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外文資料
Die history
1 Die position in industrial production
Mold is a high-volume products with the shape tool, is the main process of industrial production equipment.
With mold components, with high efficiency, good quality, low cost, saving energy and raw materials and a series of advantages, with the mold work-pieces possess high accuracy, high complexity, high consistency, high productivity and low consumption , other manufacturing methods can not match.，have already become an important means of industrial production and technological development, the basis of the modern industrial economy.
The development of modern industrial and technological level depends largely on the level of industrial development die, so die industry to national economic and social development will play an increasing role. March 1989 the State Council promulgated "on the current industrial policy decision points" in the mold as the machinery industry transformation sequence of the first, production and capital construction of the second sequence (after the large-scale power generation equipment and the corresponding power transmission equipment), establish tooling industry in an important position in the national economy. Since 1997, they have to mold and its processing technology and equipment included in the "current national focus on encouraging the development of industries, products and technologies catalog" and "to encourage foreign investment industry directory." Approved by the State Council, from 1997 to 2000, more than 80 professional mold factory owned 70% VAT refund of preferential policies to support mold industry. All these have fully demonstrated the development of the State Council and state departments tooling industry attention and support. Mold around the world about the current annual output of 60 billion U.S. dollars, Japan, the United States and other industrialized countries die of industrial output value of more than machine tool industry, beginning in 1997, China's industrial output value has exceeded the mold machine tool industry output
According to statistics, home appliances, toys and other light industries, nearly 90% of the parts are integrated with production of chopsticks; in aircraft, automobiles, agricultural machinery and radio industries, the proportion exceeded 60%. Such as aircraft manufacturing, the use of a certain type of fighter dies more than 30,000 units, of which the host 8000 sets, 2000 sets of engines, auxiliary 20 000 sets. From the output of view, since the 80's, the United States, Japan and other industrialized countries die industry output value has exceeded the machine tool industry, and there are still rising. Production technology, according to the International Association predicts that in 2000, the product best pieces of rough 75%, 50% will be finished mold completed; metals, plastics, ceramics, rubber, building materials and other industrial products, most of the mold will be completed in more than 50% metal plates, more than 80% of all plastic products, especially through the mold into.
2 The historical development of mold
The emergence of mold can be traced back thousands of years ago, pottery and bronze foundry, but the large-scale use is with the rise of modern industry and developed.
The 19th century, with the arms industry (gun's shell), watch industry, radio industry, dies are widely used. After World War II, with the rapid development of world economy, it became a mass production of household appliances, automobiles, electronic equipment, cameras, watches and other parts the best way. From a global perspective, when the United States in the forefront of stamping technology - many die of advanced technologies, such as simple mold, high efficiency, mold, die and stamping the high life automation, mostly originated in the United States; and Switzerland, fine blanking, cold in Germany extrusion technology, plastic processing of the Soviet Union are at the world advanced.50's, mold industry focus is based on subscriber demand, production can meet the product requirements of the mold. Multi-die design rule of thumb, reference has been drawing and perceptual knowledge, on the design of mold parts of a lack of real understanding of function. From 1955 to 1965, is the pressure processing of exploration and development of the times - the main components of the mold and the stress state of the function of a mathematical sub-bridge, and to continue to apply to on-site practical knowledge to make stamping technology in all aspects of a leap in development. The result is summarized mold design principles, and makes the pressure machine, stamping materials, processing methods, plum with a structure, mold materials, mold manufacturing method, the field of automation devices, a new look to the practical direction of advance, so that pressing processing apparatus capable of producing quality products from the first stage.
Into the 70's to high speed, launch technology, precision, security, development of the second stage. Continue to emerge in this process a variety of high efficiency, business life, high-precision multi-functional automatic school to help with. Represented by the number of working places as much as other progressive die and dozens of multi-station transfer station module. On this basis, has developed both a continuous pressing station there are more slide forming station of the press - bending machine. In the meantime, the Japanese stand to the world's largest - the mold into the micron-level precision, die life, alloy tool steel mold has reached tens of millions of times, carbide steel mold to each of hundreds of millions of times p minutes for stamping the number of small presses usually 200 to 300, up to 1200 times to 1500 times. In the meantime, in order to meet product updates quickly, with the short duration (such as cars modified, refurbished toys, etc.) need a variety of economic-type mold, such as zinc alloy die down, polyurethane rubber mold, die steel skin, also has been very great development.
From the mid-70s so far can be said that computer-aided design, supporting the continuous development of manufacturing technology of the times. With the precision and complexity of mold rising, accelerating the production cycle, the mold industry, the quality of equipment and personnel are required to improve. Rely on common processing equipment, their experience and skills can not meet the needs of mold. Since the 90's, mechanical and electronic technologies in close connection with the development of NC machine tools, such as CNC wire cutting machine, CNC EDM, CNC milling, CNC coordinate grinding machine and so on. The use of computer automatic programming, control CNC machine tools to improve the efficiency in the use and scope. In recent years, has developed a computer to time-sharing by the way a group of direct management and control of CNC machine tools NNC system
With the development of computer technology, computers have gradually into the mold in all areas, including design, manufacturing and management. International Association for the Study of production forecasts to 2000, as a means of links between design and manufacturing drawings will lose its primary role. Automatic Design of die most fundamental point is to establish the mold standard and design standards. To get rid of the people of the past, and practical experience to judge the composition of the design center, we must take past experiences and ways of thinking, for series, numerical value, the number of type-based, as the design criteria to the computer store.
Components are dry because of mold constitutes a million other differences, to come up with a can adapt to various parts of the design software almost impossible. But some products do not change the shape of parts, mold structure has certain rules, can be summed up for the automatic design of software. If a Japanese company's CDM system for progressive die design and manufacturing, including the importation of parts of the figure, rough start, strip layout, determine the size and standard templates, assembly drawing and parts, the output NC program (for CNC machining Center and line cutting program), etc., used in 20% of the time by hand, reduce their working hours to 35 hours; from Japan in the early 80s will be three-dimensional cad / cam system for automotive panel die. Currently, the physical parts scanning input, map lines and data input, geometric form, display, graphics, annotations and the data is automatically programmed, resulting in effective control machine tool control system of post-processing documents have reached a high level; computer Simulation (CAE) technology has made some achievements. At high levels, CAD / CAM / CAE integration, that data is integrated, can transmit information directly with each other. Achieve network. Only a few foreign manufacturers can do it.
3 China's mold industry and its development trend
Due to historical reasons for the formation of closed, "big and complete" enterprise features, most enterprises in China are equipped with mold workshop, in factory matching status since the late 70s have a mold the concept of industrialization and specialization of production. Production efficiency is not high, poor economic returns. Mold production industry is small and scattered, cross-industry, capital-intensive, professional, commercial and technical management level are relatively low.
According to incomplete statistics, there are now specialized in manufacturing mold, the product supporting mold factory workshop (factory) near 17 000, about 600 000 employees, annual output value reached 20 billion yuan mold. However, the existing capacity of the mold and die industry can only meet the demand of 60%, still can not meet the needs of national economic development. At present, the domestic needs of large, sophisticated, complex and long life of the mold also rely mainly on imports. According to customs statistics, in 1997 630 million U.S. dollars worth of imports mold, not including the import of mold together with the equipment; in 1997 only 78 million U.S. dollars export mold. At present the technological level of China Die & Mould Industry and manufacturing capacity, China's national economy in the weak links and bottlenecks constraining sustainable economic development.2、模具工業(yè)技術(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)
Technical level of China's mold industry currently uneven , with wide disparities. Generally speaking, with the developed industrial countries, Hong Kong and Taiwan advanced level, there is a large gap.
The use of CAD / CAM / CAE / CAPP and other technical design and manufacture molds, both wide application, or technical level, there is a big gap between both. In the application of CAD technology design molds, only about 10% of the mold used in the design of CAD, aside from drawing board still has a long way to go; in the application of CAE design and analysis of mold calculation, it was just started, most of the game is still in trial stages and animation; in the application of CAM technology manufacturing molds, first, the lack of advanced manufacturing equipment, and second, the existing process equipment (including the last 10 years the introduction of advanced equipment) or computer standard (IBM PC and compatibles, HP workstations, etc.) different, or because of differences in bytes, processing speed differences, differences in resistance to electromagnetic interference, networking is low, only about 5% of the mold manufacturing equipment of recent work in this task; in the application process planning CAPP technology, basically a blank state, based on the need for a lot of standardization work; in the mold common technology, such as mold rapid prototyping technology, polishing, electroforming technologies, surface treatment technology aspects of CAD / CAM technology in China has just started. Computer-aided technology, software development, is still at low level, the accumulation of knowledge and experience required. Most of our mold factory, mold processing equipment shop old, long in the length of civilian service, accuracy, low efficiency, still use the ordinary forging, turning, milling, planning , drilling, grinding and processing equipment, mold, heat treatment is still in use salt bath, box-type furnace, operating with the experience of workers, poorly equipped, high energy consumption. Renewal of equipment is slow, technological innovation, technological progress is not much intensity. Although in recent years introduced many advanced mold processing equipment, but are too scattered, or not complete, only about 25% utilization, equipment, some of the advanced functions are not given full play.
缺乏技術(shù)素質(zhì)較高的模具設(shè)計(jì)、制造工藝技術(shù)人員和技術(shù)工人，尤其缺乏知識(shí)面寬、知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)層次高的復(fù)合型人才。 Lack of technology of high-quality mold design, manufacturing technology and skilled workers, especially the lack of knowledge and breadth, knowledge structure, high levels of compound talents. China's mold industry and technical personnel, only 8% of employees 12%, and the technical personnel and skilled workers and lower the overall skill level. Before 1980, practitioners of technical personnel and skilled workers, the aging of knowledge, knowledge structure can not meet the current needs; and staff employed after 80 years, expertise, experience lack of hands-on ability, not ease, do not want to learn technology. In recent years, the brain drain caused by personnel not only decrease the quantity and quality levels, and personnel structure of the emergence of new faults, lean, make mold design, manufacturing difficult to raise the technical level.
中文翻譯
模具的發(fā)展
1模具在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中的地位
模具是大批量生產(chǎn)同形產(chǎn)品的工具，是工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的主要工藝裝備。
采用模具生產(chǎn)零部件，具有生產(chǎn)效率高、質(zhì)量好、成本低、節(jié)約能源和原材料等一系列優(yōu)點(diǎn)，用模具生產(chǎn)制件所具備的高精度、高復(fù)雜程度、高一致性、高生產(chǎn)率和低消耗，是其他加工制造方法所不能比擬的。已成為當(dāng)代工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的重要手段和工藝發(fā)展方向?，F(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)的基礎(chǔ)工業(yè)?，F(xiàn)代工業(yè)品的發(fā)展和技術(shù)水平的提高，很大程度上取決于模具工業(yè)的發(fā)展水平，因此模具工業(yè)對(duì)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展將起越來(lái)越大的作用。1989年3月國(guó)務(wù)院頒布的《關(guān)于當(dāng)前產(chǎn)業(yè)政策要點(diǎn)的決定》中，把模具列為機(jī)械工業(yè)技術(shù)改造序列的第一位、生產(chǎn)和基本建設(shè)序列的第二位(僅次于大型發(fā)電設(shè)備及相應(yīng)的輸變電設(shè)備)，確立模具工業(yè)在國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)中的重要地位。1997年以來(lái)，又相繼把模具及其加工技術(shù)和設(shè)備列入了《當(dāng)前國(guó)家重點(diǎn)鼓勵(lì)發(fā)展的產(chǎn)業(yè)、產(chǎn)品和技術(shù)目錄》和《鼓勵(lì)外商投資產(chǎn)業(yè)目錄》。經(jīng)國(guó)務(wù)院批準(zhǔn)，從1997年到2000年，對(duì)80多家國(guó)有專業(yè)模具廠實(shí)行增值稅返還70%的優(yōu)惠政策，以扶植模具工業(yè)的發(fā)展。所有這些，都充分體現(xiàn)了國(guó)務(wù)院和國(guó)家有關(guān)部門對(duì)發(fā)展模具工業(yè)的重視和支持。目前全世界模具年產(chǎn)值約為600億美元，日、美等工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的模具工業(yè)產(chǎn)值已超過機(jī)床工業(yè)，從1997年開始，我國(guó)模具工業(yè)產(chǎn)值也超過了機(jī)床工業(yè)產(chǎn)值。
據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，在家電、玩具等輕工行業(yè)，近90％的零件是綜筷具生產(chǎn)的；在飛機(jī)、汽車、農(nóng)機(jī)和無(wú)線電行業(yè)，這個(gè)比例也超過60％。例如飛機(jī)制造業(yè)，某型戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)模具使用量超過三萬(wàn)套，其中主機(jī)八千套、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)二千套、輔機(jī)二萬(wàn)套。從產(chǎn)值看，80年代以來(lái)，美、日等工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家模具行業(yè)的產(chǎn)值已超過機(jī)床行業(yè)，并又有繼續(xù)增長(zhǎng)的趨勢(shì)。據(jù)國(guó)際生產(chǎn)技術(shù)協(xié)會(huì)預(yù)測(cè)，到2000年，產(chǎn)品盡件粗加工的75%、精加工的50％將由模具完成；金屬、塑料、陶瓷、橡膠、建材等工業(yè)制品大部分將由模具完成，50％以上的金屬板材、80％以上的塑料都特通過模具轉(zhuǎn)化成制品。
2模具的歷史發(fā)展
模具的出現(xiàn)可以追溯到幾千年前的陶器和青銅器鑄造，但其大規(guī)模使用卻是隨著現(xiàn)代工業(yè)的掘起而發(fā)展起來(lái)的。
19世紀(jì)，隨著軍火工業(yè)(槍炮的彈殼)、鐘表工業(yè)、無(wú)線電工業(yè)的發(fā)展，沖模得到廣泛使用。二次大戰(zhàn)后，隨著世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的飛速發(fā)展，它又成了大量生產(chǎn)家用電器、汽車、電子儀器、照相機(jī)、鐘表等零件的最佳方式。從世界范圍看，當(dāng)時(shí)美國(guó)的沖壓技術(shù)走在前列——許多模具先進(jìn)技術(shù)，如簡(jiǎn)易模具、高效率模具、高壽命模具和沖壓自動(dòng)化技術(shù)，大多起源于美國(guó)；而瑞士的精沖、德國(guó)的冷擠壓技術(shù)，蘇聯(lián)對(duì)塑性加工的研究也處于世界先進(jìn)行列。50年代，模具行業(yè)工作重點(diǎn)是根據(jù)訂戶的要求，制作能滿足產(chǎn)品要求的模具。模具設(shè)計(jì)多憑經(jīng)驗(yàn)，參考已有圖紙和感性認(rèn)識(shí)，對(duì)所設(shè)計(jì)模具零件的機(jī)能缺乏真切了解。從1955年到1965年，是壓力加工的探索和開發(fā)時(shí)代——對(duì)模具主要零部件的機(jī)能和受力狀態(tài)進(jìn)行了數(shù)學(xué)分橋，并把這些知識(shí)不斷應(yīng)用于現(xiàn)場(chǎng)實(shí)際，使得沖壓技術(shù)在各方面有飛躍的發(fā)展。其結(jié)果是歸納出模具設(shè)計(jì)原則，并使得壓力機(jī)械、沖壓材料、加工方法、梅具結(jié)構(gòu)、模具材料、模具制造方法、自動(dòng)化裝置等領(lǐng)域面貌一新，并向?qū)嵱没姆较蛲七M(jìn)，從而使沖壓加工從儀能生產(chǎn)優(yōu)良產(chǎn)品的第一階段。
進(jìn)入70年代向高速化、啟動(dòng)化、精密化、安全化發(fā)展的第二階段。在這個(gè)過程中不斷涌現(xiàn)各種高效率、商壽命、高精度助多功能自動(dòng)校具。其代表是多達(dá)別多個(gè)工位的級(jí)進(jìn)模和十幾個(gè)工位的多工位傳遞模。在此基礎(chǔ)上又發(fā)展出既有連續(xù)沖壓工位又有多滑塊成形工位的壓力機(jī)—彎曲機(jī)。在此期間，日本站到了世界最前列——其模具加工精度進(jìn)入了微米級(jí)，模具壽命，合金工具鋼制造的模具達(dá)到了幾千萬(wàn)次，硬質(zhì)合金鋼制造的模具達(dá)到了幾億次p每分鐘沖壓次數(shù)，小型壓力機(jī)通常為200至300次，最高為1200次至1500次。在此期間，為了適應(yīng)產(chǎn)品更新快、用期短(如汽車改型、玩具翻新等)的需要，各種經(jīng)濟(jì)型模具，如鋅落合金模具、聚氨酯橡膠模具、鋼皮沖模等也得到了很大發(fā)展。
從70年代中期至今可以說是計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)、輔助制造技術(shù)不斷發(fā)展的時(shí)代。隨著模具加工精度與復(fù)雜性不斷提高，生產(chǎn)周期不斷加快，模具業(yè)對(duì)設(shè)備和人員素質(zhì)的要求也不斷提高。依靠普通加工設(shè)備，憑經(jīng)驗(yàn)和手藝越來(lái)越不能滿足模具生產(chǎn)的需要。90年代以來(lái)，機(jī)械技術(shù)和電子技術(shù)緊密結(jié)合，發(fā)展了NC機(jī)床，如數(shù)控線切割機(jī)床、數(shù)控電火花機(jī)床、數(shù)控銑床、數(shù)控坐標(biāo)磨床等。而采用電子計(jì)算機(jī)自動(dòng)編程、控制的CNC機(jī)床提高了數(shù)控機(jī)床的使用效率和范圍。近年來(lái)又發(fā)展出由一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)以分時(shí)的方式直接管理和控制一群數(shù)控機(jī)床的NNC系統(tǒng)。
隨著計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，計(jì)算機(jī)也逐步進(jìn)入模具生產(chǎn)的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域，包括設(shè)計(jì)、制造、管理等。國(guó)際生產(chǎn)研究協(xié)會(huì)預(yù)測(cè)，到2000年，作為設(shè)計(jì)和制造之間聯(lián)系手段的圖紙將失去其主要作用。模具自動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)的最根本點(diǎn)是必須確立模具零件標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。要擺脫過去以人的思考判斷和實(shí)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)為中心所組成的設(shè)計(jì)方法，就必須把過去的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和思考方法，進(jìn)行系列化、數(shù)值化、數(shù)式化，作為設(shè)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則儲(chǔ)存到計(jì)算機(jī)中。因?yàn)槟＞邩?gòu)成元件也干差萬(wàn)別，要搞出一個(gè)能適應(yīng)各種零件的設(shè)計(jì)軟件幾乎不可能。但是有些產(chǎn)品的零件形狀變化不大，模具結(jié)構(gòu)有一定的規(guī)律，放可總結(jié)歸納，為自動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)提供軟件。如日本某公司的CDM系統(tǒng)用于級(jí)進(jìn)模設(shè)計(jì)與制造，其中包括零件圖形輸入、毛坯展開、條料排樣、確定模板尺寸和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、繪制裝配圖和零件圖、輸出NC程序(為數(shù)控加工中心和線切割編程)等，所用時(shí)間由手工的20%、工時(shí)減少到35小時(shí)；從80年代初日本就將三維的CAD／CAM系統(tǒng)用于汽車覆蓋件模具。目前，在實(shí)體件的掃描輸入，圖線和數(shù)據(jù)輸入，幾何造形、顯示、繪圖、標(biāo)注以及對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)的自動(dòng)編程，產(chǎn)生效控機(jī)床控制系統(tǒng)的后置處理文件等方面已達(dá)到較高水平；計(jì)算機(jī)仿真(CAE)技術(shù)也取得了一定成果。在高層次上，CAD／CAM／CAE集成的，即數(shù)據(jù)是統(tǒng)一的，可以互相直接傳輸信息．實(shí)現(xiàn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)化。目前．國(guó)外僅有少數(shù)廠家能夠做到。
3我國(guó)模具工業(yè)現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢(shì)
由于歷史原因形成的封閉式、“大而全”的企業(yè)特征，我國(guó)大部分企業(yè)均設(shè)有模具車間，處于本廠的配套地位，自70年代末才有了模具工業(yè)化和生產(chǎn)專業(yè)化這個(gè)概念。生產(chǎn)效率不高，經(jīng)濟(jì)效益較差。模具行業(yè)的生產(chǎn)小而散亂，跨行業(yè)、投資密集，專業(yè)化、商品化和技術(shù)管理水平都比較低。
據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計(jì)，全國(guó)現(xiàn)有模具專業(yè)生產(chǎn)廠、產(chǎn)品廠配套的模具車間（分廠）近17000家，約60萬(wàn)從業(yè)人員，年模具總產(chǎn)值達(dá)200億元人民幣。但是，我國(guó)模具工業(yè)現(xiàn)有能力只能滿足需求量的60％左右，還不能適應(yīng)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的需要。目前，國(guó)內(nèi)需要的大型、精密、復(fù)雜和長(zhǎng)壽命的模具還主要依靠進(jìn)口。據(jù)海關(guān)統(tǒng)計(jì)，1997年進(jìn)口模具價(jià)值6.3億美元，這還不包括隨設(shè)備一起進(jìn)口的模具；1997年出口模具僅為7800萬(wàn)美元。目前我國(guó)模具工業(yè)的技術(shù)水平和制造能力，是我國(guó)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)中的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)和制約經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)發(fā)展的瓶頸。
我國(guó)模具工業(yè)目前技術(shù)水平參差不齊，懸殊較大。從總體上來(lái)講，與發(fā)達(dá)工業(yè)國(guó)家及港臺(tái)地區(qū)先進(jìn)水平相比，還有較大的差距。
在采用CAD/CAM/CAE/CAPP等技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)與制造模具方面，無(wú)論是應(yīng)用的廣泛性，還是技術(shù)水平上都存在很大的差距。在應(yīng)用CAD技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)模具方面，僅有約10%的模具在設(shè)計(jì)中采用了CAD，距拋開繪圖板還有漫長(zhǎng)的一段路要走；在應(yīng)用CAE進(jìn)行模具方案設(shè)計(jì)和分析計(jì)算方面，也才剛剛起步，大多還處于試用和動(dòng)畫游戲階段；在應(yīng)用CAM技術(shù)制造模具方面，一是缺乏先進(jìn)適用的制造裝備，二是現(xiàn)有的工藝設(shè)備（包括近10多年來(lái)引進(jìn)的先進(jìn)設(shè)備）或因計(jì)算機(jī)制式（IBM微機(jī)及其兼容機(jī)、HP工作站等）不同，或因字節(jié)差異、運(yùn)算速度差異、抗電磁干擾能力差異等，聯(lián)網(wǎng)率較低，只有5%左右的模具制造設(shè)備近年來(lái)才開展這項(xiàng)工作；在應(yīng)用CAPP技術(shù)進(jìn)行工藝規(guī)劃方面，基本上處于空白狀態(tài)，需要進(jìn)行大量的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化基礎(chǔ)工作；在模具共性工藝技術(shù)，如模具快速成型技術(shù)、拋光技術(shù)、電鑄成型技術(shù)、表面處理技術(shù)等方面的CAD/CAM技術(shù)應(yīng)用在我國(guó)才剛起步。計(jì)算機(jī)輔助技術(shù)的軟件開發(fā)，尚處于較低水平，需要知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)的積累。我國(guó)大部分模具廠、車間的模具加工設(shè)備陳舊，在役期長(zhǎng)、精度差、效率低，至今仍在使用普通的鍛、車、銑、刨、鉆、磨設(shè)備加工模具，熱處理加工仍在使用鹽浴、箱式爐，操作憑工人的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，設(shè)備簡(jiǎn)陋，能耗高。設(shè)備更新速度緩慢，技術(shù)改造，技術(shù)進(jìn)步力度不大。雖然近年來(lái)也引進(jìn)了不少先進(jìn)的模具加工設(shè)備，但過于分散，或不配套，利用率一般僅有25%左右，設(shè)備的一些先進(jìn)功能也未能得到充分發(fā)揮。
缺乏技術(shù)素質(zhì)較高的模具設(shè)計(jì)、制造工藝技術(shù)人員和技術(shù)工人，尤其缺乏知識(shí)面寬、知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)層次高的復(fù)合型人才。中國(guó)模具行業(yè)中的技術(shù)人員，只占從業(yè)人員的8%~12%左右，且技術(shù)人員和技術(shù)工人的總體技術(shù)水平也較低。1980年以前從業(yè)的技術(shù)人員和技術(shù)工人知識(shí)老化，知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)不能適應(yīng)現(xiàn)在的需要；而80年代以后從業(yè)的人員，專業(yè)知識(shí)、經(jīng)驗(yàn)匱乏，動(dòng)手能力差，不安心，不愿學(xué)技術(shù)。近年來(lái)人才外流不僅造成人才數(shù)量與素質(zhì)水平下降，而且人才結(jié)構(gòu)也出現(xiàn)了新的斷層，青黃不接，使得模具設(shè)計(jì)、制造的技術(shù)水平難以提高。
致 謝
經(jīng)過兩個(gè)多月的努力，我終于完成了畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)。開始的時(shí)候我對(duì)一些知識(shí)不是很清楚，所以我閱讀了大量和模具，機(jī)械相關(guān)的書籍，花費(fèi)了很大的時(shí)間來(lái)系統(tǒng)地學(xué)習(xí)專業(yè)知識(shí)，在這個(gè)過程中我充實(shí)了自己，并為自己的進(jìn)步感到喜悅。
在這期間有很多人給予了我莫大的幫助，特別是吳曉指導(dǎo)老師，吳老師在每個(gè)星期都給我們布置工作，并定期檢查我們的工作情況，在一些不符合要求的地方及時(shí)給我們指正，這對(duì)我順利完成設(shè)計(jì)幫助很大。同時(shí)，在吳老師的指導(dǎo)下，我在這次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)過程中鞏固了基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)，并深入理解，使自己對(duì)所學(xué)知識(shí)有了更全面的認(rèn)識(shí)。在設(shè)計(jì)中我不斷改進(jìn)設(shè)計(jì)的機(jī)構(gòu)，使它更符合實(shí)際。另外還有很多同學(xué)在設(shè)計(jì)期間也給我答疑解惑，我由衷的感謝他們，祝福他們?cè)谥蟮牡缆飞弦磺许樌?