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第十三課時　構(gòu)詞法 [感 悟 高 考] 1.They gave money to the old people’s home either________or through their panies.(2015安徽卷) A.legally B.sincerely C.personally D.deliberately 答案　C　[句意：他們或者親自或者通過他們的公司給敬老院送錢。legally合法地，法律上；sincerely真誠地，由衷地，誠懇地；personally親自，當(dāng)面，個別地，就自己而言；deliberately故意地，謹(jǐn)慎地，慎重地。根據(jù)or through their panies可知personally為正確答案。] 2.The girl used to be shy，but is ________ getting active in group work and is more willing to express herself.(2015湖北卷) A.gradually B.usually C.previously D.merely 答案　A　[句意：這個女孩以前很害羞，但是正(逐漸地)在小組活動中變得積極起來，而且更愿意表達(dá)自己了。根據(jù)題干中的is和getting可知，這里表示循序漸進(jìn)的過程，故選gradually(逐漸地)。usually通常；previously先前地；merely僅僅。] [要 點(diǎn) 精 析] 一、派生法 1. 表示否定或相反意義的前綴和后綴 前綴 例詞 dis- advantage→disadvantage缺點(diǎn) fort→disfort不舒適 il- legal→illegal不合法的 logical→illogical不合邏輯的 im- patient→impatient不耐煩的 moral→immoral不道德的 in- formal→informal非正式的 convenient→inconvenient不方便的 ir- regular→irregular不規(guī)則的 responsible→irresponsible不負(fù)責(zé)任的 mis- lead→mislead誤導(dǎo) understand→misunderstand誤解 un- willing→unwilling不愿意的 happy→unhappy不高興的 后綴 例詞 -less hope→hopeless絕望的 care→careless粗心的 2. 變動詞的前綴和后綴 前綴 例詞 en- large→enlarge擴(kuò)大 rich→enrich使充實(shí)；使豐富 后綴 例詞 -en broad→broaden使變寬 hard→harden使變硬 -ify class→classify把……分類 beauty→beautify美化 -ize apology→apologize道歉 emphasis→emphasize強(qiáng)調(diào) 3.形容詞變副詞的后綴 在形容詞后加-ly可變成相應(yīng)意義的副詞 直接加-ly extreme→extremely尤其，非常 stupid→stupidly 傻地 改y為-ily happy→happily快樂地 merry→merrily 快樂地 去e加-ly true→truly真實(shí)地 4.形容詞變名詞的后綴 后綴 例詞 -age short→shortage不足；短缺 -cy efficient→efficiency效率；功效 accurate→accuracy準(zhǔn)確性 -dom free→freedom自由；自主 wise→wisdom明智；智慧 -ence different→difference差異 silent→silence沉默 -ness weak→weakness虛弱；弱點(diǎn) careless→carelessness粗心大意 -th strong→strength力氣；強(qiáng)項(xiàng) wide→width寬度 -y cruel→cruelty殘忍 -ty disable→disability無能；殘疾 -ity responsible→responsibility責(zé)任 5. 動詞變名詞的后綴 后綴 例詞 -al approve→approval贊成；批準(zhǔn) arrive→arrival到來 -ance appear→appearance出現(xiàn)；外貌 perform→performance表演；節(jié)目 -ence exist→existence存在；生存 refer→reference參考；查閱 -ion construct→construction建設(shè) evaluate→evaluation評估 -ation consider→consideration考慮 imagine→imagination想象力 -(s)sion discuss→discussion討論；辯論 admit→admission接納；準(zhǔn)許入學(xué) -ing hear→hearing聽力；聽覺 begin→beginning開始 -ment argue→argument辯論；論據(jù) equip→equipment設(shè)備 -ure fail→failure失?。粵]做到 press→pressure壓力 -ture mix→mixture混合；混合物 depart→departure離開；出發(fā) -y recover→recovery恢復(fù)；痊愈 discover→discovery發(fā)現(xiàn) 其他 vary→variety多樣化；種類 tend→tendency趨向；趨勢 6. 表示“人”的后綴 在某些形容詞、名詞或動詞后面加后綴變成具有某種職業(yè)或動作的人。 后綴 例詞 -r village→villager村民 strange→stranger陌生人 -ar lie→liar說謊者 -ee employ→employee受雇者；雇員 interview→interviewee被面試者 -or invent→inventor發(fā)明家 educate→educator教育家；教師 -ess steward→stewardess 女乘務(wù)員 host→hostess 女主人；女主持人 -ese China→Chinese中國人 Japan→Japanese日本人 -an America→American美國人 Australia→Australian澳洲人 -ian history→historian歷史學(xué)家 politics→politician政治家；政客 -ist special→specialist專家 tour→tourist旅行者；觀光者 -ant participate→participant參加者 assist→assistant助手；圖書管理員 7. 動詞、名詞變形容詞的常見后綴 后綴 例詞 -able accept→acceptable可接受的 fort→fortable舒適的 -al person→personal個人的；私人的 nature→natural自然的；天生的 -ful hope→hopeful有希望的 peace→peaceful和平的 -ed confuse→confused感到困惑的 bore→bored感到厭倦的 -ing surprise→surprising令人驚訝的 convince→convincing令人信服的 -ible access→accessible容易到達(dá)的；容易取得的 horror→horrible可怕的；恐怖的 -ive effect→effective有效的；生效的 instruct→instructive有教育意義的 -ous anxiety→anxious憂慮的 curiosity→curious好奇的 -some tire→tiresome令人厭倦的 trouble→troublesome麻煩的 -y taste→tasty美味的；可口的 wealth→wealthy富裕的；豐富的 dirt→dirty有灰塵的；臟的 -ern east→eastern東方的；向東的 west→western西方的；向西的 -ish fool→foolish愚蠢的；可笑的 self→selfish自私的 -ic science→scientific科學(xué)的 history→historic歷史上著名的 -ary imagine→imaginary想象中的 二、轉(zhuǎn)化法 不改變詞形，把一個詞由一種詞類轉(zhuǎn)用為另一種詞類的方法叫轉(zhuǎn)化法。 動詞→名詞 walk→take a walk散步 swim→have a swim游泳 名詞?動詞 book n.?v.預(yù)訂 milk n.?v.擠奶 形容詞?動詞 slow adj.?v.減慢 narrow adj.?v.使變窄；(差距等)縮小 形容詞?副詞 hard adj.困難的?adv.努力地 high adj.高的?adv.高 deep adj.深的?adv.深 wide adj.寬的?adv.廣闊地 [針 對 訓(xùn) 練] 用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空 1.CHRONOLOGICA is an informative(inform)and entertaining(entertain)tour into history，beautifully(beauty) illustrated and full of unbelievable(believe) facts.(2017江蘇卷 閱讀A) 2.The second principle is to loosen(loose)the control that providers of on-line services have over data and give more to those who supply them.(2017江蘇卷閱讀C) 3.While clean energy is increasingly(increase) used in our daily life, global warming will continue for some decades after CO2 emissions(排放)peak. (2017江蘇卷閱讀D) 4.Increasing Earth’s reflectiveness(reflect)can cool the planet.(2017江蘇卷閱讀D) 5.But during the past decade declining rainfull has allowed him to plant highly profitable(profit) crops. (2017江蘇卷閱讀D) 6.People certainly have a variety of reasons for going back to school but one important thing to know is，no knowledge is useless (use). 7.Curiously (curious)，I gave him my full attention. 8.However，Mare Van Rijsselberg，a farmer in the Netherlands is now using a mixture (mix) of sea and fresh water to grow healthy and tasty vegetables. 9.But such a small thing couldn’t possibly (possible) destroy a village. 10.Just imagine how terribly shy I was the moment I thought of that with so many eyes fixed upon me.I had no other choice (choose)，though. 11.That little act of kindness (kind) made everyone who saw it feel good—but it made me feel the best of all! 12.He sank into depression (depress) when both his parents left him and went to the south in search of a better-paid job. 13.Several days later，out of my expectation (expect)，I saw it quietly stand in a corner of the house where I worked.I was extremely glad to regain it. 14.As far as I am concerned，my suggestion (suggest) is that we should always have a notebook and a Chinese-English dictionary within easy reach. 15.In addition，there were no claims against the loss (lose) of 50 coins and I order the girl and his father to take those 50 coins as appreciation for their honesty!