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1、 Guangdong Institute of Education BTEC Center Program: HND in Applied Chemistry Unit Title: Industrial Chemistry Unit No: 14 Assignment Title: Sulfonation and Drying Processes in Synthetic Detergents As

2、signment No.: II Issue Date: May 25, 2010 Submission Deadline: June 28, 2010 Assessor/Tutor: Zuoyi Chen and Zhaoxia Deng Internal Verifier: Wei Yin Student: Qianying Wu

3、 Student’s Reg. No: B876546 NOTES TO STUDENTS l Check carefully the submission date and the instructions given with the assignment. Late assignments will not be accepted. l Ensure that you give yourself enough time to complete the assignment by the due date.

4、 l You must take responsibility for managing your own time effectively. l If you are unable to hand in your assignment on time and have valid reasons such as illness, you may apply (in writing) for an extension. l Failure to achieve a PASS grade will results in a REFERRAL grade being given. l T

5、ake great care that if you use other people’s work or ideas in your assignment, you properly reference them in your text and any bibliography. l When you refer to the work of other authors in your assignment, you must practice citation by following Harvard System for Referencing. l If you are caug

6、ht plagiarizing, you could have your grade reduced to zero, or at worst, you could be excluded from the course. STUDENT’S DECLARATION: 推薦精選 I confirm that this is all my own work. Student Signature: Qianying Wu ASSESSMENT Outcome/ Skill Criteria Evidence Feedback Assess Pass Assess

7、ment P14.2 Discuss factors affecting the selection of a chemical process for the product P14.2.1 Evaluate the parameters of the chemical reaction which determine the choice of route to the product Evaluate the key parameters of the reaction which determine the choice of sulfonation to the linear

8、alkylbenzene sulfonates in manufacturing synthetic detergents (e.g. temperature, acid strength, reaction time, and ratio of oleum-to-alkylate etc.) P14.2.2 Describe and analyse the influence of required post-reaction separation and purification processes Describe and analyse the influence o

9、f required post-reaction separation and purification processes(e.g. dilution, phase separation, neutralization) P14.2.3 Evaluate the impact of co- and side-products on the overall profitability of the process Evaluate the impact of co- and side-products on the overall profitability of the proc

10、ess(e.g. nonlinear/branched alkyl sulfonates) P14.3 Examine physico-chemical aspects of an industrial process P14.3.1 Explain how energetics equilibrium and yield, rates, phase equilibrium and separations influence the selected industrial process Explain the spray-drying process in manufactur

11、ing detergents forementioned in detail 推薦精選 P14.3.2 Describe their impact on resource demands Describe the spray-drying process how to impact on resource demands (e.g. fine detergent particles, the use of dry cyclones) Advanced Grading M1 Identify and apply strategies to find ap

12、propriate solutions M1.1 Effective judgements have been made. M1.2 Complex problems with more than one variable have been explored M1.3 an effective approach to study and research has been applied Effective judgements have been made, or complex problems have been explored, or an effective app

13、roach has been applied M2 Select/design and apply appropriate methods/techniques M2.1 Relevant theories and techniques have been applied. M2.2 a range of methods and techniques have been applied. M2.3 a range of sources of information has been used. M2.4 the selection of methods and techniq

14、ues/sources has been justified. M2.5 the design of methods/techniques has been justified. M2.6 complex information has been synthesised and processed. M2.7 appropriate techniques have been applied. Relevant theories, methods and techniques have been applied and justified, or complex information

15、 has been used, or appropriate techniques have been applied. 推薦精選 M3 Present and communicate appropriate findings M3.1 The appropriate structure and approach has been used. M3.2 coherent, logical development of principles/concepts for the intended audience. M3.3 a range of methods of

16、 presentation have been used and technical language has been accurately used. M3.4 communication has taken place in familiar and unfamiliar contexts. M3.5 the communication is appropriate for familiar and unfamiliar audiences and appropriate media have been used. M3.1 the appropriate structure an

17、d approach has been used. M3.3 a range of methods of presentation have been used and technical language has been accurately used. D1 Use critical reflection to evaluate own work and justify valid conclusions D1.1 Conclusions have been arrived at through synthesis of ideas and have been just

18、ified. D1.2 the validity of results has been evaluated using defined criteria. D1.3 self-criticism of approach has taken place. D1.4 realistic improvements have been proposed against defined characteristics for success. D1.1 conclusions have been arrived at through synthesis of ideas and have be

19、en justified. D1.2 the validity of results has been evaluated using defined criteria. 推薦精選 D2 Take responsibility for managing and organising activities D2.1 autonomy or independence has been demonstrated. D2.2 substantial activities, projects or investigations have been planned, ma

20、naged and organised. D2.3 activities have been managed. D2.4 the unforeseen has been accommodated. D2.5 the importance of interdependence has been recognised and Achieved. D2.1 autonomy or independence has been demonstrated. D2.3 activities have been managed. D3 demonstrate convergent/l

21、ateral/ creative thinking D3.1 ideas have been generated and decisions taken. D3.2 self-evaluation has taken place. D3.3 convergent and lateral thinking have been applied. D3.4 problems have been solved. D3.5 innovation and creative thought have been applied. D3.6 receptiveness to new ideas is

22、 evident. D3.7 effective thinking has taken place in unfamiliar contexts. D3.4 problems have been solved. D3.5 innovation and creative thought have been applied. Assessor’s signature: IV agreement: √ Yes No IV signature: Stu

23、dent’s Feedback 推薦精選 Student’s signature: Qianying Wu Notes: Assignment Description Scenario Original soap was an ancient detergent, which was a mixture of melted animal fat or tallow and wood ashes into the clay soil along the Tiber River. Th

24、e early soap used for treating skin diseases, as well as for washing. For the sake of improving scourability and enhancing other performance, chemists researched synthetic detergent for soap’s substitute. Synthetic detergents are used for household cleaners, such as washing powder, cleanser essence

25、 or sanitary ware agent. Certainly, Synthetic detergents are essential for electroplating, metal surface treatment, oil drilling, leather treatment etc. The world production of laundry detergents amounted to 21,500,000,000 kg in 1998. And the worldwide total produced volume remained increasing stead

26、ily. A number of undesirable problems come with largely using of synthetic detergents. For example, phosphates in the ingredients cause eutrophication of water. And some of organic ingredients, such as branched alkyl sulfonates, could not be degraded by bacteria because of the highly branched side

27、 chain. Therefore, many important new criterions, the so-called biodegradability of detergents, appeared for surfactants. To achieve the assessment criteria for pass (P14) you must demonstrate the ability to: l Discuss factors affecting the selection of a chemical process for the product l Examin

28、e physico-chemical aspects of an industrial process This can be achieved by completing the following tasks in accord with established guidelines. 推薦精選 Tasks 1. Describe the flow of sulfonation processes to the alkylbenzene sulfonates in manufacturing synthetic. 2. Evaluate the key parameters

29、of the reaction. And describe and analyse the influence of required post-reaction separation and purification processes. Evaluate the impact of co- and side-products on the overall profitability of the process. 3. Explain the spray-drying process in manufacturing detergents in details. And describ

30、e impact on environment. Questions 1. What is the process of alkylbenzene sulfonate of producing? The process of alkylbenzene sulfonate of producing is first the sulfonation of alkylbenzenes leads to sulfonic acid tyre product, which is then neutralized with a base such as sodium hydroxide to pr

31、oduce sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate. The sulfonation reaction is highly exothermic and instantaneous. An efficient reactor heat removal system is used to prevent the decomposition of the resultant sulfonic acid. The sulfonation reaction takes place by using oleum (SO3H2SO4) or sulfur trioxide (SO3).

32、 Although, the oleum sulfonation requires relatively inexpensive equipment, the oleum process has major disadvantages compared to sulfur trioxide. The need for spent acid stream disposal and the potential corrosion owing to sulfuric acid generation increased the problems related to oleum process 推薦

33、精選 : The gaseous air or SO3 sulfonation process leads to high yields of sulfonic acid (95% to 98%). This process comprises three major steps. The sulfonation of alkylbenzene with air or SO3 forms the alkylbenzene sulfonic acid and anhydride. The latter is decomposed into the alkylbenzene s

34、ulfonic acid by hydration. The neutralization of the sulfonic acid into the corresponding sodium salt represents the last chemical step in the process of formation of detergents: 推薦精選 2. What are the key parameters of the sulfonation process of the alkylbenzene sulfonate? The key paramet

35、ers of the sulfonation process of the alkylbenzene sulfonate as follows: l Temperature, l Acid strength, l Reaction time, l Oleum-to-alkylate ratio. The reaction was completed at the digestion stage where the product 推薦精選 from the sulfonation zone is aged for 15 to 30 min. The mixtur

36、e of sulfonic acid and sulfuric acid is diluted with water to quench the reaction. The reaction mixture is sent to a separator to allow gravity settling of the spent sulfuric acid from the lighter sulfonic acid. The lower spent acid layer contains, approximately, 75% to 80% sulfuric acid. The upper

37、layer contains, approximately, 88% to 91% sulfonic acid and 6% to 10% sulfuric acid. 3. How to separate and purify the surfactant? l Extraction l Crystallization and precipitation Using the sample components in a component in the difference between Solubility, make some of the components to g

38、enerate crystals from the solution separated. This ia an effective way to purified material. l Foam chromatography 4. How to dry the slurry of synthetic detergents? And what the thermodynamics and dynamics factors should be taken into account in the unit operation? And what are the impacts of sy

39、nthetic detergents on resource demand? l Spray drying is the main manufacturing process of hollow granular detergent, the process is: to pump slurry from the high-pressure spray tower, through the spray nozzle in order, wherein the mist below. From the tower bottom plate of hot air through the guid

40、e entry tower, was rotating towards the top. Countercurrent two met by heating and drying the slurry. Because powder Tata height of the slurry and the hot air heat exchange for a long time by preheating the slurry droplet, surface evaporation, diffusion and cooling within the aging process, which ca

41、n form hollow at the bottom of the column granular products. Tower bottom product through screening, separation of bulk materials (commonly known as the head of powder). Tower exhaust the powder with a cyclone recovery, and finally discharged into the atmosphere through 推薦精選 the tail fan. We ca

42、n see as the follows 推薦精選 Fig.1. Spray-drying process. l And we should concerned about the slurry is sprayed through nozzles into the tower at pressures of 4.1 to 6.9 kilopascals (kPa) in single-fluid nozzles and atpressures of 340 to 690 kPa in 2-fluid nozzles. Steam or air is used as the atom

43、izing fluid in the 2-fluid nozzles. The slurry is sprayed at high pressure into a vertical drying tower having a steam of hot air at 315 to 4000C. The dried powder flows off the tower at a temperature of 90 to 1000C. l Need from the product shape, relative density, color, odor, foam until the packa

44、ging design seminar. Such as washing powder, required an appropriate particle size, uniform, no lumps, color white, no bad smell, fluid, depending on the proportion of stability, solubility, etc.; on the liquid detergent, you need to study the transparency or opacity, consistency, stability, color,

45、smell and so on. Whether washing the skin stimulation, feel such a system. Reference 1.Pengfei Yan，Wenhui Hao，Ting Gao. Fine Chemicals Chemistry, Chemistry Industry, 2004. 2.Lubo Cheng，Jiazheng Hu，Mengzheng Yao，Kunyu Gao.，The synthesis of fine chemical products and applications, Dalian University of Technology Press，1995. 3.Mohammad Farhat AIi, etc. Handbook of Industrial Chemistry (Organic Chemicals) .2005. 推薦精選 4. Chenier Philip. Survey of Industrial Chemistry (Third Edition). 2002. （注：可編輯下載，若有不當之處，請指正，謝謝!） 推薦精選