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1、Unit 2 Working the land 1.FIND THE WORD OR PHRASE FROM THE TEXT FOR EACH OF THESE MEANING. _ brown (skin) from spending too much time in the sun. _ to make something or somebody free of _ to become larger in size, number or amount _ to make information and ideas known to many people _ would prefer t

2、o _ to try extremely hard to achieve somethingsunburntrid of expandcirculateWould ratherstruggle _ to send things to foreign countries for sale _ pleased by having what one wants or needs _ to provide with things necessary for a certain purpose _ plants grown in large amounts by farmers _ because of

3、 exportSatisfied withequipcropThanks toANSWER KEYS FOR EX.2 ON PAGE 11: 1.statistics; globe 2.super; nationalities 3.Hunger;disease 4.Vietnam;occupations 5.freedom;exportedANSWER KEYS FOR EX.3 ON PAGE 11: decade struggle; expanding ;Equipped; output grain;crops; battles;disturbingANSWER KEYS FOR EX.

4、1 ON PAGE 49confuse confusiondiscover discovery equip equipment expand expansionproduce productionexport export comment comment focus focus regret regret struggle struggle sum sumANSWER KEYS FOR EX.1 ON PAGE 491.circulated2.focus; export mented;regret4.struggled;confusing5.equipANSWER KEYS FOR EX.2

5、ON PAGE 49 chemicals; pests ; bacteria production soil discoveries ; chemicals minerals nutrition; root focusANSWER KEYS FOR EX.3 ON PAGE 491.Todays lesson focuses on how to write a summary of a news article.2.We must skim the report to find the main idea.3.The teacher told us to underline the diffi

6、cult words and look them up in the dictionary. 4.He said that details likes statistics should not be included.5.I think Im going to use a report about how farmers are keeping their fields free of chemical fertilizers .6. It took the farmer twenty years to build up his business.7.Using too much chemi

7、cal fertilizer will lead to serious problems.THE ING FORM AS THE SUBJECT OBJECT 1作主語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ) 動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，句子有兩種形式：動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，句子有兩種形式： 動(dòng)名詞直接置于句首主語(yǔ)的位置上。動(dòng)名詞直接置于句首主語(yǔ)的位置上。1) 捉弄?jiǎng)e人是我們?nèi)f萬(wàn)不能干的捉弄?jiǎng)e人是我們?nèi)f萬(wàn)不能干的.Playing tricks on others is something we should never do2)學(xué)習(xí)新單詞對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)非常重要。學(xué)習(xí)新單詞對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)非常重要。 Learning new words is very imp

8、ortant for me3)說(shuō)比做容易。說(shuō)比做容易。Talking is easier than doing.用形式主語(yǔ)用形式主語(yǔ)it，把真正的主語(yǔ)，把真正的主語(yǔ)動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)移動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)移置句尾。但這種句子形式有一定的限制，作表語(yǔ)置句尾。但這種句子形式有一定的限制，作表語(yǔ)的只能是某些形容詞或少數(shù)名詞，如的只能是某些形容詞或少數(shù)名詞，如useful，useless，good，fun；no use，worth等。等。如：如：和夏洛克爭(zhēng)辯是沒(méi)有什么用的。和夏洛克爭(zhēng)辯是沒(méi)有什么用的。It is useless trying to argue with Shylock這事值得去做。這事值得去做。 Its

9、 worth making the effort想再解釋一次有好處嗎想再解釋一次有好處嗎?Is it any good trying to explain?跟你在一起工作是令人愉快的。跟你在一起工作是令人愉快的。It is pleasant working with you在在there be結(jié)構(gòu)中作主語(yǔ)，這種結(jié)構(gòu)的意思結(jié)構(gòu)中作主語(yǔ)，這種結(jié)構(gòu)的意思相當(dāng)于相當(dāng)于“It is impossible to do ”。例如：例如：若要人不知，除非己莫為。若要人不知，除非己莫為。There is no hiding of evil but not to do it這種事開(kāi)不得玩笑。這種事開(kāi)不得玩笑。 H

10、ere is no joking about such matter.無(wú)法知道他什么時(shí)候離開(kāi)無(wú)法知道他什么時(shí)候離開(kāi) There was no knowing when he would leave. It +be +a waste of time doing 做做是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間的是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間的It is/was no good/use doing 做做是沒(méi)用處的是沒(méi)用處的It is/was hardly/scarcely worth doing 做做不值得不值得It is/was worth/worthwhile doing 做做是值得的是值得的There is no doing 無(wú)法無(wú)法， 不允許

11、不允許歸納：常用歸納：常用-ing形式作主語(yǔ)的句型有：形式作主語(yǔ)的句型有：There is no sense in doing 做做沒(méi)有道理沒(méi)有道理There is/was no use doing 干干無(wú)意義無(wú)意義 There is/was nothing worse than doing 沒(méi)有比沒(méi)有比更糟的更糟的There is/was no point doing 干干無(wú)意義無(wú)意義我們不知道要去哪兒。我們不知道要去哪兒。There was no knowing where we would go. 做這件傻事毫無(wú)意義。做這件傻事毫無(wú)意義。 There is no point doing

12、such a silly thing.注意：注意：There is no need to do sth 干、沒(méi)必要，干、沒(méi)必要，在此句式中在此句式中to do 不可換為不可換為doing. 沒(méi)有必要告訴她。沒(méi)有必要告訴她。There is no need to tell her. 提示：當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞用作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)由形容詞性提示：當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞用作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)由形容詞性物主代詞和名詞所有格構(gòu)成物主代詞和名詞所有格構(gòu)成。我姐姐病了，使我很擔(dān)心。我姐姐病了，使我很擔(dān)心。My sisters being ill made we worried.你正確未必就意味著我錯(cuò)了。你正確未必就意味著我錯(cuò)了。

13、Your being right doesnt necessarily mean my being wrong. PLEASE REWRITE THE SENTENCES FOLLOWING THE EXAMPLE.(PAGE 13 EX. 2)1. Helping people in need of help is nice.2. Growing super hybrid rice is not easy.3. Learning more about farming is not difficult.4. Doing research in the countryside is not as

14、 easy as in the city.5. Getting rid of hunger is very important in some African countries.6. Explaining this again is important or we will get confused. 2、用作賓語(yǔ)、用作賓語(yǔ) 動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)有兩種情況。一是有些動(dòng)詞只能后動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)有兩種情況。一是有些動(dòng)詞只能后接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)；二是有些動(dòng)詞既可后接動(dòng)名詞接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)；二是有些動(dòng)詞既可后接動(dòng)名詞也可后接不定式作賓語(yǔ)。也可后接不定式作賓語(yǔ)。只能后接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞，常見(jiàn)的有只能后接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的

15、動(dòng)詞，常見(jiàn)的有avoid，consider，enjoy，keep，finish，suggest，dislike，delay，escape，cannot help，imagine，mind，miss，practise，cannot stand等。如等。如：我不能不去。我不能不去。 I cant avoid going你是否考慮過(guò)找一位摯友你是否考慮過(guò)找一位摯友? Have you considered looking for one special friend? 我們必須設(shè)法避免犯同樣的錯(cuò)誤。我們必須設(shè)法避免犯同樣的錯(cuò)誤。 We must try to avoid repeating the

16、same mistake晚飯后你想和我一起散步嗎晚飯后你想和我一起散步嗎?Do you feel like having a walk with me after supper? 人們?nèi)滩蛔〕靶δ莻€(gè)愚蠢的人。人們?nèi)滩蛔〕靶δ莻€(gè)愚蠢的人。People couldnt help laughing foolish man 這類動(dòng)詞還有：這類動(dòng)詞還有：excuse，fancy，give up，put off，risk等。等。既可接動(dòng)名詞又可接不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞，既可接動(dòng)名詞又可接不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞，常見(jiàn)的有：常見(jiàn)的有：begin，start，continue，like，love，prefer，by，m

17、ean，forget，remember，hate等。等。A在在like，love，hate，prefer等動(dòng)詞之后，用等動(dòng)詞之后，用-ing或不定式意義上沒(méi)有什么不同，只是側(cè)重或不定式意義上沒(méi)有什么不同，只是側(cè)重點(diǎn)有些不同，動(dòng)名詞表示泛指的動(dòng)作，不定式點(diǎn)有些不同，動(dòng)名詞表示泛指的動(dòng)作，不定式表示具體的一次性動(dòng)作。表示具體的一次性動(dòng)作。B在在begin/start，continue之后，用動(dòng)名詞和不之后，用動(dòng)名詞和不定式，意義無(wú)甚區(qū)別，尤其是當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是人的時(shí)定式，意義無(wú)甚區(qū)別，尤其是當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是人的時(shí)候。候。 C在動(dòng)詞在動(dòng)詞forget，remember，regret之后，用動(dòng)名詞與不之后，用動(dòng)名詞與

18、不定式意義不同。動(dòng)名詞表示動(dòng)作先于謂語(yǔ)發(fā)生，不定式定式意義不同。動(dòng)名詞表示動(dòng)作先于謂語(yǔ)發(fā)生，不定式表示后于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作，如：表示后于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作，如：我記得我已把信寄了。我記得我已把信寄了。 I remember posting the letter我會(huì)記著去寄信的。我會(huì)記著去寄信的。 Ill remember to post the letter我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記見(jiàn)到過(guò)那位著名作家。我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記見(jiàn)到過(guò)那位著名作家。 I shall never forget seeing the famous writer不要忘了給你母親寫(xiě)信。不要忘了給你母親寫(xiě)信。 Dont forget to write to yo

19、ur mother我真后悔沒(méi)趕上那次報(bào)告會(huì)。我真后悔沒(méi)趕上那次報(bào)告會(huì)。I regret missing the report我遺憾地告訴你我不能接受你的建議。我遺憾地告訴你我不能接受你的建議。 I regret to say I cant take your adviceD在在try，mean之后，意義各不相同，如之后，意義各不相同，如try to do (設(shè)法設(shè)法)，try doing (試試試試)，mean to do (打算，打算，有意要做有意要做)，mean doing (意思是，意味著意思是，意味著)。如。如： 我們必須設(shè)法及時(shí)把一切搞好。我們必須設(shè)法及時(shí)把一切搞好。 We must

20、 try to get everything done in time我們用別的方法做這工作試試。我們用別的方法做這工作試試。 Lets try doing the working in some other way我并不想叫你生氣。我并不想叫你生氣。I didnt mean to make you angry你的計(jì)劃意味著要花費(fèi)幾個(gè)小時(shí)。你的計(jì)劃意味著要花費(fèi)幾個(gè)小時(shí)。 Your plan would mean spending hoursEgo on doing 和和go on to doGo on doing繼續(xù)做一直在做的事；繼續(xù)做一直在做的事；go on to do接著做另接著做另一件

21、事。如：一件事。如：請(qǐng)接著做這同一個(gè)練習(xí)。請(qǐng)接著做這同一個(gè)練習(xí)。Please go on doing the same exercise請(qǐng)做另外一個(gè)練習(xí)。請(qǐng)做另外一個(gè)練習(xí)。Please go on to do the other exerciseFstop doing與與stop to do: Stop doing停止做，停止做，stop to do停下正在干的事去干另一件事。如：停下正在干的事去干另一件事。如：我們停止了交談。我們停止了交談。 We stopped talking我們停了下來(lái)去談話。我們停了下來(lái)去談話。 We stopped to talk 3作介詞賓語(yǔ)作介詞賓語(yǔ)動(dòng)名詞可與介

22、詞一起構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)。動(dòng)名詞可與介詞一起構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)。 A介詞介詞+動(dòng)名詞，如：動(dòng)名詞，如：我們得想些法子改變?nèi)藗兊牧?xí)慣。我們得想些法子改變?nèi)藗兊牧?xí)慣。Weve got to think of ways of changing peoples habits. 我向你道歉，剛才對(duì)你那樣生氣。我向你道歉，剛才對(duì)你那樣生氣。I apologize for being so angry with you.離開(kāi)幾年之后再回到你生長(zhǎng)的地方，感覺(jué)有點(diǎn)離開(kāi)幾年之后再回到你生長(zhǎng)的地方，感覺(jué)有點(diǎn)怪。怪。 After being away for several years，it is a strange exper

23、ience to return to the place you were born and brought up B動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞+介詞介詞+動(dòng)名詞，如：動(dòng)名詞，如：我堅(jiān)持為這次出行帶足需要的食物。我堅(jiān)持為這次出行帶足需要的食物。 I insist on taking proper food fort his expedition同學(xué)們臉上沒(méi)有笑容，相反都做了怪臉。同學(xué)們臉上沒(méi)有笑容，相反都做了怪臉。Instead of smiling，each of them made a face她對(duì)為我們公司工作很感興趣。她對(duì)為我們公司工作很感興趣。 She was very interested in working for our company下列短語(yǔ)中的下列短語(yǔ)中的to都是介詞，所以后面跟都是介詞，所以后面跟名詞或名詞或-ing形式：形式：devote to，object to，pay attention to，get down to，lead to, look forward to，stick to，be used to等等