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1、 Section Ⅳ　Language Points(Ⅱ) ( Lesson 2 & Lesson 3) [語(yǔ) 言 基 礎(chǔ) 自 測(cè)] Ⅰ.單詞拼寫 根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)或首字母提示，寫出下列單詞 1．What surprised us most was that he didnt show any respect(尊重) to his parents. 2．At the meeting they discussed three different approaches(方法) to the study of mathematics. 3．The report blames(歸咎于)poo

2、r safety standards for the accident. 4．Several important legal questions arose(出現(xiàn))in the contract negotiations. 5．She was always defending(辯解)her husband in front of their daughter. 6．We only employ female workers. 7．He failed in his attempt to take control of the company. 8．She closed her eyes

3、 and pretended to be asleep. 9．Columbus made an important contribution to the discovery of the new continent. 10．Every year，new graduates are seeking for jobs suitable for themselves. Ⅱ.拓展詞匯 根據(jù)詞性和漢語(yǔ)提示，寫出下列單詞 1．willing adj.愿意的，樂(lè)意的→unwilling adj.不愿意的 2．employ vt.雇用→employee n．雇員，受雇者→employer n．雇

4、主→employment n．工作，職業(yè)，受雇 3．defend vt.為……辯解；保衛(wèi)→defence n．保衛(wèi)，防御→defender n．防御者 4．respect vt.尊敬，尊重→respecting prep.關(guān)于→respectful adj.有禮貌的，恭敬的→respectable adj.體面的 5．suitable adj.合適的→suit v．合適，適合 [尋規(guī)律、巧記憶](méi) un＋adj.→adj.(反) v.＋er./ee→n.(人) unusual 不尋常的 unfortunate 不幸的 uncomfortable 不舒服的 interviewe

5、r 采訪人，面試官 interviewee 被采訪者，應(yīng)試者 trainer 訓(xùn)練員 trainee 受訓(xùn)者 Ⅲ.補(bǔ)全短語(yǔ) 根據(jù)提示補(bǔ)全下列短語(yǔ) 1．in favour of　　 支持，贊同 2．in public 公共地 3．a(chǎn) series of 一系列的 4．concentrate on 專注于 5．consist of 由……組成 6．stand out 突出，顯眼 7．make contributions to 貢獻(xiàn) 8．participate in 參加，參與 9．a(chǎn)s well as 也 10．in competiti

6、on with 與……競(jìng)爭(zhēng) Ⅳ.選詞填空 選用上述短語(yǔ)的適當(dāng)形式填空 1．He was in competition with 10 others for the job. 2．He is too embarrassed to give his views in public． 3．Each party shall consist of not less than ten. 4．The band arranged for a series of concerts. 5．I must concentrate on my work now. [尋規(guī)律、巧記憶](méi) in＋n.＋o

7、f→介詞短語(yǔ) consist＋prep.→動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ) in search of 尋找 in memory of 為了紀(jì)念 in honour of 為向……表示敬意 consist of 由……組成 consist in 在于；存在于 consist with 與……一致 Ⅴ.經(jīng)典句式仿寫 背教材原句 記句式結(jié)構(gòu) 仿寫促落實(shí) 1.It is likely to be just the name of a company，part of which may be a general location. 它很可能僅是一個(gè)公司的名稱，其中可能含有公司的大概位置。 be li

8、kely to do sth. 意為“可能做某事”。 他很可能是我的一位老朋友，我記不清了。 He is likely to be one of my old friends；I cant remember clearly. 2.The top advertisers of today believe that using humour as well as new and unusual ideas to surprise people is important in modern advertisements. 當(dāng)今的頂級(jí)廣告商認(rèn)為，在現(xiàn)代廣告中運(yùn)用既出其不意、新穎獨(dú)特又幽默的

9、創(chuàng)意很重要。 as well as用作介詞，意思是“除……之外還有……”，后面通常接名詞或動(dòng)名詞。 他和他的同學(xué)都喜歡流行音樂(lè)。 He as well as his classmates is fond of pop music. 3.However，not all advertising is about selling products and services for a profit. 然而，并非所有的廣告都是為了贏利而推銷商品和服務(wù)。 not all...意為“并非所有的……都”，表示部分否定。 根據(jù)一項(xiàng)調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，并非所有的人都喜歡那個(gè)演員的作品。 Not every

10、one likes that actors works according to a survey. [核 心 要 點(diǎn) 探 究] blame vt.責(zé)怪，歸咎于 n．過(guò)失；責(zé)備 (教材P24)...is often blamed for encouraging the paparazzi. ……經(jīng)常因鼓勵(lì)獵奇名流的攝影記者受到責(zé)備。 (1)blame sb.for sth.　　 因某事責(zé)怪某人；責(zé)怪某人某事 blame sth.on sb. 把某事歸咎到某人身上 be to blame for sth. 對(duì)某事應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)任；應(yīng)受譴責(zé) (2)accept/bear/tak

11、e the blame for sth. 對(duì)某事負(fù)責(zé)任 put/lay the blame for sth.on sb. 把某事歸咎于某人 ①They blamed the failure on Tom. 他們把失敗歸咎于湯姆。 ②Lots of people find it hard to get up in the morning and put the blame on the alarm clock. 許多人早上起不來(lái)床，轉(zhuǎn)而責(zé)怪鬧鐘。 ③She blamed him for the failure of their marriage. 她把婚姻的失敗歸咎

12、于他。 ④He was to blame for the accident and was really blamed for it.(blame) 他應(yīng)該為這次事故受責(zé)備，也確實(shí)受到了責(zé)備。 [名師點(diǎn)津]　 to blame在作表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)的時(shí)候，用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。 pretend vt.假裝 (教材P24)Pretending to be a repair man to get into the house of a film star and take pictures of her daily life. 假裝成為一名修理工，進(jìn)入一個(gè)電影明星的房子，拍攝她日常生活的

13、照片。 pretend ①He didnt want to analyse the data, so he pretended to be ill. 他不想分析那些數(shù)據(jù)，所以他假裝生病了。 ②He pretended to be doing(do) his lessons when his mother came in. 母親進(jìn)來(lái)的時(shí)候，他假裝正在做功課。 ③She pretended that she didnt know me when we met in the street. ＝She pretended not to know(not know) me when we

14、met in the street. 我在街上見(jiàn)到她時(shí)，她裝作不認(rèn)識(shí)我。 [名師點(diǎn)津]　 pretend to do的否定形式為：pretend not to do假裝沒(méi)做某事。 respect vt.尊敬，尊重 n．尊敬，敬意；細(xì)節(jié)，方面 (教材P25)The media should respect famous peoples privacy. 媒體應(yīng)該尊重名人的隱私。 (1)respect sb.for sth.　　 因某事而尊敬某人 respect sb.as 尊敬某人為…… (2)show/have respect for sb. 尊重某人 with

15、respect 尊敬地 in this/that respect 在這/那一方面 ①We should show respect for our parents. 我們應(yīng)該尊敬父母。 ②She has always been honest with me，and I respect her for this. 她對(duì)我一直很真誠(chéng)，我非常敬重她這一點(diǎn)。 ③It is worth remembering that children tend to copy their parents in this respect. 值得記住的是孩子們?cè)谶@一方面往往會(huì)效仿父母。 (教材P2

16、6)It is likely to be just the name of a company，part of which may be a general location. 它很可能僅是公司的名稱，其中可能含有公司的大概位置。 【要點(diǎn)提煉】　句中It is likely to do...表示“很可能……”，其中l(wèi)ikely是形容詞，表示“很可能的”。 ……很可能…… ①It is likely that he will attend the meeting. ＝He is likely to attend(attend) the meeting. 他很可能會(huì)出席會(huì)議。 [明辨

17、異同]　likely/probable/possible 易混詞 語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng)弱 主語(yǔ) 常用句型 likely 語(yǔ)氣較possible強(qiáng)，較probable弱，表示“十有五六”的，可能性 作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，主語(yǔ)為人、物或形式主語(yǔ)it be likely to do sth. It is likely that... probable 語(yǔ)氣最強(qiáng)，表示“十有八九的可能性” 作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，常用it作形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)一般為that引導(dǎo)的從句 It is probable that... possible 語(yǔ)氣最弱，表示“十有二三的可能性” 作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，常用it作形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)一般為

18、不定式或that引導(dǎo)的從句 It is possible(for sb.)to do sth. It is possible that... 　(likely/probable/possible) ②It is possible for me to change jobs，but I am not sure. ③Im likely to be very busy tomorrow. ④It is probable/likely/possible that he will set a world record. suitable adj.合適的，適當(dāng)?shù)? (教材P26)Howe

19、ver，this kind of advertising might not be suitable when there are products and services in direct competition with each other in the market place. 然而，當(dāng)產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)在市場(chǎng)上互相進(jìn)行直接競(jìng)爭(zhēng)時(shí)，這種廣告可能就不適合了。 (1)be suitable for sb./sth.　　 適合于某人/某物 be suitable to do sth. 適合做某事 (2)suit vt. (使)適合 suit...to... 使……適合于…

20、… ①I think this place is suitable for you to sell souvenirs to tourists. 我認(rèn)為這個(gè)地方適合你賣紀(jì)念品給游客。 ②This kind of accommodation offers an independent lifestyle and is more suitable for the longstay student. 這種住宿方式提供獨(dú)立的生活方式，它更適合于長(zhǎng)期居住的學(xué)生。 ③A good teacher suits his lessons to the age of his pupils. 一位優(yōu)秀的

21、老師應(yīng)使他講的課適合學(xué)生的年齡。 consist of 由……組成 (教材P26)Some advertisements consist of pictures or the words of experts to show people how good the products are. 有些廣告中含有圖片或?qū)＜艺f(shuō)的話，告訴人們?cè)摦a(chǎn)品如何好。 (1)consist in　　 (本質(zhì))在于……；存在于…… consist with 與……一致 (2)consistent adj. 前后一致的；相符的 be consistent in 在……方面一致 be c

22、onsistent with 與……一致，符合 ①Happiness consists in health. 幸福在于健康。 ②你現(xiàn)在說(shuō)的話與上星期你說(shuō)的不相符。 What youre saying now is not consistent with what you said last week. [名師點(diǎn)津]　 consist of不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，不用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，常用現(xiàn)在分詞形式作定語(yǔ)。 approach n．方法，方式 vi.靠近，走近；處理；找……商量 (教材P26)For many of todays advertisers, repeating old ide

23、as is not a successful approach. 對(duì)當(dāng)今很多廣告設(shè)計(jì)者來(lái)說(shuō)，重復(fù)舊的理念已不是有效的辦法。 at ones approach　　　 某人一接近 make approaches to sb. 設(shè)法接近某人 an approach to... 解決……的方法，通往……的道路(to是介詞) with the approach of 隨著……的來(lái)臨(臨近) ①At her approach the children ran off. 她走近的時(shí)候，孩子們跑了。 ②I like her approach to the problem. 我喜

24、歡她解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題的方法。 ③Im not good at making approaches(approach)to strangers. 我不善于接近陌生人。 [名師點(diǎn)津]　 我們學(xué)過(guò)的表示“用這種方法”的表達(dá)還有：with this method，in this way，by this means等。 (教材P26)The top advertisers of today believe that using humour as well as new and unusual ideas to surprise people is important in modern adv

25、ertisements. 當(dāng)今的頂級(jí)廣告商認(rèn)為，在現(xiàn)代廣告中運(yùn)用既出其不意、新穎獨(dú)特又幽默的創(chuàng)意很重要。 【要點(diǎn)提煉】　句中as well as連接兩個(gè)名詞humour和ideas，作動(dòng)名詞using的賓語(yǔ)。 (1)as well as意為“和，也， 不但……(而且……)，既……(又……)”，用于連接平行結(jié)構(gòu)。連接動(dòng)詞時(shí)其后面常用動(dòng)名詞，尤其是位于句首時(shí)。它連接的并列成分作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與as well as前的成分在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。 (2)as well as表示同級(jí)比較，意為“和……一樣好”，此時(shí)是as...as...結(jié)構(gòu)。 ①As well as breaking his

26、 leg，he hurt his arm. 他不但摔斷了腿，而且還傷了胳膊。 ②Li Na speaks English as well as a native speaker. 李娜英語(yǔ)說(shuō)得與以英語(yǔ)為母語(yǔ)的人一樣好。 ③The famous musician，as well as his students，was invited(invite)to perform at the opening ceremony. 那位著名的音樂(lè)家和他的學(xué)生被邀請(qǐng)?jiān)陂_(kāi)幕式上演出。 [名師點(diǎn)津]　 (1)與as well as連接并列成分作主語(yǔ)用法類似的還有along with，with，besi

27、des，but，except，rather than等。 (2)as well表示“也”，通常位于句尾，相當(dāng)于too。 (教材P26)However，not all advertising is about selling products and services for a profit. 然而，并非所有的廣告都是為了盈利而推銷產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)。 【要點(diǎn)提煉】　句中not all為部分否定。 (1)某些表示全體意義的代詞、形容詞、副詞與not連用表示部分否定，如代詞all，both和形容詞whole，every等所修飾的名詞詞組，包括every所構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞。某些副詞如altoge

28、ther，always，entirely，wholly，quite等也是。 (2)英語(yǔ)中的no，none，never，nobody，nothing，neither，no one，nowhere，no more，no longer，no way等表否定意義的詞(組)與肯定式謂語(yǔ)一起使用構(gòu)成“全部否定”。 ①Our English teacher is excellent，but she cant help everyone in the class in 50 minutes. 我們的英語(yǔ)老師非常優(yōu)秀，但她不能在50分鐘內(nèi)幫助每一個(gè)人。 ②The rich men are not alw

29、ays happy. 有錢的人并非總是幸福的。 ③None of the books are useful to us for the moment. 這些書對(duì)我們暫時(shí)都沒(méi)用。 ④Neither of them can speak English. 他們倆都不會(huì)講英語(yǔ)。 contribution n．貢獻(xiàn)，捐助 (教材P26)Some contemporary advertisements mainly aim to make contributions to society. 目前有些廣告致力于為社會(huì)做貢獻(xiàn)。 (1)make contributions/a contrib

30、ution to 　　　　　　 為……做貢獻(xiàn)；捐助 (2)contribute v. 捐獻(xiàn)，捐款，貢獻(xiàn)；有助于；促成；投稿 contribute to 有助于；促成；投稿 contribute...to... 向……捐款/提供…… ①A proper amount of exercise contributes to good health. 適當(dāng)?shù)倪\(yùn)動(dòng)量有助于健康。 ②He has made great contributions to the city development. 他為城市發(fā)展做出了巨大的貢獻(xiàn)。 ③He contributed 5，000 dol

31、lars to the disasterhit areas. 他給災(zāi)區(qū)捐了5 000美元。 [巧學(xué)助記](méi)　 Many people contributed money to the poor boy，which contributed to his returning to school.A writer wrote a story about this and contributed it to a newspaper.許多人給這個(gè)可憐的男孩捐錢，這使他重新回到了學(xué)校。一位作家寫了一篇關(guān)于此事的新聞報(bào)道并把它投到了報(bào)社。 arise vi.發(fā)生，出現(xiàn)；起身；起床 (教材P11

32、5)Could you tell us how the problem arose? 你能告訴我們問(wèn)題是怎么出現(xiàn)的嗎？ 　寫出下列句中arise的含義 ①Seeing his mother return home，the boy arose from his chair immediately. 起身 ②A number of high buildings have arisen where there was nothing a year ago but ruins. 出現(xiàn) ③They arose at sunrise to get an early start to the

33、park. 起床 arise from/out of＝result from 產(chǎn)生于，起因于 ④Accidents often arise from/out of carelessness. 事故常起因于粗心。 [明辨異同]　arise/rise/raise/arouse 原形 過(guò)去式 過(guò)去分詞 釋義 arise vi. arose arisen 出現(xiàn)；起身 rise vi. rose risen 升起，升高； 站起，起床 raise vt. raised raised 舉起，抬起 arouse vt. aroused aroused 喚起

34、 　用arise/rise/raise/arouse的適當(dāng)形式填空 ⑤The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. ⑥She rose/arose to greet her guests. ⑦He raised his hand in order that the taxi might stop. ⑧The noise aroused the sleeping guard. employ vt.雇用；使用；使忙于 (教材P115)...pay high prices for photographs of famous people

35、 taken by these selfemployed photographers. ……給個(gè)體經(jīng)營(yíng)的攝影師拍攝的名人照片付高價(jià)。 (1)employ sb.to do sth.　 雇用某人做某事 employ sth.to do sth. 利用某物做某事 employ oneself in...＝be employed in... 從事……；忙于 (2)employer 雇主 employee 雇員 (un)employment 就業(yè)/失業(yè) ①They employed her to look after the baby. 他們雇用她照料那個(gè)嬰兒

36、。 ②You should employ your money more wisely to buy(buy)things badly needed. 你應(yīng)該更明智地用你的錢來(lái)買最需要的東西。 ③He was busily employed in cleaning(clean) his shoes. 他正忙著擦他的鞋子。 ④How long has she been in your employment(employ)? 她被你雇用多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了？ attempt v．& n．嘗試，試圖，努力 (教材P115)But sometimes，the paparazzi go too

37、far in their attempt to get the best photographs. 有時(shí)候，獵奇名流的新聞?dòng)浾呦胍玫阶詈玫臄z影作品會(huì)走的很遠(yuǎn)。 (1)attempt to do sth. ＝make an attempt to do/at doing sth. 　　　　　 試圖做某事 in an attempt to do sth. 試圖做某事 at the first attempt 第一次嘗試 (2)attempted adj. 未遂的；意圖的 an attempted suicide/murder 自殺/謀殺未遂 ①The prison

38、er made an attempt to escape. 囚犯妄圖逃跑。 ②Two factories were closed in an attempt to cut(cut)costs. 為了削減費(fèi)用，兩家工廠被關(guān)閉了。 ③I passed my driving test at the first attempt. 我考駕駛執(zhí)照時(shí)，一次就通過(guò)了。 [名師點(diǎn)津]　 attempt to do sth.相當(dāng)于try to do sth.，意為“盡力做……”，但不一定成功；而succeed in doing sth./manage to do sth.意為“成功地做某事”。

39、defend vt.為……辯解；保衛(wèi) (教材P115)But I know there are people who defend the paparazzi. 但我知道有人會(huì)為獵奇名流的新聞?dòng)浾咿q護(hù)。 (1)defend...against/from...　 保護(hù)……不受…… defend sb./oneself/sth.(from/against...) 為……辯解 (2)defence n. 保衛(wèi)；辯護(hù) in defence of... 為……申辯，為了保衛(wèi)…… ①They defend their country against/from enemies.

40、 他們保衛(wèi)自己的國(guó)家不受敵人侵犯。 ②She defended herself(she)successfully in the court. 她在法庭上成功地為自己進(jìn)行了辯護(hù)。 ③She spoke in defence(defend)of her religious beliefs. 她為其宗教信仰辯護(hù)。 in favour of支持，贊同；有利于 (教材P115)Since then，the law and the public opinion have been less in favour of the paparazzi and their job. 自那以后，法律

41、和公眾輿論就已經(jīng)對(duì)獵奇名流的新聞?dòng)浾呒八麄兊墓ぷ骱苌僦С至恕? (1)favour n． 贊同；恩惠 vt. 喜愛(ài)；有利于 in ones favour 對(duì)某人有利 ask sb.a favour＝ask a favour of sb. 求某人幫忙 do sb.a favour＝do a favour for sb. 幫某人忙 (2)favourite adj. 最喜愛(ài)的 favourable adj. 贊同的；順利的，有利的 ①Do me a favour and turn the radio down while Im on the phone

42、, will you? 勞駕，我打電話時(shí)，你能把收音機(jī)的聲音調(diào)小點(diǎn)兒?jiǎn)幔? ②The exchange rate is in our(us) favour today. 今天的兌換率對(duì)我們有利。 ③Could I ask a favour? Would you pick my son up at the school gate? 請(qǐng)你幫我個(gè)忙去學(xué)校門口接我兒子好嗎？ ④Such events occur only when the external conditions are favourable (favour)．這種事情只有在外部條件有利時(shí)才會(huì)發(fā)生。 [解構(gòu)長(zhǎng)句難句] 1

43、．For example，it could be “Shanghai Sewing Machine” or “Tsing Tao Beer Corporation”， and you would know what the companies sell，where they are located，and the brand names. 【分析】　本句是由and連接的兩個(gè)并列句。在后一個(gè)分句中，又包含著what引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句和where引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。 【翻譯】　例如，一則廣告可能是“上?？p紉機(jī)廠”或“青島啤酒廠”，你一看就知道它們賣什么，位置在哪里，是什么牌子。 2．Modern a

44、dvertisements must stand out in a world full of competition by combining the highest standards of design with ideas linked to the products to make them more attractive. 【分析】　本句是一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的較長(zhǎng)的簡(jiǎn)單句。full of competition是形容詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)，修飾a world，意為“一個(gè)充滿競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的世界”；by combining...with...是介詞短語(yǔ)作方式狀語(yǔ)；linked to the produc

45、ts是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)，修飾ideas；to make them more attractive是不定式短語(yǔ)作目的狀語(yǔ)。 【翻譯】　現(xiàn)代的廣告必須把最高水平的設(shè)計(jì)和產(chǎn)品理念相結(jié)合，以增強(qiáng)吸引力，這樣才能在激烈的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中勝出。 [隨 堂 效 果 落 實(shí)] Ⅰ.單句語(yǔ)法填空 1．You are not wholly to blame for the accident. 2．The children were employed in weeding(weed)the garden. 3．The management is making a serious attempt to imp

46、rove(improve)working conditions. 4．The frank exchange of views contributed to better understanding(understand)． 5．I know a new approach to the difficult problem. 6．Happiness consists in trying to do our duty. 7．When I saw her，she pretended to be sleeping(sleep). 8．Is there any man unwilling to

47、 fight in defence(defend)of his country? 9．The husband arose(arise)and looked out of the window. 10．He as well as I is willing to help(help) you. Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò) 1．It is like that there will be a snowstorm tomorrow. like→likely 2．Not all the student go in for table tennis. student→students 3．He has m

48、ade great contribution to the city development. contribution→contributions 4．English，as well as Chinese and maths，are of great importance. are→is 5．Please send them my respect when you write. respect→respects [語(yǔ) 法 專 項(xiàng) 突 破] 動(dòng)名詞 [自主領(lǐng)悟] 先觀察原句 后自主感悟 ①For many of todays advertisers，repeating

49、old ideas is not a successful approach. ②Others try to create advertisements that people simply enjoy looking at. ③The classic advertisement is one that gives information about finding certain products. ④...a lot of money is spending on applying modern techniques of design to make these advertise

50、ments as visually attractive as possible. ⑤...the main purpose of the advertisement is making customers spend money. ⑥For example，it could be “Shanghai Sewing Machine”... 1.句①為動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)。 2.句②、句③和句④均是動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，句②中動(dòng)名詞作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，句③和句④中動(dòng)名詞作介詞的賓語(yǔ)。 3.句⑤中動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)；句⑥中動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明被修飾名詞的用途。 [精要點(diǎn)撥] 動(dòng)詞ing形式具有動(dòng)詞和名詞的特點(diǎn)。動(dòng)

51、詞特點(diǎn)體現(xiàn)在可以有自己的賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化；名詞特點(diǎn)體現(xiàn)在可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。 一、動(dòng)詞ing 形式的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)和否定形態(tài) 動(dòng)詞ing 形式的時(shí)態(tài)有一般式和完成式；語(yǔ)態(tài)有主動(dòng)式和被動(dòng)式；動(dòng)詞ing形式的否定形式是直接在其前面加上not。以及物動(dòng)詞do為例，列表說(shuō)明如下： 語(yǔ)態(tài) 時(shí)態(tài)　　 主動(dòng)(肯定式/否定式) 被動(dòng)(肯定式/否定式) 一般式 doing/not doing being done/not being done 完成式 having done/not having done having been done/not havi

52、ng been done 1.一般式表示與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)或稍后發(fā)生；完成式表示動(dòng)作先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞完成。 Do you like playing chess？你喜歡下棋嗎？ She was pleased that the teacher wasnt angry with her for having been so careless. 她很高興老師沒(méi)有因?yàn)樗拇中亩鷼狻? 2．語(yǔ)態(tài)主要看與邏輯主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系。如果邏輯主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)詞ing 形式動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者就用主動(dòng)形式，是動(dòng)詞ing形式動(dòng)作的承受者就用被動(dòng)形式。 While shopping, people sometimes cant h

53、elp being persuaded into buying something they dont really need. 購(gòu)物時(shí)，人們有時(shí)會(huì)情不自禁地被說(shuō)服買他們可能并不需要的東西。 3．否定形式是在動(dòng)詞ing 形式前直接加上not。 I must apologize for not letting you know ahead of time.我必須因沒(méi)有提前告知你而向你道歉。 二、動(dòng)詞ing的句子成分 1．作主語(yǔ) Teaching English in a middle school is my fulltime job. 在中學(xué)教英語(yǔ)是我的專職工作。 In som

54、e Arabian countries，shaking ones head from side to side means agreement. 在一些阿拉伯國(guó)家，搖頭表示同意。 [名師點(diǎn)津]　 動(dòng)名詞和不定式作主語(yǔ)的區(qū)別 動(dòng)名詞：動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)通常表示經(jīng)常性的、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。 不定式：不定式作主語(yǔ)既可表示經(jīng)常性的、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作又可表示具體的、一次性的動(dòng)作。 Lying is wrong. 撒謊不對(duì)。 To lie to her is wrong. 對(duì)她撒謊不對(duì)。 [溫馨提示]　 (1)動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)后置的常用句型： It is/wasv.ing It is no use

55、 crying over spilt milk.覆水難收。 (2)當(dāng)句型“There is no...”表示“不允許、禁止某種行為的發(fā)生或存在”時(shí)，需用動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)。 There is no joking about such matters. 這種事開(kāi)不得玩笑。 (3)單個(gè)動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式。 Planting many trees is very good for our environment. 植樹(shù)對(duì)我們的環(huán)境非常有好處。 [即時(shí)演練1]　用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空 ①Reading(read)aloud is a good way of learnin

56、g a language. ②As far as Im concerned，its no good arguing(argue)with him. ③Making friends plays(play)an important part in our life. 2．作表語(yǔ) 動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)通常是對(duì)主語(yǔ)進(jìn)行說(shuō)明、解釋。這時(shí)主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)位置可以互換。 His hobby is watching football games. ＝Watching football games is his hobby. 他的愛(ài)好是看足球比賽。 [名師點(diǎn)津]　 現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于形容詞的功能，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)

57、的性質(zhì)、特征，主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)的位置不可互換。 [溫馨提示]　 (1)動(dòng)名詞和不定式均可作表語(yǔ)，解釋或說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的具體內(nèi)容，兩者?？蓳Q用。 My job is looking after the old man. ＝My job is to look after the old man. 我的工作是照顧那位老人。 (2)在有些情況下，如果動(dòng)詞表示的是一個(gè)具體的、個(gè)別的動(dòng)作，則多用不定式作表語(yǔ)；用動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)側(cè)重于主語(yǔ)本身的性質(zhì)或狀態(tài)。 Your task today is to wash the curtains. 你今天的任務(wù)是洗窗簾。(指一次具體的工作) His favorite

58、 sport is swimming. 他最喜歡的運(yùn)動(dòng)是游泳。(泛指游泳) 3．作賓語(yǔ) (1)admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, face, feel like, finish, forgive, give up, imagine, include, keep, mention, mind, miss, practise, put off, resist, risk, suggest, cant help(情不自禁)，cant stand(無(wú)法忍受)等動(dòng)詞或詞組后可以用動(dòng)名詞

59、作賓語(yǔ)，但不能用不定式。 What environment do you enjoy working in? 你喜歡在什么樣的環(huán)境下工作？ If you ask me, I think you should give up smoking. 如果你問(wèn)我，我認(rèn)為你應(yīng)該戒煙。 I cant help laughing every time I think of that. 每次想起那件事，我就會(huì)忍不住笑起來(lái)。 (2)forget, remember, mean, regret, go on, stop, try等動(dòng)詞或詞組后可用動(dòng)名詞或不定式作賓語(yǔ)，但意義上有區(qū)別。

60、 I forget doing homework this morning. 我忘記早上做過(guò)作業(yè)了。 But what if they forget to look at their calendar? 但是，如果他們忘了看日歷怎么辦？ I remember meeting you one evening at the Capital Theatre. 我記得有一天晚上在首都劇場(chǎng)遇到過(guò)你。 I must remember to read the book. 我必須記得去讀這本書。 (3)在動(dòng)詞allow，advise，forbid，permit，consider后直接跟

61、動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)；如果后面有名詞或代詞作賓詞，則用動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。 allow/permit/forbid/advise/consider Smoking is forbidden here so we dont allow you to smoke. 這里禁止吸煙，所以我們不允許你吸煙。 We dont allow smoking in the hall. 我們不準(zhǔn)有人在大廳內(nèi)吸煙。 (4)動(dòng)詞need，require，want 作“需要”，deserve作“應(yīng)受，應(yīng)得”解時(shí)，其后用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式(doing )或不定式的被動(dòng)形式(to be done)表被動(dòng)意義。be w

62、orth 后用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式(doing)表示被動(dòng)意義，而worthy則需用被動(dòng)形式。 The window needs/requires/wants 窗戶需要擦一下。 This place is 這個(gè)地方值得參觀。 These proposals deserve 這些建議值得考慮。 (5)短語(yǔ)devote to, look forward to, stick to，be used to, be busy (in), have difficulty/trouble/problem(in)，have a good/wonderful/hard time(in), theres

63、 no use/good/need, get down to 等須要用動(dòng)名詞形式作賓語(yǔ)。 We look forward to hearing from you soon. 我們盼望著很快能收到您的回信。 I always have difficulty (in) pronouncing new words. 在讀生詞時(shí)我總是遇到困難。 (6) love, hate, prefer, like 等動(dòng)詞后用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)指一般情況；跟不定式作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)指某一具體行為。 I like swimming，but I prefer diving. 我喜歡游泳，但是更喜歡潛水。 I pref

64、er to work rather than go on a holiday at the seaside. 我寧愿工作也不愿去海濱度假。 [記憶口訣]　 巧記后接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的(短語(yǔ))動(dòng)詞： 建議、考慮、堅(jiān)持練，(suggest，advise，consider，insist on，practise) 允許、想象、棄冒險(xiǎn)，(permit，allow，imagine，give up, risk) 阻止、抵抗、否避開(kāi)，(prevent，resist，deny，escape) 不禁、介意、保持完，(cant help，mind，keep，finish) 承認(rèn)、錯(cuò)過(guò)、欣喜歡。(admi

65、t，miss，appreciate，enjoy) [即時(shí)演練2]　用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空 ①—That would mean wasting(waste) a lot of labour. —Really？I dont mean to waste(waste) any labour. ②The young trees we planted last week require looking/to be looked(look) after with great care. ③We cant imagine her succeeding(succeed) in the entranc

66、e examination，for she has never been to school. 4．作定語(yǔ) 動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)，置于被修飾詞之前，表示被修飾詞的用途或性能。 There is a large swimming pool in the garden.(the pool for swimming) 花園里邊有一個(gè)大的游泳池。 The writing table is made of expensive wood.(The table for writing) 這張寫字臺(tái)是貴重木材做的。 a waiting room ＝a room for waiting 候車室，候診室 a hiding place 藏身之處　　 a sailing boat帆船 an operating table手術(shù)臺(tái) a watering can水罐 building materials建筑材料 a guessing game猜謎游戲 a bathing cap浴帽 a weig