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1、對應(yīng)學(xué)生用書對應(yīng)學(xué)生用書P P201 201 語法歸納歸納語法歸納語法 分類詳解分類詳解一、不定式(一)不定式的時態(tài)不定式有：一般式、完成式、進(jìn)行式：時態(tài)構(gòu)成一般式完成式進(jìn)行式to doto have doneto be doing1一般式(1)不定式所表示的動作或狀態(tài)與謂語動詞所表示的動作或狀態(tài)同時或幾乎同時發(fā)生或存在，用一般式。Im glad to see you.見到你很高興。I saw her enter the room just now.我剛才見她進(jìn)了房間。(2)不定式所表示的動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作或狀態(tài)之后也用一般式。My uncle asked me to see

2、 him this summer.我叔叔讓我今年夏天去看他。Im glad to take my sister to the countryside.我很樂意帶我妹妹去鄉(xiāng)下。2完成式不定式所表示的動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作或狀態(tài)之前，用完成式。Im glad to have seen your mother yesterday.我很高興昨天見到了你母親。They thought it a pity not to have invited us.沒邀請我們令他們遺憾。3進(jìn)行式當(dāng)謂語動詞的動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生時，不定式所表示的動作正在進(jìn)行，用進(jìn)行式。They seemed to be talk

3、ing about you.他們好像在議論你。The two cheats pretended to be working hard.兩個騙子假裝拼命工作。(二)不定式的被動語態(tài)不定式被動語態(tài)用于兩種時態(tài)即：一般式和完成式被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成一般式to be done完成式to have been done在下列情況下不定式要用被動語態(tài)：當(dāng)句子的主語是不定式所表示動作的承受者時，如：The girl is glad to be taken to the Summer Palace.能去頤和園小女孩很高興。The book is said to have been put into English.據(jù)說

4、此書已譯成英語。注意：Have you anything to be done this afternoon?今天下午你有什么事情要人做嗎？Have you anything to do this afternoon?今天下午你有什么事情要(自己)做嗎？(三)不定式的主動語態(tài)代替被動語態(tài)1不定式與最近的名詞(代詞)有動賓關(guān)系，且與句中另一名詞(代詞)有主謂關(guān)系He has nothing to eat.他沒有東西可吃。Ill give you a book to read.我給你本書讀。Would you bring a bench to sit on?能拿來個長凳坐嗎？2在“主語表語(形容詞

5、)to do”中，主語也是不定式的邏輯賓語時This text is easy to recite.這篇課文容易背。John is difficult to deal with.約翰很難對付。3to let，to blameThe house is to let.這房子要出租。You are to blame.你要受責(zé)備。(四)不定式的用法1做主語To know oneself is difficult.要認(rèn)識自己很難。To get up early makes us healthy.早起使我們健康。以不定式作主語，動詞用單數(shù)形式；也可用it作形式主語，把真正的主語放在句尾。2作賓語I lik

6、e to go at this time.我喜歡此時去。He intends to try it.他打算試一下。常接不定式作賓語的動詞有：want，like，hope，wish，expect，desire，intend，decide，try，manage，refuse，.否定詞要放在不定式to的前面：We decided not to go.我們決定不去。it作形式賓語，真正的賓語是后面的to v. 能夠這樣用的動詞有：find，think，believe，consider，make，take，regard.I think it better not to go.我想最好不去。We consi

7、der it our duty to observe the laws.我們認(rèn)為遵守法律是我們的職責(zé)。3作表語To see is to believe.眼見為實。His wish is to become a scientist.他的理想是成為科學(xué)家。4作賓語補足語They think him to be honest.他們認(rèn)為他很誠實。I expect him to be a doctor.我猜他是醫(yī)生。5作定語I have some clothes to wash.我有些衣服要洗。This is the best way to cure a headache.這是治療頭痛的最好辦法。6疑問

8、詞to do作主語、賓語、表語Please tell me where to go next.請告訴我下次去哪。Sam is learning how to drive a car.山姆在學(xué)開車。When to turn the corner is a difficult problem.何時拐彎還是個難題。注意：沒有whyto do的形式。7不定式作狀語(1)作目的狀語I come to see you.I come in order to see you.I come in order that I may see you.I come for the purpose of seeing

9、you.我來看你。(In order to)To let some fresh air in，I opened the window.為了讓新鮮空氣進(jìn)來，我打開了窗戶。目的狀語位于句首不能用so as to替換。(2)作結(jié)果狀語He studied so hard as to pass the examination.He studied so hard that he passed the examination.He studied hard enough to pass the examination.他很用功以致能通過考試。You are too young to drive.You

10、are so young that you cant learn to drive.You are not old enough to learn to drive.你年紀(jì)太小不能學(xué)開車。I heard my name called.我聽見有人喊我的名字。注意：變被動需要加toShe was seen to enter this room last night.有人見她昨夜進(jìn)了這個房間。2使役動詞have/make/let sb.doI will have him come over.我要讓他過來。He made me tell the truth.他強迫我說出了實情。注意：變被動需加toI

11、was made to tell the truth.我被迫講出了實情。3do nothing but do但nothing but之前的動詞，若不是do，則nothing but后要用to.The baby does nothing but cry.嬰兒一直在哭。He desires nothing but to live happily.他的愿望就是生活幸福。4省略to后的動詞部分，避免重復(fù)，但要保留toHe asked her to go to the movies，but she didnt want to.他請她去看電影，但她不想去。二、動名詞(一)動名詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)(以write為

12、例)主動形式被動形式一般式writingbeing written完成式having writtenhaving been written1動名詞的時態(tài)(1)一般式時間觀念不明確的動名詞，與謂語所表示的動作同時發(fā)生的動名詞或動名詞的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞的動作之后的動名詞都用一般式。The students are all interested in climbing mountains.學(xué)生們都喜歡爬山。The engineer suggested bringing out a new type of computer.工程師建議推出新款電腦。(2)完成式動名詞的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之

13、前I regret not having taken my assistants advice.我后悔沒采納助手的建議。有時(特別在口語中)，一般式可以代替完成式Excuse me for coming(having come)late.請原諒我來晚了。2動名詞的被動式動名詞的邏輯主語是該動名詞所表示動作的承受者時動名詞要用被動式These books must be returned to the library after being read.書看完后要歸還圖書館。I forget having been told about it.我忘了有人告訴過我這件事。3動名詞的否定形式not d

14、oingI must apologize for not letting you know ahead of time.沒讓你事先知道我一定道歉。4動名詞的邏輯主語(1)動名詞作主語，其邏輯主語必須用名詞或代詞的所有格形式。(2)動名詞作賓語時，其邏輯主語既可用名詞或代詞的所有格形式，也可用其賓格形式。(3)動名詞的邏輯主語為無生命的名詞或抽象名詞時，則用原來形式，不必加s.Johns coming back tomorrow excited all of us.明天約翰就要回來了，我們都很興奮。Im sure of my brothers/brother passing the exam.我

15、弟弟肯定能通過考試。There is little chance of his/him being elected Mayor of the city.他競選市長機會渺茫。(二)動名詞的語法功能1作主語Laying eggs is her fulltime job.她的職責(zé)就是產(chǎn)卵。(1)用it代替動名詞作形式主語，如：Its a waste of time arguing with him about it.與他爭論等于浪費時間。(2)作there be no句型中的主語There is no good smoking too much.吸煙不好。2作表語The real problem i

16、s getting to know the needs of the people.真正的問題是了解人民群眾的需求。Our aim is building socialism.我們的目標(biāo)是建設(shè)社會主義。這時表語和主語可以互換，如上兩句可以換成：Getting to know the needs of the people is a real problem.Building socialism is our aim.但如果動詞是一個具體的、個別的動作，還是以不定式為宜。如：The work of the second week is to arrange the class meeting.第

17、二周的工作是安排班會。注意：習(xí)慣上主語是不定式時，表語也用不定式。主語是動名詞時表語也用動名詞。To see is to believe.眼見為實。Studying is working.學(xué)習(xí)就是工作。3作賓語You must not give up studying.你不應(yīng)該放棄學(xué)習(xí)。(1)只接動名詞，不接不定式的動詞有：complete完成finish完成enjoy非常喜歡mind介意practise練習(xí)resist抵抗risk冒險suggest建議understand了解report報告excuse原諒delay耽擱imagine想像miss錯過prevent阻止give up放棄can

18、t help情不自禁put off推遲get through完成burst out突然consider考慮(2)用作介詞的賓語：be(get)used to習(xí)慣于come to談到add to加上look forward to期待devote to獻(xiàn)身于stick to堅持lead to導(dǎo)致insist on堅持get down to開始以上短語中，to和on為介詞，后接動名詞。They insisted on going there on foot.他們堅持步行。The students are used to living here.學(xué)生們習(xí)慣于生活在這里。4作定語(1)動名詞和名詞一樣可

19、用作形容詞修飾名詞，表示該名詞的用途。(2)現(xiàn)在分詞用作形容詞修飾名詞則表示該名詞的動作或狀態(tài)。比較：動名詞作定語：a sleeping cara car for sleepingdrinking waterwater for drinkinga swimming poola pool for swimming現(xiàn)在分詞作定語：a sleeping childa child who is sleepinga dancing girla girl who is dancinga drinking horsea horse which is drinking三、分詞分詞分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞，其否定

20、形式為not分詞。(一)分詞的形式例 語態(tài)時態(tài)do( vt.)rise( vi.)主動被動主動被動現(xiàn)在分詞一般doingbeing donerising無完成having donehaving been donehaving risen無過去分詞無donerisen無(二)現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的區(qū)別1現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動，過去分詞表示被動比較：The professor entered the hall，following his assistant.教授跟在助手的后面進(jìn)入大廳。The professor entered the hall，followed by his assistant.教授進(jìn)入

21、大廳，后面跟著他的助手。2現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行，過去分詞表示已經(jīng)完成He looked at the falling leaves and realized the autumn was here.他看著滿天的落葉突然意識到秋天來了。The dustmen are cleaning the fallen leaves.清潔工正在清掃落葉。Look out！This is boiling water.小心！這是開水。Please give me some boiled water.請給我一些涼開水。(三)分詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)1現(xiàn)在分詞的時態(tài)(1)一般式現(xiàn)在分詞的動作與謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生，用一般式

22、。I heard someone playing the piano in the next room.我聽到有人在隔壁彈鋼琴。The building being built now is our physics lab.正在建的樓是物理實驗室。(2)完成式現(xiàn)在分詞的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞的動作之前，用完成式。Having realized his mistake，he made an apology.意識到自己錯了，他向大家道歉。Having been sent to the countryside，he had to leave the city.由于被派往鄉(xiāng)下，他不得不離開城市。2過去分詞

23、只有一般式，及物動詞的過去分詞一般既表示完成也表示被動，不及物動詞的過去分詞一般只表示完成The building built last year is our teaching building.去年建成的這座樓是我們的教學(xué)樓。Given more water，the flowers would have grown better.多澆點水，花會長得更好。the fallen leaves 落葉a retired worker 一名退休工人(四)分詞的語法功能1分詞具有動詞的性質(zhì)，所以可以有自己的補足語或賓語，也可以有狀語修飾它2分詞具有形容詞的性質(zhì)，可在句中作表語，定語，賓語補足語或狀語(

24、1)分詞作表語Im very interested in his speech.我對他的演講很感興趣。What you said is really inspiring.你所說的真令人鼓舞。(2)分詞作定語分詞作定語相當(dāng)于一個定語從句，一般情況下單個分詞作定語前置，分詞短語作定語后置。He is a promising man.He is a man who is promising.他是個很有前途的人。There is a wallet lying on the ground.There is a wallet which is lying on the ground.地上有個錢包。(3)分

25、詞作賓語補足語I couldnt make myself understood.我無法被人理解。He felt his heart beating wildly.他感到心臟在劇烈跳動。(4)分詞作狀語時間狀語Having finished his homework，he went to sleep.After he finished his homework，he went to sleep.做完作業(yè)，他就去睡覺了。When the earth is seen from a spaceship，the earth looks just like a blue green white ball.

26、Seen from a spaceship，the earth looks just like a blue green white ball.從飛船上看，地球像個彩球。條件狀語Working hard，you will pass the exam.If you work hard，youll pass the exam.努力學(xué)習(xí)就會通過考試。Having considered everything，we can start.As long as we have considered everything，we can start.只要考慮周全了，就可以開始。If water is heate

27、d，it will become steam.Heated，water will become steam.加熱，水就會變成汽。伴隨狀語The students came into the classroom laughing and talking.學(xué)生們說著笑著走進(jìn)了教室。The old lady was telling stories，surrounded by a lot of children.老太太在講故事，身邊圍了一圈孩子。原因狀語He wandered down the street，not knowing where to go.由于不知去哪里，他在大街上徘徊。Serious

28、ly injured，he had to be taken to hospital.由于傷得嚴(yán)重，只好把他送往醫(yī)院。結(jié)果狀語He dropped the glass，breaking it into pieces.他把杯子摔碎了。His old grandma died，leaving Peter a lot of money.他的奶奶去世了，留給彼得一大筆錢。讓步狀語Warned of danger，he still went skating on the thin ice.Though he was warned of danger，he still went skating on the thin ice.盡管受到警告，他仍舊去滑冰。注意：當(dāng)分詞的邏輯主語和主句的主語不一致，且沒有主、被動關(guān)系時，分詞要保留其邏輯主語。His mother being ill，he was absent.他母親病了，他沒來。There are 50 students in our class,15 girls included.班里有50名學(xué)生，包括15個女生。對應(yīng)專題對應(yīng)專題 分類訓(xùn)練分類訓(xùn)練 溫溫示示提提馨馨