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高考英語語法專題 名詞 第二部分語法專題講析 專題一　名詞 考點(diǎn)一　名詞的固定搭配 ①[2016天津]The dictionary is out of date：many words have been added to the language since it was published. 這本詞典過時(shí)了：自從它出版以來，這種語言已經(jīng)增加了許多單詞。 ②[2015江蘇]Some schools will have to make adjustments in agreement with the national soccer reform. 這些學(xué)校將不得不作出一些調(diào)整來和國家足球改革保持一致。 1．動詞have，keep，take，make，get，pay，play，give，put等加名詞構(gòu)成的短語 have a good reputation有個(gè)好的名聲 have an idea of了解 have a sense of有……意識 have a feeling of有……感覺 have access to可以獲得 have an advantage over勝過，優(yōu)于 keep a balance保持平衡 take...into account考慮…… take advantage of利用；趁……之機(jī) make fun of取笑，嘲弄 make the best of充分利用；妥善處理 get/lose contact with與……取得/失去聯(lián)系 get relief得到緩解 give a solution給出解決方案 put...into practice將……付諸行動 2．介詞后加名詞構(gòu)成的短語 in great demand需求量很大 in quantity大量，大批 in progress在進(jìn)行中 in production在產(chǎn)量方面 out of ones reach某人夠不到 out of touch失去聯(lián)系 out of sight看不見 beyond recognition辨認(rèn)不出來 without permission未經(jīng)允許 考點(diǎn)二　名詞的單復(fù)數(shù) ①[2015江蘇]—Go and say sorry to your Mom，Dave. —Id like to，but Im afraid she wont be happy with my apology/apologies. ——戴夫，去向你媽媽道歉。 ——我想去，但是我怕她對我的道歉并不會感到滿意。 ②Leaves turn green in spring. 春天樹葉變綠了。 1．單數(shù)名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)名詞的基本規(guī)則 一般情況加－s，以s，x，sh，ch等結(jié)尾，加－es，例如：buses，boxes，dishes，watches等(stomachs例外)。 (1)以輔音字母加－y結(jié)尾的名詞，將－y變?yōu)椋璱再加－es，例如：families，butterflies，dictionaries，stories等。 (2)以－o結(jié)尾的名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)時(shí)，常在詞尾加－s，但中學(xué)英語中下列名詞要加－es，它們是：黑人英雄在回聲中吃土豆、西紅柿，即Negroes，heroes，echoes，potatoes，tomatoes。 但下列以－o結(jié)尾的名詞既可以加－es，也可以加－s，它們是：zeros(zeroes)零，mosquitos (mosquitoes)蚊子，volcanos(volcanoes)火山。 (3)以－f或－fe結(jié)尾的名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)時(shí)，一般直接加－s，例如：roofs和believes等。但下列以－f或－fe結(jié)尾的名詞需要把f或fe去掉，加－ves，它們是：為了自己活命，小偷和他的妻子手里拿著刀子和樹葉站在架子上，把狼劈成兩半，即selves，lives，thieves，wives，knives，leaves，shelves，wolves，halves。但下列以－f結(jié)尾的名詞既可以去掉f加－ves，也可以直接加－s，它們是：handkerchiefs(handkerchieves)手帕，scarfs (scarves)圍巾。 (4)合成名詞變成復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，通常只將里面所含的主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)，如果沒有主體名詞，則將最后一部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)。如：sons－in－law女婿；passers－by過路人；story－tellers講故事的人；breakfasts早餐；housewives家庭主婦。 2．常見單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞 Chinese中國人；Japanese日本人；sheep綿羊；deer鹿；series系列；means方式；works工廠；fish魚；fruit水果；crossroads十字路口；horsepower馬力；jin斤等。其中fish，fruit表示種類時(shí)，可加復(fù)數(shù)詞尾，即fishes，fruits。 2018高考一輪總復(fù)習(xí)教師用書英語第二部分　語法專題講析 考點(diǎn)三　抽象名詞具體化 ①[2014遼寧]Your contribution will certainly make the event a huge success. 你的貢獻(xiàn)一定會使這個(gè)事件很成功。 ②—The hero bus driver in Hangzhou died yesterday. —Yes，news came as a shock to me. ——杭州英雄司機(jī)昨天去世了。 ——是的，這對我來說是一件令人震驚的事情。 考點(diǎn)總結(jié) 單詞 抽象名詞意義 具體化名詞意義 success 成功 成功的人或事 pleasure 樂趣 令人高興的事 attraction 吸引 有吸引力的人或事物 beauty 美；美麗 美麗的人或美好的事物 comfort 安慰；慰藉 令人感到安慰的 人或事物 danger 危險(xiǎn) 危險(xiǎn)的人或因素 delight 高興 令人高興的事 failure 失敗 失敗的人或事物 surprise 驚奇 令人驚奇的事情 shock 震驚 令人震驚的事情 pride 驕傲 令人驕傲的事情 ◆名詞與語法填空 在語法填空中，對于名詞的考查主要涉及可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)、名詞的所有格以及詞類變換。 [典題試做1] 用括號內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空 1．[2016全國Ⅰ]But for tourists like me，pandas are its top ________(attract)． 2．[2016全國Ⅰ]The nursery team switches him every few ________(day) with his sister so that while one is being bottle－fed... 3．[2016全國Ⅱ]Then，handle the most important tasks first so youll feel a real sense of ________ (achieve)． 4．[2016全國Ⅱ]Recent ________ (study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly. 5．[2016四川]Any smell might attract natural ________ (enemy) that would try to eat the little panda. 答案：1.attraction　2.days　3.achievement 4．studies　5.enemies [應(yīng)對策略1] 首先要弄清數(shù)與格，即名詞是否該用復(fù)數(shù)，是否要用所有格；其次，注意有關(guān)名詞的構(gòu)詞法，即有關(guān)名詞的詞類轉(zhuǎn)換。這就要求考生要搞清楚名詞在句中作什么成分，近幾年常考名詞作主語、賓語、表語的情況。 ◆名詞與短文改錯 短文改錯中對于名詞的考查最可能考查名詞的數(shù)與格。漢語中的名詞在形式上沒有復(fù)數(shù)變化，而是通過在其前加數(shù)詞或量詞等方式來表示。而英語則不同，除了在名詞前加數(shù)詞外，如果是可數(shù)名詞，還須用其名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式，而不可數(shù)名詞沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。其次名詞的考查還會涉及詞性轉(zhuǎn)換方面的錯誤。 [典題試做2] 單句改錯(每小題1處錯誤) 1．[2016全國Ⅰ]My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest.________ 2．[2016全國Ⅱ]If we go on a trip abroad，we can broaden our view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books.________ 3．[2016全國Ⅲ]The teenage year from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me.________ 4．[2016四川]Mom has a full－time job，but she has to do most of the houseworks.________ 答案：1.honest→honesty　2.knowledges→knowledge 3．year→years　4.houseworks→housework [應(yīng)對策略2] 遇到名詞首先注意區(qū)分它是可數(shù)名詞還是不可數(shù)名詞；其次還可以根據(jù)名詞前的修飾語或謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)來判斷。此外，還要注意名詞的所有格以及名詞的句法功能，判斷是否存在詞性轉(zhuǎn)換方面的錯誤。 ◆書面表達(dá)中名詞易錯點(diǎn)聚焦 1．寫作中對于復(fù)數(shù)名詞易疏漏－s或－es，如： (誤)Id love to make friend with you. (誤)All the picture displayed are of geat value. 2．部分名詞的復(fù)數(shù)變化錯誤，如：familys，knifes，difficultys，pianoes，heros，woman doctors，tooths，childrens，medias。 3．部分詞性易混作名詞，如： 動詞誤作名詞 形容詞誤作名詞 動詞 名詞 形容詞 名詞 succeed success honest honesty affect effect healthy health 4.可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞混淆。如： 不可數(shù) 可數(shù) take action take measures some advice some suggestions take exercise eye exercises make progress information Ⅰ.單句語法填空 1．[2017廣東汕頭二模]Without the proper treatment，minor________(injury) or burns could lead to more suffering and even loss of lives. 2．[2017山東青島一模]They were the kind that I did not have in my________(collect) so I placed them carefully in my bag. 3．[2017山東煙臺3月診斷]Three months later，Zejd was able to communicate happily with all his classmates about regular things like homework and________(game)． 4．[2017江蘇泰興質(zhì)檢]For sustainable development，the government has decided to give________(prefer) to those energy－conserving and environment－friendly businesses in many aspects. 5．[2017江蘇運(yùn)河中學(xué)一調(diào)]—Mr Wang is a man of few words，but quick in mind. —A still tongue makes a wise________，you know. 答案：1.injuries　解析：句意：如果得不到妥善治療，輕傷或輕度燒傷可能會導(dǎo)致更大的痛苦甚至死亡。形容詞后需加名詞作主語，injury為可數(shù)名詞，minor沒有不定冠詞，故需用injury的復(fù)數(shù)形式injuries表示泛指。 2．collection　解析：句意：因?yàn)樗鼈兪俏沂詹刂袥]有的那種，因此我把它們小心地放在了我的包里。形容詞性物主代詞后需用名詞形式，故答案為collection。 3．games　解析：句意：三個(gè)月后，Zejd能夠和他的同班同學(xué)很愉快地對諸如家庭作業(yè)、游戲等常規(guī)事情進(jìn)行交流了。介詞like后需用名詞形式，game為可數(shù)名詞，在本句中表示泛指，故用其復(fù)數(shù)形式。 4．preference　解析：句意：為了可持續(xù)發(fā)展，政府已經(jīng)決定在很多方面給那些節(jié)能環(huán)保企業(yè)優(yōu)惠。give preference to...給……以優(yōu)惠。 5．head　解析：句意：——王先生寡言少語但思維敏捷。——你知道：寡言者智。A still tongue makes a wise head.為諺語，意為：寡言者智。 Ⅱ.單句改錯 1．[2017福建南平3月質(zhì)檢]Often she buys some toy for him to play with，especially on his birthday.________ 2．[2017河北邯鄲一模]During the next few days，we visited the world－famous sight，such as the Great Wall，the Summer Palace，and the Forbidden City，which contain a large number of precious treasures.________ 3．[2017河南焦作一模]While I was walking on my way to school，I noticed two cleaner sweeping the street.________ 4．[2017湖北黃岡3月質(zhì)檢]And then I went to a department store near the hospitals and contacted her family.________ 5．[2017江西八所重點(diǎn)中學(xué)4月聯(lián)考]We were touched by such an act of kind on a hot day.________ 答案：1.toy→toys　2.sight→sights　3.cleaner→cleaners　4.hospitals→hospital　5.kind→kindness Ⅲ.語法填空 A(名詞專練) It was late at night.Two 1.________(German) were sleeping in their room when suddenly，one of them，Mrs. Green，was woken up and found a thief slipping into their room to try his luck.She had three 2.________(thousand) dollars in her pocket.“What should I do？Many 3.________(thief) usually bring 4.________(knife) with them，”she thought in 5.________(silent)．And at the same time the thief happened to touch a 6.________(sport) suit.It seemed as if he found there was someone in the room，so he went out to the next room where two 7.________(Frenchman)were sleeping.When he was looking for 8.________(money) or some 9.________(jewel) in the next room，Mrs.Green woke up her husband quickly and called the 10.________(policeman)．And then the thief knew what had happened.He was so scared that he took out a knife.Just then the police showed up.Before the thief ran away，the police caught him.For Mrs. Green，it was really an unusual experience. 答案：1.Germans　2.thousand　3.thieves 4．knives　5.silence　6.sports　7.Frenchmen　8.money　9.jewels/jewelry　10.police B [2017河北石家莊高三調(diào)研] We think that life in Chinese high school is an adventure in which we have to survive mountains of homework and exams.Yet would it be 1.________(surprise) if I tell you that high school life in the US is almost as stressful and demanding as it is in China? In US high school，everything 2.________(record) and graded，including your grades on quizzes，tests and final examinations.Failing 3.________(turn) in your homework on time will directly affect your grade for a certain course.Perhaps contrary to 4.________we used to think of the US high school students，they pay great attention to their 5.________(academy) performance to try to get into distinguished university.6.________，theyll be disappointed after graduation from high school. Like university students，the US high school students have the 7.________(free) to choose the courses that most interest 8.________(they)．Even a 9th－grader can sit 9.________the same classroom as 12th－graders.But this also means he or she has to work very hard，because the teacher will not treat him or her differently just because he or she is a few years 10.________(young)． 答案：[解題導(dǎo)語]本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了美國的高中生活。 1．surprising　解析：考查分詞形容詞。此處是現(xiàn)在分詞作形容詞，意為“令人吃驚的”，符合語境。 2．is recorded　解析：考查動詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)。everything和謂語record之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，且表示客觀情況，故用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動語態(tài)，即is recorded，與graded呼應(yīng)。 3．to turn　解析：考查非謂語動詞。fail to do sth.意為“不能做某事”，為固定搭配。 4．what　解析：考查名詞性從句?？仗幰龑?dǎo)賓語從句， 在從句中作賓語，表示物的概念，故填what。 5．a(chǎn)cademic　解析：考查形容詞。修飾名詞應(yīng)用形容詞，故用形容詞academic修飾名詞performance，作定語。 6．Otherwise　解析：考查副詞。根據(jù)語境可知，此處表示否則他們高中畢業(yè)后就會感到失望，故用副詞otherwise，意為“否則”，作狀語。 7．freedom　解析：考查名詞。由定冠詞the可知，此處應(yīng)用名詞，即freedom。 8．them　解析：考查代詞。此處應(yīng)用賓語形式，作動詞interest的賓語，故用them。 9．in　解析：考查介詞。in the classroom意為“在教室里”，符合語境，故用介詞in。 10．younger　解析：考查形容詞比較級。根據(jù)上文可知，9年級和12年級的學(xué)生相比，自然是年輕一些，故用形容詞的比較級形式，即younger。