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The environment 一、閱讀理解。 In the dead of winter，we dont typically think about spending time outdoors，but according to many physicians we should.The sun is our greatest source of a vitamin that is essential for good health—Vitamin D. This important vitamin strengthens bones and teeth and is linked to the prevention of heart disease，cancer and many other lifethreatening diseases.The remended daily requirement is 400600 International Units(IU)．In summer，people with dark brown eyes and darker skin turn sunlight from just 15 minutes outside without sunscreen into adequate amounts of Vitamin D. Even during winter，just a 10minute walk at midday can keep the bodys Vitamin D at healthy levels.During brief winter walks，we receive the greatest benefits when we wear no sunscreen and expose as much skin to the sun as possible. Vitamin D can be also obtained from foods.Salmon is one of the best sources of the Vitamin.Egg yolks(蛋黃)，cheese，mushrooms and some animal organs contain smaller quantities of it. To attract consumers，food panies add Vitamin D to some of their milk products.The practice of putting the Vitamin into milk began in the 1930s.At that time，many children were suffering from rickets，an illness that is caused by a deficiency (缺乏)of Vitamin D．It made the childrens bones soft and weak.Adding Vitamin D to milk helped to solve the problem，and it has been available ever since. For people who still need more Vitamin D，there is another option：Take Vitamin D supplements(補(bǔ)充物)．These products are widely sold in stores.However，anyone considering taking supplements should consult a physician first. 1．During the winter months，people ________. A．a(chǎn)rent able to meet their deadlines B．often dont dress warmly enough C．generally like to remain indoors D．leave lots of work for others to do 2．According to the text，Vitamin D ________. A．can be obtained by being exposed to the sun B．can be used to cure lifethreatening diseases C．can be mainly found in some milk products D．can make the childrens bones soft and weak 3．Why is salmon mentioned in this article? A．Its seldom prepared in the correct way. B．Its a useful addition to a persons diet. C．It has a huge impact on the environment. D．Its advantages have been exaggerated. 4．The main purpose of this article is ________. A．to introduce a valuable nutrient B．to advertise Vitamin D supplements C．to note risks associated with a nutrient D．to explain how a nutrient was discovered 【解題導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇科普文，主要介紹了維生素D的一些情況。 1．C　考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第一段中的“In the dead of winter，we dont typically think about spending time outdoors，but according to many physicians we should”可知，在冬天人們?cè)敢獯谑覂?nèi)。 2．A　考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第一段第二句以及第三段第一句可知，維生素D可以通過曬太陽獲得，故選A。 3．B　考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第四段可知，三文魚是補(bǔ)充維生素D的食物，因此對(duì)我們的飲食是有用的補(bǔ)充物，故選B。 4．A　考查主旨大意。根據(jù)全文可知，本文主要介紹一種營養(yǎng)成分——維生素D。 二、單項(xiàng)選擇。 1.For an artist who has no lack of passion and great courage to overe any difficulty，inspirations of his art will never _______. A. break out B. run out C. work out D. pull out 【答案】B 【解析】run out 用完，耗盡，符合句意。break out 爆發(fā)；work out 計(jì)算，解決；pull out 駛出，脫離。句意： 對(duì)于一個(gè)不缺少激情和有勇氣戰(zhàn)勝任何困難的藝術(shù)家來說，他的藝術(shù)靈感將永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)枯竭。 2.Meeting again by chance, Lucy and Amy are delighted to _______ the friendship where it left out years ago. A. set up B. build up C. bring up D. pick up 【答案】D 【解析】set up 成立，建立；build up 逐步建立，增進(jìn)；bring up 養(yǎng)育，培養(yǎng)；pick up 拾起，偶然學(xué)到，接收到，中途搭車，和好如初。pick up the friendship 意為“重拾友誼”，根據(jù)“where it left out years ago”(意為“在幾年前遺落的地方(重拾友誼)”)，說明這里填 build up(建立友誼)不合適。句意： 碰巧又見面了，露西和艾米高興地在她們數(shù)年前中斷友誼的地方重拾友誼(即：中斷的友誼仍可以重新開始)。 3.It was never clear _______ the man hadn’t reported the accident sooner. A. that B. how C. when D. why 【答案】D 【解析】 句中的 it 是形式主語， 真正的主語是“______ the man hadn’t reported the accident sooner.”根據(jù)句意，原句要表達(dá)的是“為什么這個(gè)老人沒有立馬報(bào)案這件事還未查明。 ” 4.We are mitted to creating a world free from the homeless and the hopeless, a world _______ each and every er is a true paradise. A. that B. which C. of which D. from where 【答案】C 【解析】...of which 實(shí)際上就=whose...。句意：我們致力于創(chuàng)造一個(gè)沒有無家可歸者和無望者的世界，一個(gè)其中每一個(gè)角落都是真正天堂的世界。 5.Alice hasn’t turned up so far. _______ if she is absent today? We don’t even have the key yet. A. How B. Why C. What D. When 【答案】 C。 What if…? “倘若……又會(huì)怎么樣” 。 句意： “如果 今天她不來怎么辦， 我們甚至沒有鑰匙。 ” 6._______ a certain doubt among the people whether the value of the project is practical. A. It has B. They have C. It remains D. There remains 【答案】D 【解析】There is/remains some/certain doubt。句意：對(duì)于這個(gè)項(xiàng)目的實(shí)際價(jià)值人們?nèi)匀挥袘岩伞? 7._______ knowledge a man has, _______ it is for him to get a good job. A. The more, more difficult B. The more, the easier C. The more, easier D. The less, more difficult 【答案】B 【解析】考查 the +比較級(jí)……，the+比較級(jí)用法，意為“越……越……”表示一方的程度隨著另一方的變化而變化。句意：一個(gè)人掌握的知識(shí)越多，找到好的工作就越容易。 8.A Chinese student’s print—like handwriting caused controversy among British Internet users, _______ both praise and questions about individuality. A. drew B. drawing C. to draw D. having drawn 【答案】B 【解析】根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，這里不能選用謂語動(dòng)詞，由此可以排除 A 項(xiàng)；動(dòng)詞不定式表示將來的動(dòng)作，不合題意， 排除 C 項(xiàng)； 由于 draw 的動(dòng)作和 cause 的動(dòng)作不存在明顯的先后關(guān)系， 因此不用完成式，排除 D 項(xiàng)。只有 B 項(xiàng)正確，現(xiàn)在分詞短語在這里表示結(jié)果。句意：有一位中國學(xué)生的看上去像印刷體的書法引起了英國互聯(lián)網(wǎng)用戶的爭議——對(duì)個(gè)性的贊美和質(zhì)疑。 9._______ in the adult ceremony, the senior students feel they are shouldering heavier responsibilities now. A. Swear B. Sworn C. Having sworn D. To have sworn 【答案】C 【解析】邏輯主語 students 與 swear 為主謂關(guān)系，而且 swear 的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞 feel 的動(dòng)作之前，所以用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式。句意：成人儀式宣誓后，高年級(jí)學(xué)生覺得現(xiàn)在他們肩上的責(zé)任更重了。 10.A Russian plane broke up in the air, _______ all 224 people on board which was believed _______ by a bomb planted by Islamic State. A. killing; to have been caused B. having killing; to have been caused C. killing; to be caused D. having killed; to have caused 【答案】A 【解析】第一空用現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語，表示結(jié)果；第二空動(dòng)詞不定式用完成式，因?yàn)槭且呀?jīng)發(fā)生過的事情，而且 cause 此處要用被動(dòng)態(tài)，故用不定式的完成被動(dòng)形式。句意：一架俄國飛機(jī)在空中解體 了致機(jī)上 224 人死亡，據(jù)信是由伊斯蘭國所放置的炸彈造成的。 11.Watching football games on TV at home is one thing, going to watch them _______ live is quite another. A. perform B. performing C. to perform D. being performed 【答案】D 【解析】根據(jù)句意可知，perform 與其邏輯主語 them 之間為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，要選被動(dòng)意義的選項(xiàng)，而本題四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有 D 項(xiàng)為被動(dòng)意義，其他三項(xiàng)皆為主動(dòng)意義，being performed 為現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式，作賓語補(bǔ)足語。句意：在家的電視上看足球比賽是一回事，看現(xiàn)場直播又是另外一回事。 12._______ an increase in foreign legal conflicts, China is expected to see the number continue to rise. A. To witness B. Being witnessed C. Witnessed D. Having witnessed 【答案】D 【解析】China 與 witness 為主謂關(guān)系，由此可排除 B、C 兩項(xiàng)；另外，witness 動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之前，因此用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式，即 D 項(xiàng)正確。句意：見證了涉外法律沖突的增長，希望中國看到這種數(shù)字的繼續(xù)上升。 13._______ into the final round of the Asian qualifiers for the first time since 2001, Chinese soccer still faces a long hard road. A. Moved B. Moving C. To move D. Having moved 【答案】D 【解析】Chinese Soccer 和 move 之間為主謂關(guān)系，因此可以排除 A 項(xiàng)；另外，由于 move 的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞 faces 的動(dòng)作之前，因此用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成時(shí)，即 D 項(xiàng)正確。句意：中國足球隊(duì)自從 2001年首次進(jìn)入亞洲預(yù)選賽的最后一輪后，面臨著一條漫長而艱辛的路。 4.I found my puter functioning much better, _______ a new operating system. A. to install B. installing C. having installed D. installed 【答案】C 【解析】install 的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在 found 的動(dòng)作之前，而且 I 與 install 為主謂關(guān)系，因此用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式，即 C 項(xiàng)正確。句意：由于安裝了新的驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)，我發(fā)現(xiàn)我的電腦的功能更強(qiáng)大了。 15.Many natural disasters took place across the country, _______ severe losses on people’s life and property. A. to have brought B. only bringing C. only to bring D. having brought 【答案】B 【解析】 句意： 全國各地發(fā)生了很多自然災(zāi)害， 給人們的生命和財(cái)產(chǎn)帶來了嚴(yán)重的損失。 現(xiàn)在分詞短語“only bring severe losses on people’s life and property”在這里作結(jié)果狀語。 16._______ in playing puter games, he didn’t find his mother enter his bedroom. A. Absorbing B. To be absorbed C. To absorb D. Absorbed 【答案】B 【解析】absorbed in 全神貫注于，在句中作狀語。句意：全神貫注于打電腦游戲，他沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)他媽媽進(jìn)了他的臥室。 17. The old man showed us how to _______ part of the surface of the wood and let a pattern in. A. cut down B. cut in C. cut out D. cut up 【答案】C 【解析】cut down 砍到；cut in 插話；cut out 剪裁；剪下；cut up 切碎。句意：老人向我展示了如何把木材的表面裁下，再把一個(gè)圖案貼上去。 三、完形填空。 I promise you, there will never be a perfect time to do anything in your life. 　1　will ever feel 100% certain or make perfect sense to you and everyone else. There will 　2　 be a perfect time to fall in love, or to travel the world. You will never have enough training, enough preparation, or enough money. And 　3　 this, even when you feel ready to take a brave step into the　4　, others will likely try to 　5　 you out of it. Because they won’t feel ready themselves, and your ambition and bravery will 　6　 their levels of fort. But you don’t 　7　 them an explanation, or any other personal 　8　 you don’t want to make. This is rather difficult to 　9　 at first. Waiting to feel 100% ready or sure is the 　10　 way in which we cheat ourselves out of wonderful life experiences. I challenge you to 　11　 free yourself from this self-limiting state of mind. Book that plane ticket, even if you feel lots of 　12　. Sign up for that educational course, even if you have no idea 　13　 it will go. Trust me when I tell you it will all e together for the　14　. When you achieve your dreams with　15　, when you meet them with mental and physical devotion, you　16　 your trust in the act of LIVING. You make your dreams a 　17　 instead of line items on a list. And that’s good because your dreams are 　18　 to experience. You have to 　19　 them out in the real world to know if they’re possible and worthwhile adventures in the long run. As you 　20　 on this new journey of living, remember that some people around you will naturally be taken aback. But as long as you aren’t hurting them, you don’t owe them anything that takes away your power to move forward with your life. 【文章大意】本文主要介紹了在我們的生活中永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)有一個(gè)完美的時(shí)間去做任何事情。所以我們應(yīng)該想做就做, 不要顧慮太多, 當(dāng)我們?cè)谝粋€(gè)新的生活之旅中前進(jìn)時(shí), 我們才會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)它帶來的驚喜。 1. A. Something　　　　　　 B. Nothing C. Anything D. Everything 【解析】選B。根據(jù)上文說在你的生活中永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)有一個(gè)完美的時(shí)間去做任何事情?？芍湟? 沒有什么能讓你和其他人擁有100%確定的或完美的感覺。故選B。 2. A. never B. always C. occasionally D. forever 【解析】選A。從來都沒有一個(gè)可以去戀愛和去世界各地旅行的完美時(shí)候。故選A。 3. A. despite　　 B. for　　 C. from　 　 D. after 【解析】選A。這里的盡管如此是指上文提到的沒有時(shí)間去戀愛、去旅行等。despite盡管, 故選A。 4. A. impossible B. unknown C. beautiful D. true 【解析】選B。盡管如此, 即使你準(zhǔn)備勇敢地踏入未知世界。unknown未知的, 故選B。 5. A. help B. cheat C. talk D. get 【解析】選C。其他人也可能會(huì)試圖說服你放棄它。help幫助; cheat欺騙; talk談話、勸說; get得到。故選C。 6. A. improve B. remove C. increase D. challenge 【解析】選D。因?yàn)樗麄冏约翰粫?huì)覺得自己準(zhǔn)備好了, 你的雄心和勇敢會(huì)挑戰(zhàn)他們的舒適度。也就是你的做法讓他們不舒服。improve提高; remove移除; increase增加; challenge挑戰(zhàn)。故選D。 7. A. offer B. give C. allow D. owe 【解析】選D。但你不欠他們一個(gè)解釋。offer提供; give給; allow允許; owe欠。故選D。 8. A. excuse B. decision C. sacrifice D. profit 【解析】選C?；蛘吣阋膊槐刈龀鋈魏文悴幌胱龅膫€(gè)人犧牲。excuse借口; decision決定; sacrifice犧牲; profit利潤。故選C。 9. A. refuse B. grasp C. admit D. confirm 【解析】選B。這一點(diǎn)很難掌握?！斑@一點(diǎn)”是指找到合適的時(shí)機(jī)做自己的事, 無需向他人解釋。refuse拒絕; grasp抓住、掌握; admit承認(rèn); confirm證實(shí)。故選B。 10. A. hardest B. bitterest C. easiest D. dullest 【解析】選C。等待自己感到100%準(zhǔn)備好了或很肯定時(shí)再去做是一種最簡單的欺騙自己去錯(cuò)過精彩人生經(jīng)歷的辦法。 hardest最困難的; bitterest最苦的; easiest最容易的; dullest最遲鈍的。故選C。 11. A. automatically B. casually C. vainly D. consciously 【解析】選D。我要讓你有意識(shí)地讓自己擺脫這種自我限制的心態(tài)。automatically自動(dòng)地; casually隨意地; vainly徒勞地; consciously有意識(shí)地。故選D。 12. A. uncertainty B. fort C. anxiety D. hopelessness 【解析】選A。訂下那張飛機(jī)票, 盡管你感到了很多的不確定性。uncertainty不確定; fort舒適; anxiety焦慮; hopelessness無希望。故選A。 13. A. how B. when C. why D. whether 【解析】選A。報(bào)名參加那個(gè)教育課程, 即使你不知道會(huì)怎么樣發(fā)展。故選A。 14. A. worse B. better C. closer D. deeper 【解析】選B。當(dāng)我告訴你一切都會(huì)好起來的時(shí)候, 請(qǐng)相信我。 15. A. difficulty B. doubt C. intention D. success 【解析】選C。當(dāng)你有意識(shí)地去實(shí)現(xiàn)你的夢想時(shí), 當(dāng)你以精神和肉體的投入去面對(duì)它們時(shí), 你就把你的信任投入到生活的行動(dòng)中去了。difficulty困難; doubt懷疑; intention目的; success成功。故選C。 16. A. carry B. remove C. experience D. invest 【解析】選D。carry攜帶; remove移除; experience經(jīng)歷; invest投資, 投入。故選D。 17. A. reality B. priority C. burden D. relief 【解析】選B。你優(yōu)先考慮你的夢想而不只是紙上談兵。reality現(xiàn)實(shí); priority優(yōu)先權(quán); burden負(fù)擔(dān); relief安心。故選B。 18. A. meant B. listed C. realized D. entitled 【解析】選A。那很好, 因?yàn)槟愕膲粝刖鸵馕吨w驗(yàn)。mean意味著; list列出; realize意識(shí)到; entitle使有資格。故選A。 19. A. check B. bring C. work D. test 【解析】選D。你必須在現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中測試它們, 以確定它們是否有可能, 并且值得長期冒險(xiǎn)。check核對(duì); bring帶來; work工作; test測試。故選D。 20. A. wander B. rest C. progress D. hesitate 【解析】選C。當(dāng)你在這個(gè)新的生活之旅中取得進(jìn)展時(shí), 記住: 你周圍的一些人自然會(huì)大吃一驚。wander閑逛; rest休息; progress進(jìn)步, 前進(jìn); hesitate猶豫。故選C。 四、七選五。 Every culture has its own unwritten list of behavior that is acceptable.Every society also has its taboos, or types of behavior that are considered a violation of good manners. The word taboo es from the Tongan language and is used in modern English to describe verbal and nonverbal behavior that is forbidden or to be avoided. 1. They tend to be specific to a culture or country, and usually form around a group’s values and beliefs.What is considered acceptable behavior in one country may be a serious taboo in another. Verbal taboos usually involve topics that people believe are too private to talk about publicly, or relate to one’s manner of speaking.In many cultures, for example, it is considered bad manners to discuss subjects such as sex or religion in public.In some countries, too much volume of one’s voice may annoy people.2. 3． For example, one of the biggest differences among many Western, Asian, and African cultures is the use of eye contact.In the U．S., people make eye contact when they talk to others. 4. In many Asian and African cultures, however, children are taught to lower their eyes when talking to their elders, or those of higher rank, as a way to show respect. Certain gestures made with the hands can have very different meanings depending on the country you are in.Crossing your middle finger over your forefinger is the sign for good luck in many Western countries. 5. Also, in some Asian countries, moving your hands a lot while talking, or “talking with your hands”， is considered unsuitable. Behavior that is acceptable and nonoffensive in one culture can be highly offensive in another.When visiting a foreign country, be aware of some of the basic differences, as this will help to ensure a more enjoyable trip. A．Nonverbal taboos usually relate to body language. B．In Vietnam and Argentina, however, it is a rude gesture. C．In spite of what some people may think, taboos are not universal. D．Cancer is a taboo subject and people are frightened to talk openly about it. E．Learn a country’s customs so that you don’t hurt the local people unconsciously. F．They might think that someone who is speaking or laughing loudly is rude or aggressive. G．If a person avoids eye contact, others might think they are being dishonest or unconfident. 【解題導(dǎo)語】　本文主要講述了不同國家習(xí)俗方面的禁忌，以及肢體語言、手勢語的不同運(yùn)用。 1．C　解析：上句是對(duì)taboo的定義，下句講它們通常是一個(gè)國家或一種文化所特有的，通常是圍繞著一個(gè)團(tuán)體的價(jià)值觀和信仰而形成的。由此可以推斷，C項(xiàng)(盡管一些人可能這樣認(rèn)為，但禁忌不是通用的)符合語境，起到承上啟下的作用。故選C項(xiàng)。 2．F　解析：本段主要講一些人對(duì)禁忌的看法，比如一些私人問題不能在公共場合談?wù)摰?。根?jù)設(shè)空前一句中的too much volume of one’s voice may annoy people可知，在一些國家，說話聲音太大會(huì)惹惱別人，F(xiàn)項(xiàng)(他們可能認(rèn)為大聲說笑是粗魯?shù)幕虺錆M挑釁的)正好是對(duì)上一句的解釋。故選F項(xiàng)。 3．A　解析：根據(jù)設(shè)空后一句中的eye contact可知，本段主要講眼神接觸在不同文化中有不同的要求，屬于肢體語言。故A項(xiàng)(非語言禁忌通常和肢體語言有關(guān))符合語境。 4．G　解析：本段講的是眼神接觸的作用，根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞eye contact可知，G項(xiàng)與該段主題一致，故選G項(xiàng)。 5．B　解析：本段介紹手勢語在不同國家的含義。上一句介紹了把中指和食指交疊起來，在很多西方國家意味著好運(yùn)。下文應(yīng)該介紹其他國家對(duì)此不同的理解，B項(xiàng)(然而在越南和阿根廷，這是一個(gè)粗魯?shù)氖謩?符合語境，故選B項(xiàng)。