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專題四　詞義猜測類題目 [命題特點] 利用上下文判斷單詞、短語或句子在特定語言環(huán)境中確切含義。 常見設問方式： (1)The word “...” refers to... (2)The underlined phrase means... (3)By saying “...” we mean... (4)The expression “...” stands for... (5)．..have the closest meaning... (6)In other words... [考查重點] (1)生詞的語境猜測。 (2)詞組及短語的指代。 [方法技巧] (1)利用上下文、構詞法，通過對應結構或平行結構中的同義詞、反義詞復述、對比進行判斷； (2)利用定語從句、同位語從句等進行判斷； (3)根據(jù)關聯(lián)詞，如but，while，however，not only...but also等進行判斷； (4)利用構詞法前綴、后綴、合成詞進行判斷。 Passage 1 I still remember—my hands and my fingers still remember—what used to lie in store for us on our return to school from the holidays. The trees in the school yard would be in full leaf again and the old leaves would be lying around like a muddy sea of leaves. “Get that all swept up！” the headmaster would tell us. “I want the whole place cleaned up, at once！” There was enough work there, to last over a week. Especially since the only tools with which we were provided were our hands, our fingers, our nails. “Now see that its done properly, and be quick about it，” the headmaster would say to the older pupils, “or youll have to answer for it！” So at an order from the older boys we would all line up like peanuts about to cut and gather in crops. If the work was not going as quickly as the headmaster expected, the big boys, instead of giving us a helping hand, used to beat us with branches pulled from the trees. In order to avoid these blows, we used to bribe(賄賂) the older boys with the juicy cakes we used to bring for our midday meal.And if we happened to have any money on us, the coins changed hands at once. If we did not do this, if we were afraid of going home with an empty stomach or an empty purse, the blows were redoubled. They hit us so violently and with such evil enjoyment that even a deaf and dumb person would have realized that we were being whipped not so much to make us work harder, but rather to beat us into a state of obedience(服從) in which we would be only too glad to give up our food and money. Occasionally one of us, worn out by such calculated cruelty, would have the courage to plain to the headmaster. He would of course be very angry, but the punishment he gave the older boys was always very small—nothing pared to what they had done to us. And the fact is that however much we plained, our situation did not improve in the slightest. Perhaps we should have let our parents know what was going on, but somehow we never dreamed of doing so; I dont know whether it was loyalty or pride that kept us silent, but I can see now that we were foolish to keep quiet about it, for such beating is pletely foreign to our nature. 【語篇解讀】　本文為記敘文。文中作者回憶了早年讀書期間，假期返校清除落葉的一段經(jīng)歷。 1．The statement “my hands and my fingers still remember” (Para.1) means that “________”． A．the authors hands were severely injured in the cleaning up B．the author seldom did such hard work as the cleaning up C．the author was bullied by the big boys in the cleaning up D．the authors hands were his only tool for the cleaning 解析：作者一開始用了兩個“remember”表明他對假期返校要清除落葉一事記憶深刻。第二段提到自己在為學校清除落葉時沒有別的工具，唯一的工具就是手，由此可推斷“手和指尖都記得”是因為在大掃除中，作者的手作為唯一的清潔工具受了不少的罪。 答案：D 2．The headmaster would tell the students to clean up the school yard at the beginning of the term because________． A．he was too lazy B．there were many fallen leaves on the ground C．the school yard was covered with mud D．the students didnt finish their homework 解析：第一段最后一句提到假期過后學校會堆滿落葉，第二段校長發(fā)布了讓學生大掃除的命令，兩者之間的因果關系顯而易見，因此本題應選B項。 答案：B 3．The headmaster asked the older boys to________． A．beat those who worked slowly B．treat the small boys as peanuts C．take charge of the process of the cleaning D．do the cleaning all by themselves 解析： 第二段最后一句，特別是其中的“see”，表明校長讓大孩子們做大掃除的“監(jiān)工”，負責帶領其他孩子們把學校打掃干凈。這也可以從該句的“...or youll have to answer for it！(否則你們就要為此負責)”看出答案為C項。 答案：C 4．According to Para.3, if the author had any money on him, he most probably________． A．gave it to the big boys so as to please them B．gave it as a bribe to the headmaster C．spent it all on his midday meal D．spent it buying midday meals for the big boys 解析：第三段第四句中的“...the coins changed hands at once.”可理解為“錢馬上就會易主”，即錢到了大孩子們的口袋里，由此可知選A項。 答案：A 5．When receiving plaints, the headmaster would deal with the big boys by means of ________． A．slight punishment　　　 B．harsh criticism C．plete indifference D．good beating 解析：根據(jù)題干中的plaints可定位到最后一段開頭兩句。該段第二句表明校長對大孩子們的懲罰很輕，因此本題應選A項。 答案：A Passage 2 The 30 miles of steep roads that snake through the mountains of Logan Canyon in Utah are enough to make most drivers hands sweat. But Andersen, a 46－year－old father of four, wasnt expecting any trouble on the road last New Years Eve, when he set off for a ski trip to the Bear River Mountains with nine－year－old daughter Mia, four－year－old son Baylor, and nine－year－old neighbour Kenya. Andersen had driven through the Canyon hundreds of times over the years. The weather was fine，but the higher they drove, the more slippery the roads became. Rounding a sharp U－turn at mile marker 473, Andersen saw a truck that had skated off the road and immediately tapped his brakes. In an instant, the car was sliding at 25 miles per hour towards the shoulder of the highway, then rolling down a steep ten－foot dam towards the extremely cold Logan River. As it hit the water, the car tipped towards the passenger side, hesitated, and then rolled onto its roof and sank into the river. There was no time to tell the kids what to do. The crash had broken a few windows, and within seconds, the upside－down car was filled with water. “It was frightening how fast we were pletely underwater，” remembers Andersen, a soft－spoken product development manager. “Youre thinking, is this how its all going to end？” Having lost all sense of direction, Andersen began to search the freezing water for the kids. Mia had been right next to him in the front seat; now, in the blackness, he couldnt find her. I thought，“If I dont get out, maybe none of us are going to get out.” Andersen got out of his seat belt, swam through a broken window, and, deeply and quickly, breathed air at the surface. Thats when he saw a group of men, about ten in all, appear at the top of the dam. One after another, they raced down into the water. Helping onto safety all the three children, they began to shout at the father, “Who else is in the car？” Andersen says respectfully, “It_was_like_the型sight of angels_(天使). ” 【語篇解讀】　本文主要介紹了Andersen開車帶三個孩子上盤山公路時遭遇車禍并死里逃生的故事。 1．What might be the main reason for the car accident? A．The sharp U－turn. B．The steep dam. C．The sudden brake. D．A truck hitting the car. 解析：由第二段第二句“Rounding a sharp U－turn at mile marker 473, Andersen saw a truck that had skated off the road and immediately tapped his brakes.”可知是急剎車導致了這一次事故。 答案：C 2．Andersen didnt expect any trouble on the road because ________． A．he was familiar with the road B．he was good at driving C．his hands didnt have sweat D．the weather was fine 解析：由第一段最后一句“Andersen had driven through the Canyon hundreds of times over the years.”可知Andersen在Canyon山路上開了成百上千次車，所以，他應該是對這條路非常熟悉。 答案：A 3．What can be learned from the last paragraph? A．Andersen lost conciousness in the water. B．Strangers helped Andersen out of the car. C．Andersen liked Mia most among the children. D．Strangers teamed together to save the three children. 解析：由最后一段“Thats when he saw a group of men, about ten in all, appear at the top of the dam.One after another, they raced down into the water.Helping onto safety all the three children...”可知，陌生人成群結隊地去救三個孩子。 答案：D 4．The underlined sentence is to express Andersens feeling of being________． A．tired B．excited C．doubtful D．grateful 解析：由最后一句話中Andersen把他們比喻成天使，可知他應該對營救他們的人心存感激。 答案：D 5．Which of the following can be the best title of the text? A．Stay calm when in trouble B．Drive rounding a U－turn C．Miracle rescue from an icy river D．Mystery of the Bear River Mountains 解析：縱觀全文可知本文主要介紹了在冰河中，大家營救車禍中的三個孩子和一位父親的故事，故C項為最佳選項。 答案：C Passage 3 Scientists have not found any signs of life on Mars yet, but they say a robotic vehicle called “Curiosity” is helping them learn a lot about the planets history and climate. Curiosity landed on Mars in August 2012 after travelling through space for more than eight months. It was sent to Mars by scientists from NASA in the United States. Curiosity is about the size of a car and has six wheels. It also has a robotic arm, cameras, and instruments that allow it to examine things it finds on the surface. Then it sends the information back to the earth. Curiositys main task is to find out if anything could live on Mars, either now or in the past. On Nov. 2, NASA scientists held a press conference (新聞發(fā)布會) to discuss what Curiosity had found in its first two months on Mars. Curiosity has found soil that is similar to the sand formed by volcanoes (火山) on the earth. Scientists say that studying the minerals in Martian soil will help them understand what conditions were like on the planet in the past. Curiosity also found smooth stones like the ones found on river beds and seashores on the earth, where their rough edges have been worn down by water. Mars is very cold and dry now, but scientists say the smooth stones tell them that a river used to run through the place where they were found. Curiosity has been testing the atmosphere around Mars for a type of gas called methane (甲烷), but so far it has not found any. On the earth, most methane is produced by plants or animals. Methane on Mars might indicate that some type of tiny plants or animals lived there. Curiosity is the fourth robotic vehicle to be sent to Mars. It will continue to explore the planet for about two years. 【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇新聞報道，主要講述了“好奇號”機器人探索火星的最新情況。 1．Which of the following descriptions about Curiosity is TRUE? A．It landed on Mars in January 2012. B．It is small in size and has four arms. C．It took over eight months to arrive in Mars. D．It was sent to Mars by scientists from Russia. 解析：根據(jù)第二段的“...after travelling through space for more than eight months.”可知答案。 答案：C 2．According to the information sent back by Curiosity, scientists believe that________． A．theres no air on Mars B．Mars is warm and wet now C．the soil on Mars is rich D．there used to be water on Mars 解析：根據(jù)第五段中的“Curiosity also found smooth stones like the ones found on river beds and seashores on the earth, where their rough edges have been worn down by water.”可直接得出答案。 答案：D 3．The underlined word “they” in Paragraph 5 refers to“________”． A．smooth stones B．rivers C．robotic vehicles D．volcanoes 解析：根據(jù)第五段最后一句可知答案。 答案：A 4．We know from the sixth paragraph that________． A．some tiny animals once lived on Mars B．there are no plants or animals on Mars now C．the atmosphere around Mars is full of methane D．Curiosity is designed to test the atmosphere around the earth 解析：根據(jù)第六段可知，如果有甲烷，就表示火星上有植物或動物存在的可能。但是“好奇號”到現(xiàn)在為止都沒有在火星上找到甲烷，可見火星上至少現(xiàn)在是沒有植物或動物的。 答案：B 5．What is the main idea of the passage? A．Humans benefit a lot by going to Mars. B．Scientists will stop the research on Mars soon. C．It is possible to build an earth－like environment on Mars. D．A robotic vehicle helps scientists get useful information from Mars. 解析：根據(jù)文章的第一段可知答案。 答案：D Passage 4 Increased use of the Internet and mobile phones is undermining pupils capacity for independent study and promoting poor grammar. Cranfield School of Management found almost 6 in 10 schoolchildren were copying information directly from websites for homework tasks without properly reading it. More than a quarter thought it was an acceptable practice, even though they know it was considered plagiarism (剽竊)． The study, based on a sample of around 260 pupils aged from 11 to 18 at a secondary school in the Midlands, raised fresh concerns that modern technology was having a destructive effect on young people. Andrew Kakabadse, Professor of International Management Development at Cranfield, said, “Our research shows that technology obsession prevents spelling skills, encourages plagiarism, and disturbs classroom learning.” “Despite school policies restricting mobile phone usage, students use the phone frequently, with the majority making calls from the toilets. The mobile phone continues to be a main channel of social munication during the school day.” The report revealed that so－called “text－speak” was increasingly finding it was into pupils school work. 3 in 10 students admit to using text message shortcuts, such as “r u ok” in essays and classroom tasks. It followed a study earlier this year that found almost half of teachers failed to understand some pupils writing because it was so full of confusing language. Phrases such as “innit” and “Gr8” were regularly found in school work. The Cranfield study found that mobile use was so mon that many pupils chose to ignore school rules on phones. More than a third said they would use their phones in class, while nearly three quarters said they would not even make an excuse to leave class to answer a phone call. 【語篇解讀】　使用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和手機的學生越來越多了?？墒?，科技不僅給學生們帶來了便捷，也給他們的學習帶來了很多不利影響。 1．The underlined word “undermining” in the first paragraph can best be replaced by “________”． A．determining B．keeping C．weakening D．increasing 解析：根據(jù)第二、三兩段可知，靠照搬網(wǎng)上資料完成家庭作業(yè)，實際上是一種抄襲，會影響學生的獨立學習能力。undermine是“逐漸損害，削弱”的意思，故此處選C。 答案：C 2．It can be inferred from what Kakabadse said that ________． A．he is in favour of students mobile phone usage at school B．he believes schools are responsible for technology obsession C．the research finds a new way to improve school management D．it is hard to limit students mobile phone usage at school 解析：根據(jù)第六段第一句的“...with the majority making calls from the toilets.”和第二句“The mobile phone...the school day.”可推出，限制學生在學校使用手機是很困難的。 答案：D 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．Most students writing skills are being worse. B．Text message language may affect pupils language skills. C．Students like to invent new words in their writing. D．30% of pupils often send text messages when studying. 解析：根據(jù)第七至九段可知，短信語言可能會給學生的語言技能帶來不利影響。 答案：B 4．The passage is mainly about ________． A．the negative effect of technology on students study B．technologys positive influence on students achievement C．the importance of online social munication D．the rapidly growing role of munication technologies 解析：文章的第一段就點明了文章的大意“高科技的使用對孩子的學習有不好的影響?！惫蔬xA。 答案：A 5．Whats the attitude of the author to the problem? A．Optimistic. B．Approving. C．Anxious. D．Tolerant. 解析：從文章的字里行間可以看出作者對學生使用高科技產(chǎn)品(諸如手機之類)持憂慮態(tài)度。故答案為C。 答案：C Passage 5 As puters bee more popular in China, Chinese people are increasingly relying on puter keyboards to input Chinese characters. But if they use the puter too much, they may end up forgetting the exact strokes(筆畫)of each Chinese character when writing on paper. Experts suggest people, especially students, write by hand more. Do you write by hand more or type more? In Beijing, students start using a puter as early as the primary school. And puter dependence is more wide－spread among university students. Almost all their assignments and essays are typed on a puter. All the students interviewed say they usually use a puter. Its faster and easier to correct if using a puter. And thats why puters are being applied more and more often to modern education. But when people are taking_stock_in puters increasingly, problems appear. “When Im writing with a pen, I find I often cant remember how to write a character, though I feel Im familiar with it.” “Im not in the mood to write when faced with a pen and paper.” Many students dont feel this is something to worry about. Now that its more convenient and efficient to write on a puter, why bother to handwrite? Many educators think differently. Shi Liwei, the headmaster of a famous primary school in the capital said，“Chinese characters enjoy both practical and aesthetic(審美的) value. But those characters typed with puter keyboards only maintain their practical value. All the artistic beauty of the characters is lost. And handwriting contains the writers emotion. Through ones handwriting, people can get to know ones thinking and personality. Beautiful writing will give people a better first impression of them.” To encourage students to handwrite more, many primary schools in Beijing have made writing classes pulsory(必修的)and in universities, some professors are asking students to turn in their homework and essays written by hand. 【語篇解讀】　全文圍繞我們學生是應依靠電腦還是應依靠手來寫作業(yè)展開敘述。 1．Which of the following can be the best title for the passage? A．The importance of handwriting and typing B．To type or to handwrite C．Writing by puter will replace writing by hand D．Practical and aesthetic value of Chinese characters 解析：文章話題：我們學生應該依靠電腦還是應該依靠手來寫作業(yè)。 答案：B 2．The students interviewed prefer to write using a puter mainly because________． A．they are usually asked to e－mail their homework and essays B．they can correct the mistakes they make quickly and conveniently C．they find it not easy to remember how to write a character D．puters have bee a trend and fashion in China 解析：由第四段“Its faster and easier to correct if using a puter.”和第七段 “Now that its more convenient and efficient to write on a puter, why bother to handwrite? ”可知學生依賴電腦是因為電腦方便、快捷、修改容易。 答案：B 3．Which of the following statements is NOT true about the advantages of handwriting? A．Handwriting contains the writers emotion. B．The writers thinking and personality are shown in his or her handwriting. C．Handwriting can impress people well and build ones self－confidence. D．Chinese characters enjoy both practical and aesthetic value. 解析：由倒數(shù)第二段中 “Beautiful writing will give people a better first impression of them.”可知書寫可以給人好的第一印象， 但并沒有說可以幫助人們建立自信。故C項表述錯誤，符合題意。其他選項文中均有明確的表述。 答案：C 4．The underlined expression “taking stock in”(Paragraph 4) probably means “________”． A．getting bored with B．getting dependent on C．being crazy about D．getting curious about 解析：結合上文puter dependence和下文的表述，不難推出taking stock in的意思為“相信；依靠”。故B項為正確答案。 答案：B 5．We can draw the conclusion from the passage that________． A．more and more students will give up writing on a puter B．writing by hand will give way to typing by puter one day C．more and more students will pay attention to handwriting D．the typing article better expresses ones emotion and quality 解析：最后一段介紹：北京許多小學已把寫作課規(guī)定為必修課，在大學里，學生被要求交書面作業(yè)。由此我們可以得出結論：今后越來越多的學生會重視書寫。故C項為正確答案。 答案：C