening-up began and also after 2001 when the country joined the World Trade Organization. In addition, while talking about Chinese interest in other countries it could be said that the aim of this research is to explore the main Chinese investments and economic relations with the Baltic Sea Region

5、BSR. Before going in detail in describing Chinese and the Baltic Sea Region investments and economic relations, it is worth to discuss shortly the definition of FDI, its calculations and influence for a country’s economy. This literature review could be found in the second part of report. As

6、 it was mentioned before, during the recent years China has been one of the fastest growing countries in the world and if one compares the growth in the world economy versus Chinas economy, its quite remarkable how much Chinas share has increased. Due to this it is worth to compare China’s main econ

7、omic indicators with those of the world and this is done in the third part of report. China plays an important role in the world economy and the country’s outward FDI has recently started to attract more attention and various discussions. For these reasons China’s outward FDI in the Baltic Sea Regio

8、n should be analyzed as well. The Baltic Sea Region consists of ten countries: Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Russia and Sweden. On the fourth part of this report at first the focus will be placed on main economic indicators of the Baltic Sea Region countries

9、and then on China’s trade with these countries. This should help to improve knowledge about all the BSR countries as well as about their trade relations with China. Finally, the fifth part of report will consist of description of Chinese FDI and economic relations with each of the BSR countries sepa

10、rately. 二、A Literature Review of FDI Definition (一)FDI in the Global Economy Foreign direct investment FDI is the name given to the process where a firm from country provides capital to an existing or newly-created firm in another country. For instance, a foreign firm may decide to set-up pr

11、oduction in Finland and by so doing will be engaging in the process known as FDI. Over the last years the level of FDI in the world has risen rapidly During the period from 2000 to 2007 total FDI flow in the world increased around 22%, that means from 1,4 trillion US dollars in 2000 to more than 1

12、,8 trillion US dollars in 2007. In addition, from 2000 to 2003 it was significant decrease in global FDI flow, which dropped more than two times - from 1,4 trillion in 2000 to around 0,6 trillion in 2003. Nevertheless, from 2003 to 2007 it rose and reached, as it was mentioned before, more than 1,8

13、trillion US dollars. This significant increase shows the importance of FDI in the whole world as well as in developing economies and economies in transition, which also had a huge increase of FDI flows during the period mentioned above. That means that flows of foreign investments should be usually

14、taken into consideration by making financial analyses of the world economy. (二)Calculation and Main Determinants of FDI The OECD recommended procedure for calculating FDI flows is given in Figure 2. It is calculated as the sum of four components: retained earnings, equity capital, intra-comp

15、any loans and intra-company borrowing. Retained earnings are profits generated and kept by the overseas enterprise. These are classified as FDI, despite there is no cross-border transfer of capital, as the investor has the choice of either taking the retained earnings made by the overseas enterpr

16、ise to their home country or by the reinvesting them back into the enterprise. Jones and Wren 2006 in their book provide following local determinants of FDI: market size and growth, labor market, macroeconomic policy, inward investment policy, infrastructure, industrialization, pre-existing FDI

17、 and information To be more precise, the size of market is argued to have a positive effect on FDI location, this means that a large market attracts firms more that smaller ones. The same is with the growth of market ? the bigger growth of market is declared the more attractive it is for the

18、FDI. Labor market also has significant impact on FDI ? the bigger availability of labor is expected in the market, the bigger rage of choice has investor for its labor force. Moreover, when having analyses of labor market it also necessary take into consideration such factors as the cost of labor a

19、nd productivity. Talking about macroeconomics determinants it is usually are described such factors as taxes, various tariffs and exchange rate. Taxes and tariffs have negative influence of FDI that means that higher taxes and wider rage of various tariffs decrease the FDI in the market. Aside from

20、 general macroeconomic policies and labor market regulation, the government and its agencies can use explicit inducements in order to attract FDI, of either a financial or non-financial nature. Jones and Wren, 2006 Moreover, a key inducement is grants, which seems to play a substantial role in th

21、e international competition for FDI Infrastructure includes such indicators as transport and communication networks in area or region, which improves the distribution of goods and services and the ability to recruit labor and to communicate with supplier and purchasers. The level of industri

22、alization is expected to be associated with a high level of FDI, since country or region that is highly industrialized will have a large number of firms, potentially increasing the possibility of beneficial spillovers. Pre-existing FDI is understood as if an area that has attracted imports may be

23、susceptible to FDI, as foreign firms will have gained a foothold in this economy and have information on its customs and potential Finally, the last determinant mentioned above was information, which has positive effect on FDI, this means that more information about area is available the more att

24、ractive for foreign investor it is. Jones and Wren, 2006 (三)Advantages and Disadvantages of FDI Various advantages and disadvantage could be found of FDI, thus it is worth to discuss both. One of the main advantages could be kept technology, knowledge and additional funding source, which ar

25、e placed to the host country. Given this, it is not surprising that FDI is highly valued, and that the economic development agencies spend substantial sums in attracting them. The benefits are not only the direct investment, employment and output of these plants, with resulting income flows, but MNE

26、s are thought to have other benefits that are transferred to indigenous companies, known as ‘spillovers’. The spillovers are of two types; either a productivity or a market-access spillover. To be more precise, when MNE enters a local economy it also increases the productivity of domestic firms. A m

27、arket-access spillover is when domestic firms are able to gain knowledge about markets that the MNE is active in, such as distribution networks or exports markets, and to use this information to their own advantage. Jones and Wren, 2006 On the other hand there are also negative effects of FDI for

28、the host economy. The disadvantages of FDI occur mostly in case of matters related to operation, distribution of the profits made on the investment and the personnel. One of the most indirect disadvantages of FDI is that the economically backward section of the host country is always inconvenienced

29、when the stream of FDI is negatively affected. Moreover, the various disadvantages of FDI are understood where the host country has some sort ofnational secret ? something that is not meant to be disclosed to the rest of the world. It has been observed that the defense of a country has faced risks a

30、s a result of the FDI in the country. At times it has been observed that certain foreign policies are adopted that are not appreciated by the workers of the recipient country. The differences of language and culture that exist between the country of the investor and the host country could also pose

31、problems in case of FDI. Yet another major disadvantage of FDI is that there is a chance that a company may lose out on its ownership to an overseas company. This has often caused many companies to approach FDI with a certain amount of caution. At times it has been observed that there is considerabl

32、e instability in a particular geographical region. This causes a lot of inconvenience to the investor. Economic Watch, 2009 三、Chinese Role in the Global Economy Chinas increasing prominence in the world economy has caught a lot of attention as well as its global trade. Nevertheless, if you comp

33、are the growth in the world trade versus Chinas trade, its quite remarkable how much Chinas share has increased. Thus for these reasons it is worth to pay attention to this country more than before. This part of report will focus on the main China’s demographic and economic indicators in comparison

34、with the world ones. As it could be seen from Table 1 China plays really very important role in the world’s economy. In 2007 China had around 20% of the world population and stays first in the world according to this number. Labor force percentage is high as well which means that this country ha

35、s a quarter of the world’s total labor force Further, Chinas share of the worlds GDP rose to 6% at the end of 2007 Table 1, compared with just 1,8% in 1978 when its reform and opening-up began NBS. This fast economic growth over the last 30 years had lifted Chinas GDP ranking in the world from te

36、nth in 1978 to fourth in 2007 after the United States, Japan and Germany. Further, China’s GDP was more than 3 trillion US dollars in 2007, what is about 24% of USA’s, 75% of Japans and 99,5% of Germanys GDP China Daily, 2008. According to the Statistical office of China, the past 30 years witnessed

37、 a significant change in the countrys national strength and its international influence, thanks to the reform and opening-up policy. Chinas GDP grew at the rate of 9,8% from 1979 to 2007, higher than the rate of 6,1% from 1953 to 1978. The economic growth rate in the past three decades was also much

38、 higher than the world average, and slightly higher than Japans 9,2% and South Koreas 8,5% during their economic takeoff periods. Added to information mentioned above, GDP growth rate in 2007 was 11,4% comparing with the world GDP growth rate which was 3,8%. Nevertheless, in 2008 the global ec

39、onomic crisis began to reduce Chinas growth rate as well, thus especially for this reason China’s GDP growth rate in 2008 reached 9%. According to official China’s news, 9% rate was the lowest since 2001, when an annual rate of 8,3% was recorded, and it was the first time Chinas GDP growth fell into

40、 the single-digit range since 2003. Talking about 2009, it was reported recently that the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OECD will cut its 2009 economic growth projection for China to below 6,5%. The OECDs previous forecast, made in November of 2008, was 8%, but the organizati

41、ons chief economist, said it was unlikely China will achieve this goal. Moreover, the World Bank revised its projection for China’s GDP growth to 6,5% from 7,5%. According to the OECD, China is likely to see 6,3% growth in the first quarter, down from 6,8% in the fourth quarter of 2008. Growth may r

42、each 8% in the fourth quarter of 2009. China Economic Review, 2009 The fifth row of Table 1 shows Chinas export, which share in worlds exports reached almost 9% by 2007, making it the worlds second largest exporter, trailing only Germany. According to a statement released on NBS, Chinas foreign tra

43、de has been growing at an average annual rate of 17% to 2174 billion US dollars from 21 billion US dollars since 1978 when its reform and opening-up began. With persistent government efforts to boost foreign trade and encourage investment, Chinas exports rose from almost 10 to 1217 billion US dolla

44、rs during the period, and imports gained from 11 to 956 billion US dollars. Moreover, China tried to accelerate its participation of the globalization process, especially after it joined the World Trade Organization WTO in 2001. Thus, this move had opened China into one of the most rapid development

45、 in history. It is also necessary to say that in 1978 China was a country burdened by trade deficit with scarcely any foreign reserves. Now it has became the largest foreign reserves holder in the world. Xinhua, 2008 譯文: 中國對(duì)外投資和經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系與波羅的海地區(qū)國家 一、簡介 現(xiàn)在中國是世界上發(fā)展最快的國家,尤其是這個(gè)原因,它需要更多的研究,比以往的研究不同。在此外,

46、投資到以及來自這個(gè)國家的投資也在增長,比如最近中國已經(jīng)被認(rèn)為是世界上領(lǐng)先的外資投資(FDI)接收國,以及對(duì)其他國家市場(chǎng)有著持續(xù)增長的興趣。這也是由于中國在1987年以后發(fā)生巨大邊或和改革開放后的經(jīng)濟(jì),貿(mào)易和投資環(huán)境,以及2001年加入世界貿(mào)易組織。此外,在談到中國在其他國家的投資,可以說,這一研究的目的主要是探討中國與波羅的海地區(qū)的投資和經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系。 在描述中國和波羅地海地區(qū)的投資和經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系的細(xì)節(jié)之前,很值得討論一下FDI的定義,它的預(yù)測(cè)和對(duì)一個(gè)國家經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響。本文獻(xiàn)回顧中可以在報(bào)告的第二部分中找到。 如之前提到的,在最近幾年里中國已經(jīng)成為發(fā)展最快的國家之一,如果有人比較一下世界

47、經(jīng)濟(jì)增長和中國經(jīng)濟(jì)增長,中國的市場(chǎng)份額增加了多少將會(huì)是非常顯著的。由于比較中國和世界的主要經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)是值得的,在報(bào)告的第三部分中有提到。中國站世界經(jīng)濟(jì)上扮演了一個(gè)重要角色,它的國家對(duì)外FDI最近開始吸引更多的關(guān)注和各種討論?；谶@些原因,應(yīng)該對(duì)中國在波羅的海地區(qū)的FDI進(jìn)行分析。波羅的海地區(qū)包括十個(gè)國家:丹麥,愛沙尼亞,芬蘭,德國,拉脫維亞,立陶宛,挪威,波蘭,俄羅斯和瑞典。在這個(gè)報(bào)告的第四部分中的重點(diǎn)將放在對(duì)波羅的海國家的主要經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo),然后是關(guān)于中國與這些國家的貿(mào)易。這應(yīng)有助于增進(jìn)對(duì)所有的波羅的海國家以及與中國有關(guān)的貿(mào)易關(guān)系的知識(shí)。最后,第五部分的報(bào)告將包括描述中國的FDI,并與每個(gè)單獨(dú)的BS

48、R國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系。 二、FDI定義的文獻(xiàn)回顧 (一)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)中的FDI 外國直接投資(FDI)的含義是一個(gè)國家的企業(yè)提供資金到另外一個(gè)國家的現(xiàn)存或新建公司的過程。例如,一個(gè)外國企業(yè)可能決定到芬蘭建設(shè)生產(chǎn),然后在這樣參與的過程就被稱之為FDI。在過去幾年里,世界FDI水平一直在迅速上升。 在2000至20007年間,世界FDI流量增加了大約22%,這意味這2000年1.4萬億美元,到2007年超過1.8萬億美元。此外,2000至2003年全球FDI流量明顯減少,從2000年的1.4萬億到2003年的0.6萬億美元,跌落超過2倍。然而,2003至2007年則上升

49、到之前提到過的,超過1.8萬億美元。這顯著增加,表明外國直接投資在整個(gè)世界的重要性以及在發(fā)展中國家和轉(zhuǎn)型,其中也有外國直接投資流量在上述期間巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)增長。這意味著,外國投資的流動(dòng)應(yīng)經(jīng)?？紤]通過利用世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的金融分析。這種顯著的增長,表明FDI在整個(gè)世界以及那些在上面提到的時(shí)期內(nèi)同樣有著巨大FDI流量增長的發(fā)展中國家和經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型國家的重要性。這意味著,外國投資的流動(dòng)決策應(yīng)經(jīng)?？紤]通過對(duì)世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的金融分析來進(jìn)行。 (二)FDI的計(jì)算和主要決定因素 經(jīng)合組織的關(guān)于FDI流量計(jì)算的推薦過程中圖2中可看的。這是通過四個(gè)組成部分的綜合來計(jì)算的:留存收益,股權(quán)資本,公司內(nèi)部貸款和公司內(nèi)

50、部借款。留存收益由海外企業(yè)產(chǎn)生和留存。這些都被歸類為FDI,盡管沒有資本的跨境轉(zhuǎn)移,由于投資者可以選擇把海外企業(yè)產(chǎn)生的留存收益帶回他們的本國或在投資到企業(yè)。 在他們的著作中提供了以下幾點(diǎn)FDI決定因素:市場(chǎng)規(guī)模和增長,勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng),宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)政策,外來投資政策,基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施,產(chǎn)業(yè)化,預(yù)先存在的FDI和信息。為了更加精確,市場(chǎng)規(guī)模對(duì)FDI來講處于積極影響的位置,這意味著大的市場(chǎng)能比小市場(chǎng)吸引更多的企業(yè)。對(duì)于市場(chǎng)的發(fā)展來說也是一樣的-市場(chǎng)更大的增長就意味著它對(duì)FDI有著更大的吸引力。勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)也對(duì)FDI有著明顯的影響-市場(chǎng)上預(yù)期勞動(dòng)力供應(yīng)越多,投資者的選擇范圍也就越廣。此外,當(dāng)進(jìn)行勞動(dòng)市場(chǎng)分析的同

51、時(shí),也必須考慮到勞動(dòng)力的生產(chǎn)效率和成本等因素。談到宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)因素時(shí),通常是指稅,各種關(guān)稅和匯率等。稅收和關(guān)稅對(duì)FDI有著負(fù)面影響,這意味著更高的稅收和更大范圍的關(guān)稅會(huì)降低市場(chǎng)的FDI。除了一般的宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)政策和勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的監(jiān)管,政府及其機(jī)構(gòu)可以使用其他手段來吸引FDI,或其它金融或非金融性質(zhì)投資。此外,一個(gè)關(guān)鍵的誘因是贊助,這似乎是在國際FDI競爭中扮演一個(gè)替代角色。 基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施包括地區(qū)或區(qū)域的交通和通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)等指標(biāo),這提高了商品和服務(wù)的分布和招募勞動(dòng)力的能力,并提供了供應(yīng)商和賣家的溝通平臺(tái)。工業(yè)水平預(yù)期和高水平的FDI有著緊密聯(lián)系,因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)國家或地區(qū)的高度工業(yè)化會(huì)產(chǎn)生大量的企業(yè),這潛在地增加

52、了收益外溢的可能性。預(yù)先存在FDI被理解為,如果一個(gè)地區(qū)已進(jìn)口可能受到吸引的FDI,比如外國公司將獲得這個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)的立足點(diǎn),并已經(jīng)擁有當(dāng)?shù)睾ｊP(guān)和潛力的信息。 最好,上述提到?jīng)Q定性因素是對(duì)FDI有著積極作用的信息,這意味著有關(guān)地區(qū)提供的信息越多,對(duì)外國投資者的吸引力越大。 (三)FDI的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn) FDI有著各種優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn),因此它是值得討論的。其中的一個(gè)主要優(yōu)點(diǎn)是,最新的技術(shù),知識(shí)和額外資金來源,這些都是放在被投資國家的。鑒于此,FDI的高度重視就并不奇怪了,而且經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展機(jī)構(gòu)在吸引它們上花了大量的資金。其收益不僅僅是直接投資,就業(yè)和本地物資的輸出,還有因此獲得的收入流,但跨國企業(yè)

53、被認(rèn)為是有其它收益,通常會(huì)把收益以“外溢”的形式轉(zhuǎn)移到本土公司。外溢有兩種類型,不是產(chǎn)量就是市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入外溢。更加精確地來說,當(dāng)跨國公司進(jìn)入當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)時(shí),同時(shí)也增加了當(dāng)?shù)仄髽I(yè)的產(chǎn)值。市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入外溢是當(dāng)國內(nèi)企業(yè)能夠得到相關(guān)國外企業(yè)參與的市場(chǎng)知識(shí)時(shí),比如分銷網(wǎng)絡(luò)或出口市場(chǎng),并把這些信息用于他們自身的優(yōu)勢(shì)中。 在另外一方面,當(dāng)?shù)貒乙灿袑?duì)FDI有負(fù)面作用。FDI的缺點(diǎn)主要表現(xiàn)在相關(guān)的操作,投資的利潤分配和人員。其中一個(gè)最直接的缺點(diǎn)是,當(dāng)FDI被負(fù)面影響時(shí),經(jīng)濟(jì)落后的當(dāng)?shù)貒铱偸菐聿槐?。此?FDI的種種缺點(diǎn)也是可以理解的,當(dāng)?shù)貒矣心承﹪覚C(jī)密,這是注定不會(huì)被披露給世界各地的。已經(jīng)被觀察到的是,一

54、個(gè)國家的國防已經(jīng)由于在該國的FDI而面臨風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。經(jīng)?？吹降氖?某些并不為接收國工人所贊賞的外交政策被通過。投資者 和當(dāng)?shù)貒业恼Z言和文化差異也同樣能對(duì)FDI制造問題。然而,FDI的另外一個(gè)主要缺點(diǎn)是,一個(gè)公司可能會(huì)有失去它的擁有權(quán),而有機(jī)會(huì)被海外公司所擁有。這往往造成很多公司對(duì)引進(jìn)FDI產(chǎn)生一定的疑慮。有時(shí)它被認(rèn)為這一個(gè)特定地理區(qū)域有相當(dāng)大的不穩(wěn)定性。這對(duì)投資這產(chǎn)生了很多不便。 三、中國在全球經(jīng)濟(jì)中的角色 中國的日益突出,在世界經(jīng)濟(jì)以及它的全球貿(mào)易中已經(jīng)引起了許多關(guān)注。不過,如果你比較世界貿(mào)易和中國貿(mào)易的增長,會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)中國的市場(chǎng)份額增加是相當(dāng)顯著的。由于這些原

55、因,對(duì)這個(gè)國家比以前更加關(guān)注是值得的。報(bào)告的這個(gè)部分將集中在中國主要的人口和經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)與世界其他國家的比較。 中國在世界經(jīng)濟(jì)中確實(shí)扮演著非常重要的角色。2007年,中國擁有大約占全世界20%的人口,是世界占比最高的。勞動(dòng)力的比例很高,這意味著這個(gè)國家擁有全世界四分之一的勞動(dòng)力。此外,到2007年底,中國在世界GDP總量的份額上升到6%,而1987年改革開放時(shí)只有1.8%。在過去30年的經(jīng)濟(jì)快速增長,中國的GPD世界排名已經(jīng)從1978年的第十,上升到2007年的第四,僅次于美國,日本和德國。此外,中國2007的GDP超過3萬億美元,大約是美國的24%,日本的75%,德國的99.5%。據(jù)中國

56、統(tǒng)計(jì)局稱,過去的30年無論是國力還是世界影響力都有重大變化,這要感謝改革開放政策。中國1979年至2007年的GDP增長率是9.8%,比1953年到1978的6.1%要高。在過去30年里,經(jīng)濟(jì)增長率同樣比世界平均水平要高很多,并比日本和韓國在他們經(jīng)濟(jì)起飛時(shí)期的增長率分別是9.2%和8.5%還要稍高。還有一個(gè)要比上述增加的消息是,相比較世界GDP增長率的3.8%,2007年GDP增長率是11.4%。然而,在2008年經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)也開始降低中國的增長率,正是由于這個(gè)原因,中國2008年的GDP增長率降到了9%。根據(jù)中國官方報(bào)道,增長率9%是自2001年全年增長率8.3%以來的最低的,并且這是自2003

57、年以來,中國GDP增長第一跌到個(gè)位。說的2009年,最近有報(bào)道,經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與發(fā)展組織將削減其2009年的中國經(jīng)濟(jì)增長預(yù)測(cè)至低于6.5%。經(jīng)合組織在2008年11月提出的預(yù)測(cè)為8%,但該組織的首席經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家表示,中國將不太可能會(huì)達(dá)到這個(gè)目標(biāo)。此外,世界銀行把對(duì)中國GDP增長值的預(yù)測(cè),從7.5%降低到了6.5%。根據(jù)經(jīng)合組織的預(yù)測(cè),中國很可能在第一季度達(dá)到6.3%的增長率,2008第四季度低于6.8%。表一的第5行顯示了中國的出口額,在2007年底占世界出口總額的將近9%,這使得中國成為了世界第二大出口國,僅次于德國。根據(jù)國家統(tǒng)計(jì)局公布的一份聲明中顯示,中國對(duì)外貿(mào)易自1978年改革開放以來的210億美元,到21740億美元,平均每年增長1%。隨著當(dāng)前政府不斷努力提高對(duì)外貿(mào)易和鼓勵(lì)投資,中國同期的出口從幾乎100億美元增長到12170億美元,并且進(jìn)口從110億美元增長到9560億美元。 此外,中國試圖加速其全球化過程,特別是2001年加入世界貿(mào)易組織之后.因此,這一舉措已經(jīng)把中國開放成為歷史上發(fā)展最快的國家之一了。還必須說的是,在1978年,中國背負(fù)著貿(mào)易赤字和幾乎沒有任何外匯儲(chǔ)備?，F(xiàn)在它已經(jīng)成為世界上最大的外匯儲(chǔ)備持有國家了。