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Unit 1 Getting along with others 一、閱讀理解。 The Amazon basin region is home to about 2.5 million insect species，tens of thousands of plants，and some 2 000 birds and mammals.To date，at least 40 000 plant species,3 000 fish,1 294 birds,427 mammals,428 amphibians，and 378 reptiles have been scientifically classified in the region.One in five of all the birds in the world live in the rainforests of the Amazon. The warm wet forests have been in existence for 55 million years，and thrived even during glacial periods，allowing for the evolution of an unbelievable diversity of species.Radiocarbon dating(放射性碳年代測定)has revealed trees of 10 centimeter diameter to be more than 300 years old，and some trees over 1 000 years old，indicating that untouched forests can experience unbelievable longevity. The first human inhabitants are thought to have settled in the Amazon region about 11 200 years ago.European explorers arrived in the 16th century，bringing diseases which traveled faster than the explorers themselves，killing perhaps as many as 90% of the indigenous inhabitants(土著居民)．By the late 17th century the Amazon basin was controlled by Portuguese and Spanish explorers. The Amazon rainforest has been described as the lungs of our planet because of its important role in recycling carbon dioxide into oxygen.But due to deforestation(采伐森林)，rainforests now cover less than 5% of the Earths land surface，and experts believe that this is a big contributor to global climate change.Severe deforestation began in the 20th century，with 587 000 square kilometers lost up to the year 2000.Most deforested land is used for grassland to raise farm animals and agriculture.The addition of transport routes has led to increased settlement and deforestation，and at the present rate，scientists estimate that the Amazon rainforest will be reduced by 40% in two decades. 1．Why are the figures mentioned in Paragraph 1? A．To prove the forest untouched. B．To classify species scientifically. C．To show the diversity of species. D．To attract more attention to Amazon. 2．Why did most indigenous inhabitants in the Amazon region die? A．European explorers brought diseases there. B．Portuguese explorers treated them badly. C．A lot of trees were cut down and burned. D．They got killed by Spanish explorers. 3．What can be inferred about the Amazon rainforest? A．It has the largest number of species. B．It covers over 5% of South America. C．It is being larger in area. D．It is being endangered now. 4．What may be included in the following paragraph? A．Examples of destroying forests. B．Measures to protect rainforests. C．New settlements in Amazon. D．Ways to stop global warming. 【解題導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文，主要介紹了亞馬遜熱帶雨林正面臨消失的危險。 1．C　目的意圖題。通讀全文可知，第一段提到昆蟲、植物和動物等物種的數(shù)量，是為了表明亞馬遜熱帶雨林物種的多樣性。故答案選C。 2．A　細節(jié)理解題。European explorers arrived in the 16th century, bringing diseases which traveled faster than the explorers themselves，killing perhaps as many as 90% of the indigenous inhabitants(土著居民)．(第三段第二句) 譯文：十六世紀(jì)，歐洲探險家來到這里，帶來了疾病，這些疾病的傳播速度比探險家前行的腳步還要快，大約使多達90%的土著居民死亡。 根據(jù)關(guān)鍵句可知，歐洲探險家把疾病帶到亞馬遜地區(qū)，導(dǎo)致大多數(shù)土著居民死亡。故答案選A。 3．D　推理判斷題。The addition of transport routes has led to increased settlement and deforestation，and at the present rate，scientists estimate that the Amazon rain forest will be reduced by 40% in two decades.(最后一段最后一句) 譯文：運輸路線的增加導(dǎo)致了定居點和濫伐森林的增加，根據(jù)目前的速度，科學(xué)家估計亞馬遜熱帶雨林在二十年內(nèi)將減少40%。 根據(jù)關(guān)鍵句可推知，亞馬遜熱帶雨林正面臨消失的危險。故答案選D。 4．B　推理判斷題。最后一段主要介紹了由于濫伐森林，亞馬遜熱帶雨林覆蓋率在下降，正面臨消失的危險；由此可推知，文章接下來應(yīng)是針對這種情況介紹如何保護亞馬遜熱帶雨林。故答案選B。 亮點句積累：The addition of transport routes has led to increased settlement and deforestation，and at the present rate，scientists estimate that the Amazon rain forest will be reduced by 40% in two decades.(最后一段最后一句) 譯文：運輸路線的增加導(dǎo)致了定居點和濫伐森林的增加，根據(jù)目前的速度，科學(xué)家估計亞馬遜熱帶雨林在二十年內(nèi)將減少40%。 二、單項選擇 1.Surely the most _______ thing would be not to believe these ridiculous lies. A. abstract B. diverse C. sensible D. sensitive 【答案】C 【解析】abstract 抽象的；diverse 多種多樣的；sensible 明智的，通情達理的；sensitive 敏感的。句意：最明智的辦法無疑是不要相信這些無稽的謊言。 2.Now that the banks are back on their feet, we expect extraordinary _______ from them to help rebuild the economy. A. mitment B. appointment C. instrument D. requirement 【答案】A 【解析】 mitment 承諾， 許諾； appointment 任命，約會，職務(wù)，職位；instrument 儀器，樂器；requirement要求。句意：現(xiàn)在，銀行業(yè)恢復(fù)了往日的神采，我們希望銀行能夠做出重大承諾來幫助重振國家的經(jīng)濟。 3.He will be generous and merciful to his opponents, as well as to those who are weaker than himself. A. ambitious B. cautious C. merciful D. punctual 【答案】B 【解析】ambitious 有野心的；cautious 謹(jǐn)慎的；merciful 仁慈的；punctual 守時的。句意：對待弱小者，他寬厚大方、仁慈善良，即便對他的對手也是如此。 4._______ the terrorist attack that happened in the city on March 1, the spokesman said that all suspects responsible for it would be severely punished. A. In harmony with B. In connection with C. In addition to D. In regard to 【答案】D 【解析】句意：關(guān)于 3 月 1 日發(fā)生在該市的恐怖襲擊，這位發(fā)言人說所有對這個罪行負(fù)責(zé)的嫌疑犯都會受到嚴(yán)厲的懲罰。 根據(jù)句意可知， 用 in regard to“關(guān)于”。in harmony with 與……和諧； in connection with 和……有關(guān)(相關(guān))；in addition to 除……以外(還)。 5.You can rely on _______ she will e to your help. She is honest and kind-hearted. A. it that B. it C. that D. that it 【答案】A 【解析】句型：rely on it that...指望……。句意：你可以指望他來幫助你。她誠實心地善良。 6.I don’t suppose they will e if it rains, _______? A. do I B. doesn’t it C. will it D. will they 【答案】D 【解析】否定的轉(zhuǎn)移，反義疑問句跟賓語從句中的謂語一致。句意：我認(rèn)為如果下雨他們是不會來的, 是嗎？ 7._______ can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction. A. Nobody B. Anybody C. Somebody D. Everybody 【答案】A 【解析】Nobody can help but do sth.=can’t help but do sth.=can’t help doing sth.，意為“忍不住做某事，情不自禁做某事”。句意：沒有人能夠忍住不為科幻小說帶給我們的科幻世界著迷。 8.In order to lose weight, the young lady prefers _______ regularly rather than _______ expensive weight-losing pills. A. to work out, to take B. working out, taking C. to work out, take D. to working out, taking 【答案】C 【解析】句型：prefer to do A rather than do B。句意：為了減肥，年輕女性更傾向于規(guī)律性地做運動而不是去吃昂貴的減肥藥。hang out 閑逛； 9.We would rather our daughter _______ at home with us, but it is her choice, and she is not a child any longer. A. would stay B. has stayed C. stayed D. stay 【答案】C 【解析】would rather 后面的從句要使用虛擬語氣，如果從句表示與現(xiàn)在將來相反，所以使用一般過去時，如果與過去相反，要使用過去完成時。句意：我們寧愿我們的女兒待在家里，但是這是她的選擇， 她已經(jīng)不再是孩子了。根據(jù)句意可知是與現(xiàn)在事實相反，所以使用一般過去時。 10.—What made your skin look so terrible? —_______ to the sunlight for a long time. A. Because it was exposed B. After being exposed C. Being exposed D. Exposed 【答案】C 【解析】句意：什么使你的皮膚看起來如此糟糕呢？可知是對主語進行提問。答語為：長時間暴露于陽光下使我的皮膚看起來如此糟糕。be exposed to 暴露于，所以用動名詞做主語，省略了重復(fù)的部分。 11.—Did you turn off the lights before you left the puter room? —Oh, I forget _______ them off. I’ll go to do it. A. having been turned B. to turn C. to have turned D. turning 【答案】B 【解析】forget to do sth.“忘記要做某事”；forget doing sth.“忘記做過某事”。根據(jù)答語可知，沒有做關(guān)燈這個動作，故應(yīng)該用不定式，排除 B、D；A 項是完成式的被動式，這兒“turn”還沒有發(fā)生，更不是被動。故選 B。注意 forget turning=forget to have turned。句意： “你離開電腦室前關(guān)燈了嗎？” “噢，我忘記關(guān)了。我現(xiàn)在就去關(guān)。 ” 12.It’s quite hot today. Do you feel like _______ for a swim? A. to go B. going C go D. having gone 【答案】B 【解析】feel like doing sth.想要做某事。動詞短語 feel like 后面只能接動名詞做賓語。句意：今天很熱，你想要去游泳嗎？D 項表示的是已經(jīng)完成的動作。 13.Young people may risk _______ deaf if they are exposed to very loud music every day. A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone 【答案】C 【解析】risk doing sth.意為“冒險做某事” 。句意：年輕人如果每天都置身于非常吵鬧的音樂聲中，他們的耳朵可能有失聰?shù)奈ｋU。 14.After receiving the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress, Anne Benedict went on _______ all the people who had helped in her career. A. to thank B. thanking C. having thanked D. to have thanked 【答案】A 【解析】go on to do 接著做不同的事情。句意：在獲得奧斯卡最佳女配角獎后，安妮本尼迪克特接著感謝在她演藝生涯中所有幫助過她的人。 15.What is the best way you can imagine _______ the overuse of water in our school? A. reducing B. to reduce C. reduced D. reduce 【答案】B 【解析】you can imagine 是定語從句，way to do 做某事的方法。句意：你能想象出的最好的、解決我校過度用水的辦法是什么？ 三、完形填空。 From childhood to old age, we all use language as a means of broadening our knowledge of ourselves and the world around us. When humans first ___1___, they were like newborn babies, unable to use this ___2___ tool. Yet once language developed, the possibilities for humankind’s future ___3___ and cultural growth increased. Many linguists believe that evolution is ___4___ for our ability to produce and use language. They ___5___ that our highly evolved brain provides us ___6___ an innate language ability not found in lower ___7___. Proponents(支持者)of this innateness(天賦)theory say that our ___8___ for language is inborn, but that language itself develops gradually, ___9___ a function of the growth of the brain during childhood. Therefore there are critical ___10___ times for language development. Current ___11___ of innateness theory are mixed, however, evidence supporting the existence of some innate abilities is undeniable. ___12___ , more and more schools are discovering that foreign languages are best taught in ___13___ grades. Young children often can learn several languages by being ___14___ to them, while adults have a much harder time learning another language once the ___15___ of their first language have bee firmly fixed. ___16___ some aspects of language are undeniably innate, language does not develop automatically in a vacuum. Children who have been ___17___ from other human beings do not possess language. This demonstrates that ___18___ with other human beings is necessary for proper language development. Some linguists believe that this is even more basic to human language___19___ than any innate capacities. These theorists view language as imitative, learned behavior. ___20___, children learn language from their parents by imitating them. Parents gradually shape their child’s language skills by positively reinforcing precise imitations and negatively reinforcing imprecise ones. 1. A. generated B. evolved C. born D. bined 【答案】B 【解析】此處意為：當(dāng)人類剛剛開始進化，他們?nèi)缤律鷥阂粯硬粫\用語言這種工具。evolved逐漸發(fā)展進化，符合題意。generated生殖，發(fā)展；born (bear的過去分詞)不能作謂語動詞；bined聯(lián)合，結(jié)合。 2. A. valuable B. appropriate C. convenient D. favorite 【答案】A 【解析】根據(jù)語法分析，答案應(yīng)用來修飾語言的。valuable珍貴的；appropriate合適的，適當(dāng)?shù)?；convenient方便的，便利的；favorite最喜歡的。語言并不是人類選擇的結(jié)果，而是人類在進化過程中慢慢發(fā)展起來的，對人類來說，應(yīng)當(dāng)是珍貴的。 3. A. achievements B. convenience C. entertainments D. appearance 【答案】A 【解析】此處意思是：語言的發(fā)展增加了人類取得未來的成就和文化進步的可能性。achievements成就；convenience方便；entertainments娛樂；appearance外觀，外貌。 4. A. essential B. available C. reliable D. responsible 【答案】D 【解析】此處意為：許多語言學(xué)家認(rèn)為進化使人們產(chǎn)生和具備了語言的能力。固定短語be responsible for對……負(fù)責(zé)，是……的原由。其它選項不與for搭配。 5. A. confirm B. inform C. claim D. convince 【答案】C 6. A. for B. from C. of D. with 【答案】D 【解析】固定搭配provide sb. with sth.意為“向(人)提供(物)”。 句意：他們斷言，我們高度發(fā)達的大腦，為我們提供了一種天生的、還沒有在低等生物體身上發(fā)現(xiàn)的語言能力。 7. A. organizations B. organisms C. humans D. children 【答案】B 【解析】根據(jù)上文的敘述，顯然，這里是把人和低等動物相比較。因此選organisms有機體，生物體。 8. A. potential B. performance C. preference D. contribution 【答案】A 【解析】此句意思是：人類的語言能力是與生俱來的，但語言本身也在逐漸發(fā)展，所以這種能力應(yīng)該是潛在的。potential潛力；performance履行；preference偏愛；contribution貢獻。 9. A. as B. just as C. like D. unlike 【答案】A 【解析】此句句意是：語言本身作為童年時期大腦生長的一種功能，其發(fā)展是緩慢的。as (作為，當(dāng)作)合乎題意。like作為介詞的意思是“像……一樣”。 10. A. consistent B. biological C. social D. psychological 【答案】B 【解析】此句句意為：語言的發(fā)展有一個關(guān)鍵期，人體的成長是生物變化的過程。biological生物的；consistent一致的；social社會的；psychological心理的。 11. A. reviews B. reference C. reaction D. remendation 【答案】A 【解析】此處意為：目前人們對“先天論”評論觀點不一，但是支持某些天生能力的證據(jù)卻是確鑿無疑的。reviews評論；reference參考；reaction反應(yīng)；remendation推薦。 12. A. In a word B. In a sense C. Indeed D. In conclusion 【答案】C 13. A. unique B. different C. the higher D. the lower 【答案】D 【解析】此處意思是：越來越多的學(xué)校發(fā)現(xiàn)在什么年級學(xué)外語較容易，根據(jù)常識(低年級學(xué)外語較容易)以及后文的Young children often can learn several languages by being 14 to them, while adults…可以選定答案。 14. A. revealed B. exposed C. engaged D. involved 【答案】B 【解析】此處意為：通過接觸多種語言，孩子們可以學(xué)會好幾種語言。be exposed to是固定搭配，接觸到。reveal(顯露)sth.to sb，不合題意，因本題中的them指languages。其余選項不與to搭配。engage in從事；be involved in參與。 15. A. regulations B. formations C. rules D. constitutions 【答案】C 【解析】此句意思是：一旦母語的規(guī)則被深深印入腦海中，成年人就很難再學(xué)好另一種語言。rules規(guī)則，規(guī)律；regulations規(guī)定；formations構(gòu)成，構(gòu)造；constitutions憲法，章程。 16. A. Although B. Whether C. Since D. When 【答案】A 【解析】分析上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，應(yīng)為讓步關(guān)系。句意：雖然語言的一些因素是天生的這無可爭辯，但語言卻不能脫離實際而自動發(fā)展。 17. A. distinguished B. difficult C. protected D. isolated 【答案】D 【解析】此句句意為：與人隔絕的兒童是不能掌握好一門語言的。isolated孤立的，與人隔絕的；distinguished區(qū)別的，杰出的；different不同的；protected受到保護的。 18. A. exposition B. parison C. contrast D. interaction 【答案】D 19. A. acquisition B. appreciation C. requirement D. access 【答案】A 【解析】根據(jù)分析，本句中的“this”和“even more basic”分別指代上句的“interaction with other human beings”和“necessary”，此處所填詞對應(yīng)上文中的language development。也就是說，language acquisition語言習(xí)得。appreciation欣賞，感激；requirement要求；access入口，通路，路徑。 20. A. As a result B. After all C. In other words D. As a whole 【答案】C 【解析】本句功能是以另一種方式解釋前文中的“imitative, learned behavior.(模仿性的后天行為)”。in other words換言之，換句話說；as a result結(jié)果是；after all畢竟；as a whole總的來說，總體上看。這些語言學(xué)家視語言為一種模仿的學(xué)習(xí)性行為。也就是說，孩子通過模仿父母的語言來進行學(xué)習(xí)。父母們通過鼓勵準(zhǔn)確的模仿和改正不正確的模仿，逐漸塑造了他們的孩子的語言技能。 四、七選五。 Traveling alone gives you the freedom to create your own schedule and do as you please. 1. For example，a travel partner can provide practical support and share in the rewards of firsthand experience with unfamiliar locations and cultures.Here are several tips to find a travel partner who will improve your journey. 2． Traveling should be fun.When you are on a trip，you will want to do lots of activities that you enjoy.Preferably，your panion will want to do the same things as you. Discuss financial plans.Before you travel，you should plan a budget. 3. You don’t want to be planning an expensive getaway at the same time your friend is looking for budget travel. Have an honest conversation.If you are thinking about traveling with a panion，take some time to have an open discussion.Schedule a time to sit down and talk.Try saying，“I know we’ve talked about the idea of traveling through Europe together.Let’s have a coffee this week and actually talk that through.” 4. You should also talk about your travel style. Find someone who is flexible.Choose a travel partner who can adjust. 5. Maybe it will rain on the day you planned to visit the Grand Canyon.Or you might not be able to get reservations at that French restaurant you’ve been dying to try. A．Look for someone with mon interests. B．You should discuss your goals for the trip. C．Travel with a friend who is pretty easygoing. D．But traveling with a partner has its benefits，too. E．Make sure that you are on the same page concerning money. F．Try to meet your new travel partner in person before your trip. G．No matter how carefully you plan your trip，it is likely that something will go wrong. 【解題導(dǎo)語】　本文是一篇說明文，主要介紹了如何找到一個很好的旅伴。 1．D　解析：根據(jù)空后句子“For example，a travel partner can provide practical support and share in the rewards of firsthand experience”可知，空處談?wù)摰氖呛吐冒橐黄鹇眯杏嘘P(guān)的，而空前講述的是獨自旅行，上下文之間存在轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。所以D選項正確。 2．A　解析：根據(jù)空處所在位置可知，此處為段落主題句。根據(jù)本段最后一句可知，最好和你的旅伴有共同的興趣，所以A選項正確。 3．E　解析：根據(jù)本段中的關(guān)鍵詞“financial plans”“plan a budget”和“budget travel”可知，選項E中的“on the same page concerning money”與此內(nèi)容相呼應(yīng)，所以選E。 4．B　解析：根據(jù)本段主題句“進行誠實的談話”可知，此段的核心話題是“談話”；又根據(jù)空后的“You should also talk about your travel style.”可知，你還需要和你的旅伴討論你們的旅行方式。選項B中的關(guān)鍵詞“discuss your goals”與此呼應(yīng)，所以選B。 5．G　解析：本段主題句是“找到一個頭腦靈活的旅伴”。根據(jù)空后的例子可知，在旅行中會突然出現(xiàn)意想不到的事情。G選項中的“carefully you plan your trip”和“go wrong”與此照應(yīng)，所以選G。