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小學英語語法總結(jié),名詞復數(shù)規(guī)則,1．一般情況下，直接加-s，如：book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds 2．以s. x. sh. ch結(jié)尾，加-es， 如：bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches 3．以“輔音字母 y”結(jié)尾，變y為i, 再加-es， 如：family-families, strawberry-strawberries,4．以“f或fe”結(jié)尾，變f或fe為v, 再加-es， 如：knife-knives ??????leaf——leaves 5．不規(guī)則名詞復數(shù)： man-men, woman-women, child-children； foot-feet；tooth-teeth ; goose-geese fish-fish, people-people, sheep-sheep deer-deer Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese Englishman-Englishmen, Frenchman-Frenchmen,寫出下列各詞的復數(shù) I _____ him ______ this _______ her ______ watch ________ child _______ photo ________ day______ foot______ book______ dress ______ tooth______ sheep ______ box______ tea______ strawberry ___________diary ______ rice______ thief ______ you _____peach _______man_____ woman________ paper_______ juice________ milk______ sandwich __________water________,we,them,these,them,watches,children,photos,days,feet,books,dresses,teeth,sheep,boxes,diaries,∕,∕,∕,∕,∕,∕,strawberries,thieves,you,peaches,men,women,sandwiches,一 般 現(xiàn) 在 時,一般現(xiàn)在時的功能: 1.表示事物或人物的特征、狀態(tài)。 如：The sky is blue.天空是藍色的。 2.表示經(jīng)常性或習慣性的動作。 如：I get up at six every day.我天天六點起床。 3.表示客觀現(xiàn)實。 如：The earth goes around the sun. 地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)。,一般現(xiàn)在時的構(gòu)成: be動詞：主語 + be (am, is, are) +其它。 如：I am a boy.我是一個男孩。 2.行為動詞：主語 + 行為動詞 + 其它。 如：We study English.我們學習英語。 ※當主語為第三人稱單數(shù)(he, she, it)時，要 在動詞后加“-s”或“-es” 如：Mary likes Chinese.瑪麗喜歡漢語。,一般現(xiàn)在時的變化 1. be 動詞的變化： ? ①否定句：主語 + be not +其它。 如：He is not a worker.他不是工人。 ? ②一般疑問句：Be + 主語 + 其它? ? 如：- Are you a student? ? - Yes. I am. / No, I'm not. ※一般疑問句必須用yes/no 回答，答句的 主語必須是代詞。 ? ③特殊疑問句：疑問詞 + 一般疑問句? 如：- Where is my bike? - It’s there, under the tree.,2.行為動詞的變化： ①否定句：主語 + don‘t (doesn’t) +動詞原形 +其它。 如：?I don't like bread. ※當主語為第三人稱單數(shù)，用doesn‘t構(gòu)成否定句 如： He doesn't often play. ②一般疑問句：Do (Does) +主語 + 動詞原形 + 其它？ 如：- Do you often play football? ? - Yes, I do. / No, I don't. ※當主語為第三人稱單數(shù)，要用does構(gòu)成一般疑問句 如：- Does she go to work by bike? - Yes, she does. / No, she doesn't. ③特殊疑問句：疑問詞 + 一般疑問句？ 如：- How do you go to school? - I go to school on foot.,動詞 單數(shù)第三人稱（簡稱：單三）的變化規(guī)則: 1．一般情況下，直接加 s 如：cook-cooks, milk-milks ? 2．以s, x, sh, ch, o結(jié)尾，加 es 如：guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes ? 3．以“輔音字母 y”結(jié)尾，變y為i, 再加 es 如：study-studies,一、寫出下列動詞的第三人稱單數(shù) drink ______ go _______ stay ______ make ______look ______ have_______ pass______ carry _______ 二、用括號內(nèi)動詞的適當形式填空。1. He often ________(have) dinner at home.2. Daniel and Tommy _______(be) in Class One.3. We __________(not watch) TV on Monday.4. Nick __________(not go) to the zoo on Sunday.5. ______ they ________(like) the World Cup?6. _______ your parents ______(read) newspapers every day?7. The girl ________(teach) us English on Sundays.8. She and I ________(take) a walk together every evening.,drinks,goes,stays,makes,looks,has,passes,carries,has,are,don’t watch,doesn’t go,Do,like,Do,read,teaches,take,三、按照要求改寫句子 Daniel watches TV every evening.(改為否定句)_____________________________________ I do my homework every day.(改為一般疑問句，作否定回答)________________________________________________________ She likes milk.(改為一般疑問句，作肯定回答)____________________________________? ___________________ 4. We go to school every morning.(改為否定句)_____________________________________,Daniel doesn’t watch TV every evening.,Do you do your homework every day?,No, I don’t.,Does she like milk?,Yes, she does.,We don’t go to school every morning.,五、改錯(劃出錯誤的地方，將正確的寫在橫線上)1. Is??your brother speak English?? ?? ? __________________2. Does he likes going fishing?? ?? ?? ? __________________3. He likes play games after class.? ? ? __________________4. Mr. Wu teachs us English.? ?? ?? ?? ? __________________5. She don’t do her homework on Sundays. __________________,Does,__,____,like,playing / to play,____,teaches,______,doesn’t,____,現(xiàn)在進行時,1、現(xiàn)在進行時用法: ①現(xiàn)在正在進行或發(fā)生的動作， ②當前一段時間內(nèi)的活動或現(xiàn)階段正在進行的動作。 2、現(xiàn)在進行時的肯定句：be +V-ing. 3、現(xiàn)在進行時的否定句：be + not。 4、現(xiàn)在進行時的一般疑問句：be →句首。 5、現(xiàn)在進行時的特殊疑問句： 疑問詞+be動詞+主語+doing+其它？ ※ 疑問詞當主語時其結(jié)構(gòu)為： ? 疑問詞+be動詞+doing+其它?,動詞+ing的變化規(guī)則: 1．一般情況下，直接 加 ing， 如：cook --- cooking 2．以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾，去 e 加 ing， 如：make --- making, taste --- tasting 3．假如末尾是一個元音字母和一個輔音字母， 雙寫末尾的輔音字母，再加 ing 如：run --- running, stop --- stopping,現(xiàn)在進行時專項練習： 一、寫出下列動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞： run _______ swim _______ make______ begin______ go _______ like ______?? write ______ shop _______ have______ sing??______ dance _______ put ______ see ______ love _______ live ______ take ______ come _______??get ______ stop ______ sit _______ smoke______,running,swimming,making,beginning,going,liking,writing,shopping,having,singing,dancing,putting,seeing,loving,living,taking,coming,getting,stopping,sitting,smoking,二、用所給的動詞的正確形式填空： 1.The boy ____________( draw) a picture now. 2. Listen .Some girls ___________(sing) in the classroom . 3. My mother ________(cook)some nice food?now. 4. What _____ you ______ ( do ) now? 5. Look . They _________ (have) an English lesson .,is drawing,are singing,is cooking,are,doing,are having,三、句型轉(zhuǎn)換： They are doing housework . (分別改成一般疑問句和否定句)____________________________________________________________________ 2．The students are cleaning the classroom . ( 改一般疑問句并作肯定和否定回答)_____________________________________________________________________,Are they doing housework?,They aren’t doing housework.,Are the students cleaning the classroom?,Yes, they are.,No, they aren’t.,一 般 將 來 時,一、概念：表示將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)及 打算、計劃或預備做某事。 句中一般有以下時間狀語： tomorrow, next day (week, month, year…),soon, the day after tomorrow 等。 ? 二、基本結(jié)構(gòu)：①be going to do； ②will be / do.,三、否定句： ①be going to do → be not going to do ②will be / do → won’t be / do 例如：I’m going to have a picnic this afternoon. → I’m not going to have a picnic this afternoon. I will go to Beijing next month. → I won’t go to Beijing next month. 四、一般疑問句： ①be或will提到句首; ②如果有some，改為any; 如果有 and，改為or； ③第一二人稱互換。 例如：We are going to go on an outing this weekend. →Are you going to go on an outing this weekend.,五、對劃線部分提問。 一般情況，一般將來時的對劃線部分有三種情況: 1、問人。(Who) 例如：I’m going to New York soon. →Who’s going to New York soon. 2、問干什么。(What … do) 例如： My father is going to watch a race with me this? ?afternoon. →What is your father going to do with you this afternoon. 3、問什么時候。(When) 例如：She’s going to go to bed at nine. →When is she going? to bed?,六、be going to 與 will ： ① 一般情況下可以互換： I am going to go swimming tomorrow. = I will go swimming tomorrow. ② 區(qū)別： A、 be?going?to 表示近期、眼下就要發(fā)生的事情， will 表示的將來時間則較遠一些 He?is?going?to?write?a?letter?tonight.? He?will?write?a?book?one?day. B、 be?going?to 表示根據(jù)主觀判斷將來肯定發(fā)生的事情， will 表示客觀上將來勢必發(fā)生的事情。 He?is?seriously?ill.?He?is?going?to?die.? He?will?be?twenty?years?old.,C、 be?going?to表示根據(jù)主觀判斷將來肯定發(fā)生的事情， will表示客觀上將來勢必發(fā)生的事情 She?is?going?to?lend?us?her?book.? He?will?be?here?in?half?an?hour.? D、 be?going?to含有“計劃，準備”的意思， will則沒有這個意思 She?is?going?to?lend?us?her?book. He?will?be?here?in?half?an?hour. E、在有條件從句的主句中，一般不用?be?going?to,?而多 用will If?any?beasts?come?at?you,?I'll?stay?with?you?and?help? you.,will和be?going?to的選用原則,關(guān)于“打算”： ①原先作好的打算用 “be going?to” “Kate is?in?hospital.” “凱特在住院?！?“Yes, I?know.?I?am?going?to?see?her?this?afternoon.” “是的，我知道。我下午要去看她?！?②說話時即時的打算用“will” “Kate?is?in?hospital.”? “凱特在住院?！?“Oh, really,?I?didn’t know.?I?will?go?and?see?her? at?once.” “哦，是嗎？我都不知道呢。我得馬上去看她。”,in hospital 住院 in the hospital 在醫(yī)院里,立刻，馬上,2.?關(guān)于“預料”： ①在有跡象表明的情況下的預料用“be?going?to”； Look?at?the?clouds.?It’s going?to?rain.? 你看天上的云?？煜掠炅恕? My?God!?We?are?going?to?crash. 天哪！我們快撞車了。 ②在沒有跡象表明的情況下進行的猜測用“will 或 be?going?to” 皆可； I?think?the?weather?will?be?nice.?我想天會晴朗。 = I?think?the?weather?is?going?to?be?nice. ③當動詞表示內(nèi)心活動時，表示猜測的句子必須用“will”。 I?think?she?will?like?the?cake?I?made?for?her. 我想她會喜歡我為她做的蛋糕。,練習：填空。 1.??我打算明天和朋友去野炊。 I_____ ______ _____ have a picnic with my friends. I ______ have a picnic with my friends. 2.?下個星期一你打算去干嘛? 我想去打籃球。 What _____ _____ _____ ___ ____next Monday? I _______ ______ _____ play basketball.(同義句) 3. 你媽媽這個周末去購物嗎？是，她要去買一些水果。 ____ your mother _____ ____ go shopping this ________? Yes, she ____. She _____ _____ ____ buy some fruit. 4. 你們打算什么時候見面? What time ______ you ______ _____ meet?,am,going,to,will,are,you,going,to,do,am,going,to,Is,going,to,weekend,is,is,going,to,are,going,to,用所給詞的適當形式填空。 1.?Today is a sunny day. We ________________ (have) a picnic this afternoon. 2.?My brother _________(go) to Shanghai next week. 3.Tom often ______(go) to school on foot. But today is rainy. He ________(go) to school by bike. 4.?What do you usually do at weekends? I usually ________ (watch) TV and _________(catch) insects? 5.It’s Friday today. What _____she _________ (do) this weekend? She ______________ (watch) TV and __________ (catch) insects.,are going to have,is going,goes,will go,watch,catch,is,going to do,is going to watch,catch,一般過去時,1．功能： ①表示過去某個時間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)， 常和表示過去的時間狀語連用。 ②表示過去經(jīng)?；蚍磸桶l(fā)生的動作。 2．謂語動詞是be動詞時，be的變化： ⑴ am 和is在一般過去時中變?yōu)?was。（was not=wasn’t） ⑵ are在一般過去時中變?yōu)閣ere。（were not=weren’t） 3．謂語動詞是其他實意動詞時，動詞變過去式，否定和 疑問借用助動詞did 如：I went to school at 8 o’clock yesterday. Jim didn’t go home yesterday. Did Jim go home yesterday.,動詞過去式變化規(guī)則： 1．一般在動詞末尾加-ed，如：work---worked , 2．結(jié)尾是e加d，如：live---lived 3．重讀的“輔·元·輔”結(jié)構(gòu)（末尾只有一個元音 字母和一個輔音字母的重讀閉音節(jié)），雙寫 末尾的輔音字母，再加-ed 如：stop---stopped， begin --- beginning /b??g?n/ 4．以“輔音字母 y”結(jié)尾的，變y為i， 再加-ed， 如：study---studied,5．不規(guī)則動詞過去式： ?am/is---was, eat---ate are---were, take---took, do---did, run---ran, see---saw, sing---sang, say---said, put---put, give---gave, make---made, get---got, read---read, go---went, write---wrote, come---came, draw---drew, have---had, drink---drank, swim-swam, sit---sat,一、?用動詞的適當形式填空1. It ______ (be) Ben’s birthday last Friday.2. We all ______ (have) a good time last night.3. He ________ (jump) high on last Sports Day. 4. Helen ________ (milk) a cow on Friday.5. She likes ________ newspapers, but she _____a book yesterday. (read)6. _______ they ________ (sweep) the floor on Sunday? No, they _____.7. I _______ (watch) a cartoon on Monday.,was,had,jumped,milked,reading,read,Did,sweep,didn’t,watched,形容詞和副詞,形容詞： ① 是修飾名詞（人或事物），表示名詞的性質(zhì)、 特征或?qū)傩砸环N詞類。 ②它在句中作定語、表語和賓語補足語。,形容詞和副詞的概念,副詞： ①是用來修飾動詞、形容詞及其他副詞的詞。 ②副詞在句中多作狀語。,形容詞和副詞的用法,①形容詞作定語一般放在被修飾 的名詞之前。 如: a new book, two big trees 等。,②形容詞作表語放在系動詞be 、look、 get、 keep、turn、feel、become、seem、 grow、 smell等之后。 如:1. I am short. 2. She looks fine. 3. They turn green.,③如果形容詞修飾不定代詞something, anything, everything, nothing等時，要放在不定代詞后面。 如: something interesting， nothing new,④副詞放在所修飾的be動詞之后、行為動詞之前； 形容詞和副 詞之前。 如: 1.She works hard . （修飾動詞） 2.I am very busy. （修飾形容詞） 3.He runs too quickly. （修飾副詞） 4.We play happily. （修飾動詞）,⑤通常在形容詞后加-ly變成副詞。,slow → ______ real → ______ usual →______ careful→______ easy → ______ happy→ ______ heavy →______ angry→ ______,slowly,usually,easily,heavily,really,carefully,happily,angrily,形容詞和副詞的級,一、形容詞的比較級和最高級,形容詞和副詞有三個等級： 原級、比較級、最高級 1.原級：即形容詞和副詞的原形。 small, good, pretty, big, many hard, happily, slowly, quickly ① 程度副詞very, too, so, quite等修飾形容 詞和副詞的原級。 如：very tall、 too hot、 so cold quite interesting、 run quickly,② as…as ,(與…一樣） ；not as（so)…as （與…不一樣）的中間用原級。 The story is as interesting as that one. The question is not as / so difficult as that one.,2.比較級： ①兩個人或物之間的比較 ②表示“較……”或“更……一些” ③標志詞：than (比) ④構(gòu)成：A.單音節(jié)詞通常是-er結(jié)尾； B.多音節(jié)或部分雙音節(jié)詞通常在之前 加more.,3.最高級： ①三個或三個以上的人或物之間 的比較。 ②表示“最……”的意思。 ③標志詞：in+大范圍； of all； of +the+具體的數(shù)字 ④單音節(jié)詞通常是-est結(jié)尾；多音節(jié)或部分雙音節(jié) 詞通常在之前加most. ⑤※在形容詞的最高級前必須加the; 副詞之前可以不加。,形容詞和副詞的比較級和最高級的構(gòu)成方式,一、規(guī)則變化,二、不規(guī)則變化：,good / well → → bad / badly / ill→ → many / much → → little → →,better,best,worse,worst,more,most,less,least,old → → far→ →,older / elder,oldest / eldest,farthest / furthest,farther / further,important ______________ _________________ easy___________________ ___________________ wet___________________ ____________________ happy________________ ____________________ careful ________________ __________________ thin _________________ __________________ good________________ ____________________ hot __________________ ____________________ easily ________________ ____________________ many________________ ____________________ nice ________________ ____________________ big _________________ ____________________ heavy______________ ____________________ delicious____________ ____________________ much_______________ _____________________,給出下列詞的比較級和最高級,more important,most important,easier,easiest,wetter,wettest,happiest,happier,more careful,1、形容詞比較級在句子中的運用： ①兩個事物或人的比較用比較級，比較級后面 一般帶有單詞than。 ②比較級前面可以用more, a little 來修飾表示 程度。 ③than后的人稱代詞用主格（口語中可用賓格）。,2．形容詞比較級的規(guī)則變化：⑴一般在詞尾加er ； ⑵以字母e 結(jié)尾，加r ；⑶“輔·元·輔”結(jié)構(gòu)，應雙寫末尾的輔音字母， 再加er ； ⑷以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾，先把y變i，再加er 。,3、不規(guī)則形容詞比較級： good / well---better, bad / ill --- worse little--- less, old --- older / elder many / much --- more,二、副詞的比較級 1．形容詞與副詞的區(qū)別 (有be用形，有形用be； 有動用副，有副用動)⑴在句子中形容詞一般處于名詞之前或be動詞 之后⑵副詞在句子中最常見的是處于實義動詞之后 2．副詞比較級的變化規(guī)則基本與形容詞比較級相 同 (不規(guī)則變化：well-better，far-farther,一、寫出下列形容詞或副詞的比較級? short________? strong_______? ?big ________ ? small_______ fat_________? thin ________??heavy________? ?light ________ nice ________ ??good_______ ? ?beautiful_______________??low_________? high________? slow_______?? fast ________ late _______ early ________ ??far_________ well_______ 二、根據(jù)句意填入單詞的正確形式：1. My brother is two years __________(old) than me.2. Tom is as ________(fat) as Jim.3. Is your sister __________(young) than you? Yes, she is.4. Who is ___________(thin), you or Helen? Helen is.,5.______Nancy sing _____(well) than Helen? Yes, she ___. 6.Fangfang is not as ____(tall) as the other girls. 7.My eyes are __________(big) than _____ (she). 8.Who gets up _________(early), Tim or Tom? 9._____the girls get up ______(early) than the boys? No, they______.,三、翻譯句子：1、誰比Jim年紀大？是你。 _______ is _______than Jim？??______ are.2.我喜歡游泳。我所有的朋友都游得比我慢。 I like ___.All my____ ?____??_____than me. 3.誰的鉛筆更長，他的還是她的？我想是她的。 ________pencil is _________,______or ______？ ________is, I think.4.我母親比我父親年紀小。 My_____? ? _____? ?______than my ______. 5.多做運動，你會更強壯。  ____ more exercise, you’ll ____?____soon.,There be 句型與have, has的區(qū)別,1、There be 句型表示：在某地有某人/物 2、在there be 句型中，主語是單數(shù)，be 動詞用is ; 主語 是復數(shù)，be 動詞用are ; 如有幾件物品，be 動詞根據(jù) 最近be 動詞的那個名詞決定(就近原則)。 3、there be 句型的否定句在be 動詞后加not , 一般疑問 句把be 動詞調(diào)到句首。 4、there be句型與have(has) 的區(qū)別：there be表示在 某地有某人/物；have(has)表示某人擁有某物。,5、some 和any 在there be 句型中的運用some 用 于肯定句 ，any用于否定句或疑問句。 6、and 和or 在there be句型中的運用：and 用于 肯定句,or 用于否定句或疑問句。 7、針對數(shù)量提問的特殊疑問句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是：?How many + 名詞復數(shù) + are there + 介詞短語？?How much + 不可數(shù)名詞 + is there + 介詞短語？ 8、針對主語提問的特殊疑問句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是：? ?What’s + 介詞短語,Fill in the blank with “have, has”or “there is , there are” 1. I ________ a good father and a good mother. 2. ____________a telescope on the desk. 3. He_________ a tape-recorder. 4. ____________a basketball in the playground. 5. She__________ some dresses.,人稱代詞和物主代詞,1、人稱代詞主格和賓格的區(qū)別： 主格通常位于句中第一個動詞之前（有時候位 于than 之后），賓格一般位于動詞或介詞之后。 2、物主代詞形容詞性與名詞性的區(qū)別： 形容詞性用時后面一般要帶上名詞，名詞性則單 獨使用，后面不帶名詞。,人稱代詞和物主代詞,主格 賓格 形容詞性 名詞性 ?I me my mine ? you you your yours ? he him his his ? she her her hers ? it it its its ?we us our ours ?they them their theirs,用所給詞的適當形式填空。 1.?That is not _____kite. That kite is very small, but ____is very big.??( I ) 2.?The dress is ____. Give it to _____( she ).? ?? ??? 3.?___is my brother. ___ name is Jack. Look! Those stamps are___ ( he ). 4.?I can find my toy, but where’s ______? ( you ) 5.?Show _________ your kite, OK? (they),用am，is，are填空。 1. That ______ my red skirt. 2. Who ______ I? 3.The jeans ______ on the desk. 4. The black gloves ______??for Su Yang. 5. This pair of gloves ______ for Yang Ling. 6. The two cups of milk _____ for me. 7. Some tea ______ in the glass.,