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1、第二篇第二篇 語法專項復(fù)習(xí)語法專項復(fù)習(xí)第24課 名詞和冠詞 名 詞 名詞是中考考查的重點?？疾閮?nèi)容主要為： 1. 名詞單、復(fù)數(shù)的變化規(guī)律及其用法； 2. 不可數(shù)名詞量的表達(dá)法； 3. 名詞所有格的變化及其用法； 4. 名詞作主語的一致問題； 5. 常用專有名詞的表示法； 6. 具體語境中名詞的詞義和一些常用易混淆名詞的區(qū)別。要點梳理要點梳理 .名詞的定義 名詞是表示人、事物、現(xiàn)象和其他抽象概念的名稱的詞。 名詞可分為專有名詞和普通名詞。 專有名詞是具體的人和事物等特有名稱。專有名詞的第一個字母要大寫，人名、地名、公共節(jié)日及月份、周日的名稱等等都是屬于專有名詞。 如：Yao Ming姚明； Ch

2、ina中國；Christmas圣誕節(jié)等。. 可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞 普通名詞按照其所表示的事物的性質(zhì)分為可數(shù)名詞和 不可數(shù)名詞。 1可數(shù)名詞 可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式。如：an apple; two apples。 注意：a 用于以輔音音素(指音標(biāo))開頭的單數(shù)名詞前； an用于以元音音素(指音標(biāo))開頭的單數(shù)名詞前。 如：a story, an interesting story，an apple，a red apple。2不可數(shù)名詞 不可數(shù)名詞包括物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞，沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。 (1)物質(zhì)名詞。如： water; rice; tea; milk; food; fruit; meat; f

3、ish(魚肉); chicken(雞肉); beef; mutton; orange(橙汁)； sugar; salt; paper(紙); porridge; bread; sand; juice等。 這 類不可數(shù)名詞需要計量時要在名詞前加表示量的詞。如： a cup of tea; two bags of rice; three bottles of water等。 (2)抽象名詞。如： news; music; time(時間); information等。 (3)不可數(shù)名詞不能與數(shù)詞或不定冠詞連用。 (4)注意有些名詞既可做可數(shù)名詞也可做不可數(shù)名詞。如： fish; time; gla

4、ss; orange; room; noise; chicken等。但使用 時一定要區(qū)分它們表達(dá)的不同意義。. 名詞的數(shù)1. 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的規(guī)則變化：情況情況構(gòu)成方式構(gòu)成方式讀音讀音例詞例詞一般情況一般情況在詞尾加在詞尾加s1.s在清輔音后發(fā)在清輔音后發(fā)/s/音音2s在濁輔音后發(fā)在濁輔音后發(fā)/z/音音1.deskdeskspenpens2.roomroomsbagbags以以s，x，ch，sh，結(jié)尾的詞，結(jié)尾的詞在詞尾加在詞尾加eses發(fā)發(fā)/iz/音音boxboxesbusbuseswatchwatchesdishdishes以以ce，se，ze，(d)ge結(jié)尾的詞結(jié)尾的詞在詞尾加在詞尾加

5、ses發(fā)發(fā)/iz/音音facefacesnoisenoisesprizeprizesorangeoranges情況情況構(gòu)成方式構(gòu)成方式讀音讀音例詞例詞以輔音字母以輔音字母y結(jié)尾的詞結(jié)尾的詞先變先變y為為i，再加，再加esies發(fā)發(fā)/iz/音音storystoriesfamilyfamilies以元音字母以元音字母y結(jié)尾的詞結(jié)尾的詞直接在詞尾加直接在詞尾加ss發(fā)發(fā)/z/音音boyboysdaydays以以f或或fe結(jié)尾的詞結(jié)尾的詞先變先變f或或fe為為ve，再加再加sves發(fā)發(fā)/vs/音音knifeknivesleafleaves以輔音字母加以輔音字母加o結(jié)尾的詞結(jié)尾的詞在詞尾加在詞尾加eses

6、發(fā)發(fā)/z/音音potatopotatoestomatotomatoesheroheroes以元音字母加以元音字母加o結(jié)尾的詞結(jié)尾的詞在詞尾加在詞尾加ss發(fā)發(fā)/z/音音zoozoosradioradios 2. 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的的不規(guī)則變化 (1)元音或詞尾發(fā)生變化 如：manmen; womanwomen; FrenchmanFrenchmen; toothteeth; footfeet; childchildren (2)單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同 如：sheepsheep; fishfish; ChineseChinese; Japanese Japanese; yuanyuan (3)形式為單數(shù)意

7、思為復(fù)數(shù) 如：people，police (4)形式為復(fù)數(shù)意思為單數(shù) 如：news, maths, physics, the United States等。 (5)只用復(fù)數(shù)形式 如：pants, shorts, clothes，glasses(眼鏡)等。 (6)由man, woman 構(gòu)成的合成名詞，變復(fù)數(shù)時將名詞及man, woman都變成復(fù)數(shù)。 如：man drivermen drivers; woman teacherwomen teachers 但其他合成名詞，只要把合成名詞中的中心詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)形式。 如：a banana treebanana trees; a shoe factory

8、shoe factories 3. 不可數(shù)名詞的量的表示 (1)表不定數(shù)量時，一般用much，(a)little, a lot of/lots of, some, any等詞修飾。 (2)表確定數(shù)量時，一般用“數(shù)詞量詞of不可數(shù)名詞。 如：a piece of paper, a piece of news, a bag of rice, two glasses of milk, four bottles of water .名詞的所有格： 1. 有生命的名詞所有格 (1)單數(shù)名詞后加s。如：my brothers book (2)不以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加s。如：the childrens fo

9、otball (3)以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加。如：the boys game (4)以s結(jié)尾的專有名詞后直接加。如：Dickens novels (5)某物為兩個名詞共有時，在第二個名詞后加s。 如：Tom and Davids room. (6)表示兩個名詞各自擁有的東西，在兩個名詞后都加s。 如：Toms and Davids rooms. 2. 無生命的事物的名詞所有格 (1)of名詞。如：a photo of my family, the door of the classroom 注意：“of名詞s/名詞性物主代詞” 構(gòu)成雙重所有格。 如：a friend of mine, a fri

10、end of Jims。 (2) 表示時間或距離的方法。如：ten minutes drive十分鐘車程； a months holiday一個月的假期。 (3)表稱呼、職業(yè)等名詞的所有格可以表示人的住所或工作場所。 所有格后面的名詞一般被省去。 如：at his brothers; at the doctors; at the barkers; at Mr Reads (4)用所有格表示節(jié)日的方法： 如：Teachers Day; Childrens Day. 需要注意的是除了父親節(jié)和母親節(jié)其他節(jié)日我們都用名詞復(fù) 數(shù)的所有格表示。 如：Mothers Day; Fathers Day.感悟中

11、考 【例1】(2011黃崗) As we know, England is _ European country and Singapore is _ Asian country. A. an; an B. an; a C. a; a D. a; an 解析：本題考查不定冠詞的運用。European“西方的”，音標(biāo)以輔音音素j開頭，前用a；Asian“東方的”，音標(biāo)以元音音素ei開頭，前用an。故選D。aan 【例2】(2011寧波) You look so healthy! Yeah, I like eating apples. An apple a day keeps the _ away

12、. A. teacher B. worker C. farmer D. doctor 解析：本題考查名詞辨析。聯(lián)系上下文可知本題是討論健康，且有句俗語：一天一個蘋果可以遠(yuǎn)離醫(yī)生。故選D。 D 【例3】(2011金華) Would you like some _. Oh, yes, just a little. A. milk B. apple C. pears D. oranges 解析：本題考查可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞的區(qū)別。由答語 a little(修飾不可數(shù)名詞)可知此空應(yīng)填入不可數(shù)名詞。apple 為可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，pears，oranges為可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，milk為不可數(shù)名詞。故選A。 A

13、 【例4】(2011嘉興、舟山) Would you please pass me something to drink? What about some _？ A. beef B. fish C. juice D. bread 解析：本題考查不可數(shù)名詞的詞義辨析。drink意為“喝”，juice意為“果汁”符合題意。故選C。C 【例5】(2011宜賓) There are many _ playing on the playground. A. child B. children C. man teachers D. sheeps 解析：本題考查可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式。 many修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形

14、式，child為可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，A不選；男教師的復(fù)數(shù)應(yīng)表達(dá)為men teachers，C不選； sheep的復(fù)數(shù)是其本身，D不選。 children(孩子們)是child的復(fù)數(shù)形式。故選B。B 【例6】(2011長沙) September 10th is _ Day. A. Teacher B. Teachers C. Mothers D. Mother 解析：本題考查用所有格表示節(jié)日的方法。9月10日為教師節(jié)，每個人的老師都不只一個故用teacher復(fù)數(shù)的所有格(Teachers)來表達(dá)。故選B。B 【例7】(2010黃岡) Good morning, madam. Can I help yo

15、u? Sure. Id like _ for cooking vegetables. A. two cups of tea B. three pieces of bread C. one bowl of dumplings D. five kilos of oil 解析：本題考查名詞用法。根據(jù)題干需要選擇烹飪蔬菜用的東西，只有“oil(油)”符合題意。故選D。D領(lǐng)悟語法.單項選擇( )1. Excuse me, may I know your _？ Sure. Its No.3 Bridge Street. (2011紹興) A. house B. address C. way D. plac

16、e 解析：考查詞義辨析。答語是“No. 3 Bridge Street.”，為“地址”，故選B。B( )2. Could you please get me some _？ Im hungry. (2011重慶) A. apple B. water C. bread D. egg 解析：考查可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞。some意為“一些”，后跟可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式或不可數(shù)名詞，A、D為單數(shù)形式，應(yīng)排除。由答語“Im hungry”可推測，想要點吃的東西。故選C。C( )3. Oh, my God! We have missed the last bus. What shall we do? Im afr

17、aid we have no _ but to take a taxi. (2011宿遷) A. decision B. choice C. advice D. reason 解析：考查詞義辨析。句意：除了乘出租車外，恐怕我們沒有選擇。choice選擇。B( )4. There are millions of websites on the Internet and there _ a lot of useful _on the websites. (2011蘇州) A. are; informations B. are; information C. is; informations D.

18、is; information 解析：考查there be結(jié)構(gòu)。information意為“消息”是不可數(shù)名詞，be動詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)，排除A、B、C。故選D。D( )5. Look! There are some _ on the floor. (2011長沙) A. child B. water C. boxes D. girl 解析：考查可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞。關(guān)鍵詞are，判斷此處應(yīng)為可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)。故選C。C( )6. _ mothers cant come to the meeting because they have gone to Wuhan. (2011黃崗) A. Sally a

19、nd Jane B. Sally and Janes C. Sallys and Janes D. Sallys and Jane 解析：考查所有格。由關(guān)鍵詞mothers可知是兩個人各自的媽媽。故選C。C( )7. Mrs Wang was sent to teach English in a poor mountain village last year. She said she would never forget some pleasant _ while working there. (2011黃崗) A. experiments B. expressions C. experie

20、nces D. emotions 解析：考查名詞辨析。根據(jù)句意“她說她將永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記她在那兒工作的愉快經(jīng)歷?！?experience當(dāng)經(jīng)歷講可數(shù)。故選C。C( )8. _ is the most important festival in China. (2011銅仁) A. Christmas B. Spring Festival C. Midautumn Day D. National Day 解析：考查詞義辨析。Christmas是圣誕節(jié)； Spring Festival 是春節(jié)；Midautumn Day是中秋節(jié)；National Day是國慶節(jié)。 根據(jù)句意“在中國最重要的節(jié)日”當(dāng)然是

21、春節(jié)。故選B。B( )9. For breakfast, I usually have _ and two pieces of bread. (2011杭州) A. a cup of milk half B. half a cup of milk C. a half milk cup D. half a milk cup 解析：考查half的用法。 表示“半”用“ half a/an名詞 of.”。故選B。B ( )10. The theme park is about _ ride from the museum. You should start out right now. (2011無

22、錫) A. two hour B. two hours C. two hours D. two hours 解析：考查所有格。以s結(jié)尾的名詞的所有格在其后加。 C . 單詞拼寫 1. My sister has a lot of (玩具) 2. There are fortyfour (班) in our school. 3. How many (月)are there in a year? 4. Please have some (茶) 5. My home is near the school, I go to school on (腳) every day.toysclassesmont

23、hsteafoot . 用所給詞的正確形式填空 1. I can see many (sheep) in the field through the window of my room. 2. The two (man) shirts both fit Mr Green, he cant choose which to buy. 3. The pair of shoes (look) nice. 4. Two hours (be) enough for us to get there. 5. The singer and dancer often (come) to our city.shee

24、pmenlooksiscomes 6. Some animals, for example, elephants and koalas, live on grass and (leaf) 7. Two (policeman) are standing there. 8. I want three (glass) of (milk) 9. Would you like to drink some (orange)? 10. That book is my (sister)leavespolicemenglassesmilkorangesisters冠 詞 中考對冠詞的考查主要為： 1. 冠詞的基

25、本用法； 2. 不用冠詞 的情況； 3. 習(xí)慣用語中冠詞的位置及使用。 .冠詞的定義 冠詞是虛詞。通常放在名詞之前，用來說明名詞所表示的 人或事物。冠詞分為不定冠詞和定冠詞兩類。要點梳理要點梳理 .冠詞的用法 1不定冠詞a, an的用法 (1)不定冠詞表泛指單數(shù)的某人或某物。 (2)不定冠詞a用在以輔音音素開頭的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前； 不定冠 詞an用在以元音音素開頭的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前。如：a useful book; a desk; an old man; an actor; an “m”。 (3)第一次提到某人或某物而非特指時。如：There is a book on the desk, but

26、the book isnt mine. (4)表示人或事物的某一類。如：An elephant is bigger than a tiger. (5)用于表時間、速度、價格等意義的名詞之前，有“每一”的 意思，相當(dāng)于every。如： three times a week. (6)某些固定短語與不定冠詞有搭配關(guān)系。如：have a good; time; a few; a little; half an hour等。 2定冠詞the的用法 (1)定冠詞the, 用來特指某人或某物， 雙方都知道的人或物的 名詞前， 或用于第二次提到的某人或某物。如： Open the door, please.

27、There is a kite on the wall. The kite is new. (2)表示世界上獨一無二的事物的名詞前。如： the sun; the moon; the earth; the sky (3)用在序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級前。如： March is the third month of a year. He is the cleverest boy in his class. (4)用在某些形容詞前， 表示一類人。如： the rich; the poor; the young; the old等。 (5)用在樂器名詞前。如：play the violin (6)用在表示

28、方位的名詞前。如：in the east/north/west/south (7)用在表示山脈、海洋、江河、湖泊、群島、建筑物、名勝 古跡等專有名詞前。如： the Yellow River; the Great Wall; the West Lake; the White House等。 (8)用在姓氏復(fù)數(shù)前，表示一家人或一個家庭。如： the Greens; the Whites等。 (9)用于形容詞或副詞比較級等構(gòu)成“ the.the. ”的句式中， 表示“越越”。如： The more, the better. (10)用于一些固定搭配中。如： look the same; in th

29、e end; in the afternoon等。 3不用冠詞的情況 (1)有些專有名詞、抽象名詞和物質(zhì)名詞前一般不用冠詞。 如： China; Japanese; milk; love等。 (2)名詞前已有作定語用的this, that, my, your, whose, some, any, no, each, every等代詞時，不用冠詞。 如：This is my ruler. (3)復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示一類人或事物時， 不用冠詞。 如：They are teachers. (4)稱呼語前不用冠詞， 表示頭銜和職務(wù)的名詞前也不加 冠詞。 如：I dont feel well today, Mu

30、m. (5)一日三餐、球類活動、學(xué)科名詞前，球類活動。如： I have lunch at home. He often plays soccer after class. Science is my favorite subject. (6)在節(jié)日、星期、月份、季節(jié)等名詞前。如： Teachers Day; Mothers Day; on Monday; in May; in summer等。 (7)在某些固定搭配里， 名詞之前常不用冠詞。如： by bus; on foot; at home; at night; go to school; from morning till night等

31、。感悟中考 【例1】(2011金華) My mother is _ English teacher in No. 2 Middle School. A. a B. the C. an D. / 解析：本題考查不定冠詞的用法。以元音音素開頭的單詞前要用不定冠詞an，故選C。C 【例2】(2011河北) She learned to play _ piano all by herself. A. a B. an C. the D. 不填 解析： 本題考查定冠詞的用法。 在樂器名詞前要用定冠詞the。故選C。C 【例3】(2011嘉興、舟山) Whos that lovely girl? You m

32、ean _ girl with long hair? Thats Kate. A. a B. an C. the D. 不填 解析：本題考查定冠詞的用法。在特指的名詞前用定冠詞。根據(jù)句意“那長頭發(fā)的女孩”，因此girl 前用the。故選C。C 【例4】(2010麗水) Many people think that 2012 is one of _ most successful films. A. a B. an C. the D. 不填 解析：本題考查定冠詞的用法。形容詞最高級前面要用定冠詞the。故選C。C 【例5】(2010杭州) Do you enjoy your stay in Ha

33、ngzhou? Yes. Ive had _ wonderful time. A. / B. a C. the D. an 解析：本題考查固定短語與不定冠詞搭配的關(guān)系。have a wonderful time玩的高興。故選B。B 【例6】(2011衢州) Justin Bieber is _ Canadian singer and he has lots of fans. A. a B. an C. the D. 不填 解析：本題考查不定冠詞與定冠詞的區(qū)別。根據(jù)題意Justin Bieber是一個加拿大歌手，應(yīng)用不定冠詞表泛指，Canadian以輔音音素開頭須用a。故選A。 A 【例7】(2

34、011宿遷) Lily is _ active girl and she is fond of playing _ volleyball. A. an; a B. a; the C. an；/ D. a；/ 解析： 本題考查不定冠詞及不用冠詞的情況。根據(jù)句意“Lily 是一個活潑的女孩”，應(yīng)用表泛指的不定冠詞，且active以元音開頭，則選an；球類活動前不用冠詞，故選C。an/.單項選擇( )1. English is _ international language. (2011蕪湖) A. a B. an C/ D. the 解析：考查冠詞。language 是可數(shù)名詞； interna

35、tional是以元音音素開頭的單詞。 不定冠詞an在這里指事物某一類。領(lǐng)悟語法B( )2. We usually go to _ school on weekdays, and sometimes go to _ cinema at weekends. (2011天津) A. 不填；the B. the; the C. the; 不填 D. 不填；不填 解析：考查冠詞。go to school 固定用法， go to a/the cinema 也是固定用法， a/the cinema 表示一類事物。A( )3. We will see _ even stronger China in _ ne

36、ar future. (2011無錫) A. a; the B. an; the C. the; a D. an; a 解析：考查冠詞in the near future“在不久的將來”是個固定搭配；even是以元音因素開頭的詞，故選B。B( )4. What are you going to be when you grow up, Sam? _ teacher like you. (2011臺州) A. A B. An C. The D/解析：考查冠詞。a 修飾以輔音音素開頭的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞；an修飾以元音音素開頭的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。the表特指。句意為“你長大了打算干什么？”“像你一樣做一位老

37、師。”故選A。A( )5. Look at _ skirt. I bought it for mother on Mothers Day, isnt it nice? Oh, what _ nice present！ (2011黃石) A. a; a B. a; the C. the; a Da; 不填 解析：考查冠詞。特指這條裙子用冠詞the; 感嘆句中只能用不定冠詞不能用定冠詞。C( )6. This novel can make you laugh and cry at _ same time. (2011上海) A. a B. an C. the D. / 解析：考查固定短語。at t

38、he same time意為“同時”，該句意為“這本小說能同時讓你笑和哭”。故選D。D( )7. Lets have _ break; I want to make _ telephone call. (2011包頭) A. a; a B. a; the C. the; a D. the; the 解析：考查固定短語的構(gòu)成。 have a break是固定搭配，意為“休息一下”； make a telephone call也是固定搭配，意為“打電話”。 故選A。A( )8. _ are planning to go on vacation. (2011烏魯木齊) A. Blacks B. A

39、Blacks C. The Blacks D. The Blacks 解析：考查冠詞。the加姓的復(fù)數(shù)形式表示“一家人”。D( )9. How long does it take us to go to your hometown from here? It takes us _ hour or more to go to my hometown by _ train. (2011呼和浩特) A. an; a B. a ; an C. an；/ D. a；/ 解析：考查冠詞。hour au第一個字母h不發(fā)音，所以一小時應(yīng)用an hour; by 介詞，當(dāng)交通工具前無修飾詞時，用介詞by且名詞前

40、不用冠詞。C( )10. Which of the following phonetic transcription(音標(biāo)) is right for the phrase “the egg”？ (2011杭州) A. /eg/ B. /ieg/ C. /ieg/ D. /dieg/ 解析：考查定冠詞。定冠詞the在元音因素前發(fā)i而不發(fā)。e是元音，故選B。B提高題.根據(jù)上下文或中文意思填入所缺單詞 Reading book is a good (愛好) for all kinds of reasons. First, reading is funny. You can always keep

41、yourself amused if you like reading. This is especially useful when the (天氣) is bad. It is a relaxing hobby, too. You can really become lost in a book. Next, you can read book almost anywhere: in a car, in a waitingroom, on a plane, in bedeven in the bath. All you need is a book! Reading is a conven

42、ient hobby as it is easy to stop and then start again.hobbybooksweathera Another good (原因) for reading books is that is useful. If you read as a hobby, you will get better and better at it. This means that you will read faster and will become better at understanding what you read. As your reading im

43、proves, you will probably find your school work becomes much easier. Many school (功課) depend on good reading and, as you read, you learn more and more. Some people say that reading is out of date. This is not true. You have to be able to read to use a , and the better you read, better your computer

44、skills will be. Reading is hardly out of date!reasonsubjectscomputerthe Good (讀者) are most likely to be good writers, too. They are usually good at spelling as well, and have more things to write about. Reading books is a wonderful hobby, one of best. What other hobbies could be more useful, or more enjoyable?readersthe完成考點跟蹤訓(xùn)練 24