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過(guò)去完成時(shí) 一、過(guò)去完成時(shí)的概念與結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn) 概念：過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去（ past-in-the-past ）”。 ----|-------------------------- |----------------------------------|---------------------------------> 那時(shí)以前 那時(shí) 現(xiàn)在 構(gòu)成：過(guò)去完成時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞 had + 過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成，其中 had 通用于各種人稱。 They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel. She had finished writing the composition by 10 ：00 this morning. 二、過(guò)去完成時(shí)的判斷依據(jù) 1. 由時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)來(lái)判定 一般說(shuō)來(lái)，各種時(shí)態(tài)都有特定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。與過(guò)去完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有： （ 1 ） by + 過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。 如： I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night. （ 2 ） by the end of + 過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。 如： We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. （ 3 ） before + 過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。 如： They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. 2. 由“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”來(lái)判定。 過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，是指過(guò)去某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作，即動(dòng)作有先后關(guān)系，動(dòng)作在前的用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，在后的用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在： （ 1 ）賓語(yǔ)從句中 當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句的主句為一般過(guò)去時(shí)，且從句的動(dòng)作先于主句的動(dòng)作時(shí)，從句要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句。如： She said that she had seen the film before. （ 2 ）狀語(yǔ)從句中 在時(shí)間、條件、原因、方式等狀語(yǔ)從句中，主、從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生有先后關(guān)系，動(dòng)作在前的，要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，動(dòng)作在后的要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如： When I got to the station, the train had already left. After he had finished his homework, he went to bed. 注意： before, after 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表達(dá)了動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系，若主、從句表示的動(dòng)作緊密相連，則主、從句都用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如： Where did you study before you came here? After he closed the door, he left the classroom. （ 3 ）表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示"原本…，未能…" We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt. 3. 根據(jù)上、下文來(lái)判定。 I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadnt seen each other since he went to Beijing. 三、過(guò)去完成時(shí)的主要用法 1. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成或結(jié)束，即發(fā)生在“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。如： When I woke up, it had stopped raining. 我醒來(lái)時(shí)，雨已經(jīng)停了。（主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”） 2. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)是一個(gè)相對(duì)的時(shí)態(tài)，表示的是“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，只有和過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或某一動(dòng)作相比較時(shí)才使用它。如： He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 發(fā)生在 told 之前 ) 3. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)需要與一個(gè)表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，它不能離開(kāi)過(guò)去時(shí)間而獨(dú)立存在。此時(shí)多與 already ， yet ， still ， just ， before ， never 等時(shí)間副詞及 by ， before ， until 等引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)或從句連用。 如： Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years. Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten. 4. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過(guò)去某時(shí)之前已經(jīng)開(kāi)始，一直延續(xù)到這一過(guò)去時(shí)間，而且動(dòng)作尚未結(jié)束，仍然有繼續(xù)下去的可能。 如： By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years. （ had worked 已有了 20 年，還有繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去的可能） 四、過(guò)去完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，但側(cè)重對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或造成的影響，與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)，其結(jié)構(gòu)為“助動(dòng)詞 have (has) + 過(guò)去分詞”；過(guò)去完成時(shí)則是一個(gè)相對(duì)的時(shí)態(tài)，它所表示的動(dòng)作不僅發(fā)生在過(guò)去，更強(qiáng)調(diào)“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，只有和過(guò)去某時(shí)或某動(dòng)作相比較時(shí)，才用到它。試比較： I have learned 1000 English words so far. 到目前為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了 1000 個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞。 I had learned 1000 English words till then. 到那時(shí)為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了 1000 個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞。 — Im sorry to keep you waiting. 對(duì)不起，讓你久等了。 — Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes. 沒(méi)什么，我只等了幾分鐘。（“等”的動(dòng)作從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在） — John returned home yesterday. 約翰昨天回到家的。 — Where had he been? 他去哪兒了？（答語(yǔ)中使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)是指約翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地方，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”） 五、過(guò)去完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別 雖然這兩種時(shí)態(tài)都表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，但在使用時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：　 1. 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)不同：過(guò)去完成時(shí)在時(shí)間上強(qiáng)調(diào)“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”；而一般過(guò)去時(shí)只強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去某一特定的時(shí)間。試比較： They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. They arrived at the station at ten yesterday. 2. 在沒(méi)有明確的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)作標(biāo)志時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間先后須依據(jù)上下文來(lái)判斷：先發(fā)生的用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，后發(fā)生的則用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如： She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition. 3. 當(dāng)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上接連發(fā)生的動(dòng)作用 and 或 but 連接時(shí)，按時(shí)間順序，只需用一般過(guò)去時(shí)來(lái)代替過(guò)去完成時(shí)；另外，在 before ， after ， as soon as 引導(dǎo)的從句中，由于這些連詞本身已經(jīng)表示出時(shí)間的先后，因此也可以用過(guò)去時(shí)來(lái)代替過(guò)去完成時(shí)。如： He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper. I (had) called her before I left the office. 重點(diǎn) 英語(yǔ)中，已經(jīng)有了一個(gè)過(guò)去一般時(shí)表示在過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，為什么還有過(guò)去完成時(shí)呢？ 要記?。哼^(guò)去完成時(shí)的關(guān)鍵概念是：假設(shè)在過(guò)去發(fā)生了兩件(或以上)的事件，一件是A事件，另一件是B事件，如果A、B兩個(gè)事件幾乎是同時(shí)發(fā)生的，那就用一般過(guò)去時(shí)；但是，如果A、B兩個(gè)事件不是同時(shí)發(fā)生的，怎么辦呢？那就是：哪個(gè)事件先發(fā)生，就用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；哪個(gè)事件后發(fā)生，就用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。在上面的假設(shè)中，如果A事件先發(fā)生，A就用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；如果B事件先發(fā)生，B就用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；而不管兩件事是用什么樣的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或其它形式表示的。 請(qǐng)看例句： ［例1］She said (that) she had never been to Paris. ［例2］When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. ［例3］We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt. ［例4］Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. ［例5］The students were writing, busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she had left in the office. 在上面的五個(gè)例子中，我們只要稍微分析一下，就可以發(fā)現(xiàn)：每個(gè)例子講述的內(nèi)容中，都包含著兩個(gè)(或以上)在過(guò)去發(fā)生的事件。我們將兩件事抽取出來(lái)看一下，就非常明白：必定有一件事是先生的，另一件是后發(fā)生的： ［例1］……said…… had never been to (先沒(méi)有“去”，后“說(shuō)”) ［例2］……arrived……h(huán)ad run away. (先“跑”了，后“到”) ［例3］…… had hoped ……would come……didnt (先“希望”，后才發(fā)生“沒(méi)去”) ［例4］……was disappointed……h(huán)ad left ……arrived (先“離開(kāi)”，后“到達(dá)”和“失望”) ［例5］……were writing……went ……h(huán)ad left (先“離開(kāi)”，后“到”和“寫”) 難點(diǎn) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的難點(diǎn)在于：有時(shí)候一句話中并沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)事件，因此無(wú)法比較兩個(gè)事件的先后。那為什么也用過(guò)去完成時(shí)呢？請(qǐng)看下面的例句： ［例1］By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.　 實(shí)際上，在上面的例句中，仍然有著“先、后”之分的。不過(guò)，這次不是A、B兩件事件的先后，而是有兩個(gè)過(guò)去時(shí)間的“先、后”關(guān)系。 首先，句子中有個(gè)明確的過(guò)去時(shí)間點(diǎn)：12歲。說(shuō)他“12歲”，顯然是過(guò)去式。那么，緊接著說(shuō)“他已經(jīng)開(kāi)始謀生了”，這個(gè)“謀生”是發(fā)生在“12歲”時(shí)，還是“12歲”前，還是“12歲”后？答案是肯定的：他的“謀生”發(fā)生在“12歲”之前!也就是說(shuō)，“12歲”已經(jīng)是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，而在“12歲”之前發(fā)生的事，當(dāng)然是過(guò)去完成時(shí)。所以，在那么多表示時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的詞中，大家要特別注意By、 Until等的用法。可以說(shuō)，在講述過(guò)去的事件中，如果出現(xiàn)By……時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，很有可能要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)了。(當(dāng)然，我說(shuō)的是很有可能。) 類似的時(shí)間表達(dá)方式還有Until、Before等。只要大家把握了過(guò)去完成時(shí)的基本含義，不管句子怎么變化，應(yīng)該沒(méi)有多大的問(wèn)題。例如：［例2］Until then, his family hadnt heard from him for six month. 此句的分析同上面差不多。首先有個(gè)明確的過(guò)去時(shí)間點(diǎn)"then"(那時(shí))，而"hadnt heard" 發(fā)生在then之前(包括then)。所以此句用的是過(guò)去完成時(shí)。 再舉兩個(gè)例子 ［例3］We had learned about 4000 English words by the end of last term. ［例4］I waited until he had finished his homework. ［例5］We had got to the station before 10:00. 專項(xiàng)練習(xí) 一.用動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空 1. We _____________ (paint) the house before we ______________ (move) in. 2. That rich old man _____________ (make) a will before he _____________ (die). 3. They _____________ (study) the map of the country before they ________ (leave). 4. The robbers _____________ (run away ) before the policemen_______ (arrive). 5. I __________ (turn off) all the lights before I ____________ (go) to bed. 6. Paul __________ (go) out with Jane after he __________ (make) a phone call. 7. Tom __________ (say) he ___________ (read) the book twice. 8. Our plan ____________ (fail ) because we _____________ (make) a bad mistake. 9. When the chairman ______________ (finish) speaking, he _____________ (leave)the hall. 10.The Reads __ (have) lunch when I ________________(get) to their house. 11.When I ______________(arrive) at the station, he ____________________(leave). 12.We _______________(learn) about 4000 English words by the end of last term. 13. I waited until he _______________(finish) his homework. 14. We were surprised at what she ________already ______(do) 15.She ____________(not go) to Qingdao because she ________________ (be) there before. 16. He ______________(not tell) you the news yet. 17. He said he _____________already_________(give) the book to the teacher. 18. I ______________(be) to Shanghai before. 19. She told me she _________________(be) to Sanya three times. 20.She _____________(play) the guitar while her sister_______________(sing). 二．句型轉(zhuǎn)換 1．I had sold the ticket when she came.（改否定句） 2.She had sung a song to us before she danced.（改否定句） 3.They began to climb the mountain after they had bought all the food and drinks.（否定） 4.By 10:00 a.m, I had been very hungry. （改一般疑問(wèn)） 5.Lucy had already completed the project when I arrived.（改一般疑問(wèn)） 6.By the time he got to the airport, the plane had taken off. （改一般疑問(wèn)） 7..He had broken his arm when I saw him.（對(duì)劃線部分提問(wèn)） 8.When he had read the note, he ate it. （對(duì)劃線部分提問(wèn)） 9..Jack didn’t go to the cinema because he had seen the film. （對(duì)劃線部分提問(wèn)） 10.We had had the toys for ten years before we gave them to the child. （對(duì)劃線部分提問(wèn)） 11.She had written the book by the end of 1960. （對(duì)劃線部分提問(wèn)） 12.We cooked the dumplings. We ate them up. （用過(guò)去完成時(shí)連接兩句） 13.Jim’s father mended the car. It was broken. （用過(guò)去完成時(shí)連接兩句） 14.We had our tests. Then we had a long holiday.( 用過(guò)去完成時(shí)連接兩句) After we ________________________, we _____________________________ 15.He showed us the picture. Then he showed us around the house. 用過(guò)去完成時(shí)連接兩句) Before he _______________________, he______________________________. 參考答案： 一.用動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空 1. had painted... moved 2. had made ... died 3. had studied…left 4. had run away..arrived 5. had turned off …went 6. went …h(huán)ad made 7. said …h(huán)ad read 8 failed …h(huán)ad made 9. (had) finished …left 10. were having/had had …got 11. arrived .. had left 12.. had learned 13. (had) finished 14. had ..done 15 didnt go …h(huán)ad been 16. hasnt told 17 had …given 18. have been 19. had been 20. was playing …was singing 二．句型轉(zhuǎn)換 1．I hadnt sold the ticket when she came. 2. She hadnt sung a song to us before she danced. 3. They didnt begin to climb the mountain after they had bought all the food and drinks. 4. Had you been very hungry by 10:00 a.m? 5. Had Lucy completed the project when I arrived yet? 6. Had the plane taken off by the time he got to the airport? 7. What had he done when you saw him? 8.What did he do when he had read the note? 9. Why didnt Jack go to the cinema? 10. How long had you/we had the toys before you/we gave them to the child? 11.What had she written by the end of 1960? 12.After we had cooked the dumplings, we ate them up. 13.Jim’s father mended the car because it had been broken. 14.After we had had our tests, we had a long holiday. 15. Before he showed us around the house, he had showed us the picture.