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過去完成時 一、過去完成時的概念與結(jié)構(gòu)特點 概念：過去完成時表示在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動作，即“過去的過去（ past-in-the-past ）”。 ----|-------------------------- |-------------------------------|----------------------------> 那時以前　 那時　 現(xiàn)在　　　　　　 　　構(gòu)成：過去完成時由“助動詞 had + 過去分詞”構(gòu)成，其中 had 通用于各種人稱。 　　They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel. 　　She had finished writing the composition by 10 ：00 this morning. 二、過去完成時的判斷依據(jù) 1. 由時間狀語來判定 一般說來，各種時態(tài)都有特定的時間狀語。與過去完成時連用的時間狀語有： （ 1 ） by + 過去的時間點。 如： I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night. （ 2 ） by the end of + 過去的時間點。 如： We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. （ 3 ） before + 過去的時間點。 如： They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. 2. 由“過去的過去”來判定。 過去完成時表示“過去的過去”，是指過去某一動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動作，即動作有先后關(guān)系，動作在前的用過去完成時，在后的用一般過去時。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在： （ 1 ）賓語從句中 　　當(dāng)賓語從句的主句為一般過去時，且從句的動作先于主句的動作時，從句要用過去完成時。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞后的賓語從句。如： 　　She said that she had seen the film before. （ 2 ）狀語從句中 　　在時間、條件、原因、方式等狀語從句中，主、從句的動作發(fā)生有先后關(guān)系，動作在前的，要用過去完成時，動作在后的要用一般過去時。如： 　　When I got to the station, the train had already left. 　　After he had finished his homework, he went to bed. 　　注意： before, after 引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表達(dá)了動作的先后關(guān)系，若主、從句表示的動作緊密相連，則主、從句都用一般過去時。如： 　　Where did you study before you came here? After he closed the door, he left the classroom. （ 3 ）表示意向的動詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時表示"原本…，未能…" We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt. 　　3. 根據(jù)上、下文來判定。 　　I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadnt seen each other since he went to Beijing. 三、過去完成時的主要用法　 　　1. 過去完成時表示一個動作或狀態(tài)在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)完成或結(jié)束，即發(fā)生在“過去的過去”。如： When I woke up, it had stopped raining. 我醒來時，雨已經(jīng)停了。（主句的動作發(fā)生在“過去的過去”） 　　2. 過去完成時是一個相對的時態(tài)，表示的是“過去的過去”，只有和過去某一時間或某一動作相比較時才使用它。如： 　　He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 發(fā)生在 told 之前 ) 3. 過去完成時需要與一個表示過去的時間狀語連用，它不能離開過去時間而獨立存在。此時多與 already ， yet ， still ， just ， before ， never 等時間副詞及 by ， before ， until 等引導(dǎo)的短語或從句連用。 如：Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years.　 　 　Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten. 4. 過去完成時表示某一動作或狀態(tài)在過去某時之前已經(jīng)開始，一直延續(xù)到這一過去時間，而且動作尚未結(jié)束，仍然有繼續(xù)下去的可能。 如： By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years. （ had worked 已有了 20 年，還有繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去的可能） 四、過去完成時與現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別 　　現(xiàn)在完成時表示的動作發(fā)生在過去，但側(cè)重對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或造成的影響，與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)，其結(jié)構(gòu)為“助動詞 have (has) + 過去分詞”；過去完成時則是一個相對的時態(tài)，它所表示的動作不僅發(fā)生在過去，更強調(diào)“過去的過去”，只有和過去某時或某動作相比較時，才用到它。試比較： I have learned 1000 English words so far. 到目前為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會了 1000 個英語單詞。 I had learned 1000 English words till then. 到那時為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會了 1000 個英語單詞。 — Im sorry to keep you waiting. 對不起，讓你久等了。 — Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes. 沒什么，我只等了幾分鐘。（“等”的動作從過去某一時間點持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在） — John returned home yesterday. 約翰昨天回到家的。 — Where had he been? 他去哪兒了？（答語中使用過去完成時是指約翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地方，即“過去的過去”） 五、過去完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別 　　雖然這兩種時態(tài)都表示過去發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，但在使用時應(yīng)注意以下幾點：　 　　1. 時間狀語不同：過去完成時在時間上強調(diào)“過去的過去”；而一般過去時只強調(diào)過去某一特定的時間。試比較： 　　They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. 　　They arrived at the station at ten yesterday. 　　2. 在沒有明確的過去時間狀語作標(biāo)志時，謂語動詞動作發(fā)生的時間先后須依據(jù)上下文來判斷：先發(fā)生的用過去完成時，后發(fā)生的則用一般過去時。如： 　　She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition. 　　3. 當(dāng)兩個或兩個以上接連發(fā)生的動作用 and 或 but 連接時，按時間順序，只需用一般過去時來代替過去完成時；另外，在 before ， after ， as soon as 引導(dǎo)的從句中，由于這些連詞本身已經(jīng)表示出時間的先后，因此也可以用過去時來代替過去完成時。如： 　　He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper. I (had) called her before I left the office. 重點 英語中，已經(jīng)有了一個過去一般時表示在過去發(fā)生的動作，為什么還有過去完成時呢？要記住：過去完成時的關(guān)鍵概念是：假設(shè)在過去發(fā)生了兩件(或以上)的事件，一件是A事件，另一件是B事件，如果A、B兩個事件幾乎是同時發(fā)生的，那就用一般過去時；但是，如果A、B兩個事件不是同時發(fā)生的，怎么辦呢？那就是：哪個事件先發(fā)生，就用過去完成時；哪個事件后發(fā)生，就用過去完成時。在上面的假設(shè)中，如果A事件先發(fā)生，A就用過去完成時；如果B事件先發(fā)生，B就用過去完成時；而不管兩件事是用什么樣的時間狀語或其它形式表示的。 請看例句： ［例1］She said (that) she had never been to Paris. ［例2］When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. ［例3］We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt. ［例4］Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. ［例5］The students were writing, busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she had left in the office. 在上面的五個例子中，我們只要稍微分析一下，就可以發(fā)現(xiàn)：每個例子講述的內(nèi)容中，都包含著兩個(或以上)在過去發(fā)生的事件。我們將兩件事抽取出來看一下，就非常明白：必定有一件事是先生的，另一件是后發(fā)生的： ［例1］……said…… had never been to (先沒有“去”，后“說”) ［例2］……arrived……h(huán)ad run away. (先“跑”了，后“到”) ［例3］…… had hoped ……would come……didnt (先“希望”，后才發(fā)生“沒去”) ［例4］……was disappointed……h(huán)ad left ……arrived (先“離開”，后“到達(dá)”和“失望”) ［例5］……were writing……went ……h(huán)ad left (先“離開”，后“到”和“寫”) 難點 過去完成時的難點在于：有時候一句話中并沒有出現(xiàn)兩個事件，因此無法比較兩個事件的先后。那為什么也用過去完成時呢？請看下面的例句： ［例1］By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.　 實際上，在上面的例句中，仍然有著“先、后”之分的。不過，這次不是A、B兩件事件的先后，而是有兩個過去時間的“先、后”關(guān)系。 首先，句子中有個明確的過去時間點：12歲。說他“12歲”，顯然是過去式。那么，緊接著說“他已經(jīng)開始謀生了”，這個“謀生”是發(fā)生在“12歲”時，還是“12歲”前，還是“12歲”后？答案是肯定的：他的“謀生”發(fā)生在“12歲”之前!也就是說，“12歲”已經(jīng)是一般過去時，而在“12歲”之前發(fā)生的事，當(dāng)然是過去完成時。所以，在那么多表示時間狀語的詞中，大家要特別注意By、 Until等的用法。可以說，在講述過去的事件中，如果出現(xiàn)By……時間狀語，很有可能要用過去完成時了。(當(dāng)然，我說的是很有可能。) 類似的時間表達(dá)方式還有Until、Before等。只要大家把握了過去完成時的基本含義，不管句子怎么變化，應(yīng)該沒有多大的問題。例如：［例2］Until then, his family hadnt heard from him for six month. 此句的分析同上面差不多。首先有個明確的過去時間點"then"(那時)，而"hadnt heard" 發(fā)生在then之前(包括then)。所以此句用的是過去完成時。 再舉兩個例子，請大家自己分析： ［例3］We had learned about 4000 English words by the end of last term. ［例4］I waited until he had finished his homework. ［例5］We had got to the station before 10:00. 練習(xí)一： 一.用動詞的適當(dāng)形式填空 1. We _____________ (paint) the house before we ______________ (move) in. 2. That rich old man _____________ (make) a will before he _____________ (die). 3. They _____________ (study) the map of the country before they ________ (leave). 4. The robbers _____________ (run away ) before the policemen_______ (arrive). 5. I __________ (turn off) all the lights before I ____________ (go) to bed. 6. Paul __________ (go) out with Jane after he __________ (make) a phone call. 7. Tom __________ (say) he ___________ (read) the book twice. 8. Our plan ____________ (fail ) because we _____________ (make) a bad mistake. 9. When the chairman ______________ (finish) speaking, he _____________ (leave)the hall. 10.The Reads ______________ (have) lunch when I ________________(get) to their house. 11.When I ______________(arrive) at the station, he ____________________(leave). 12.We _______________(learn) about 4000 English words by the end of last term. 13. I waited until he _______________(finish) his homework. 14. We were surprised at what she ________already ______(do) 15.She ____________(not go) to Qingdao because she ________________ (be) there before. 16. He ______________(not tell) you the news yet. 17. He said he _____________already_________(give) the book to the teacher. 18. I ______________(be) to Shanghai before. 19. She told me she _________________(be) to Sanya three times. 20.She _____________(play) the guitar while her sister_______________(sing). 一、單選 1 When Li Ming hurried home， he found that his mother ____already____to hospital. A has； been sent B had； sent C has； sent D had； been sent 2 We ____five English songs by the end of last term. A had learned B learned C have learned D will have learned 3 Han Mei told me she _____lunch， so she was very hungry. A has had B hasnt have C have had D hadnt had 4 By the end of 1976， many buildings _____built in the city. A have been B have C had been D will 5 She _____her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband ____home. A has left； comes B had left； would come C had left； came D left； had come 6 He said that it was at least ten years since I _____a good drink. A had enjoyed B was enjoying C have enjoyed D have been enjoying 7 The meeting _____when Mr. Wang _____to school. A has begun；get B has been on；get C had begun；got D had been on；got 二、填空 1 When I returned home， he _____ （leave）。 2 By ten yesterday evening， she ________（finish）writing. 3 He ______ （study） English for five years before he came here. 4 It ____ _____ （stop） raining when I wake up this morning. 5 I _____ （not read） the book because I had read it before. 6 She said she____ （be） born in 1992. 7 When he _____（come） to China two years ago he found people didnt understand him at all though he ________（learn） some Chinese in his own country. 8 I saw Han Mei yesterday. We _____（not see） each other since left Beijing. 9 When I got to his home， he_____（go） to bed. 10 She asked if Mr. Liu _____ already _____（come） back. 練習(xí)一參考答案： 一.用動詞的適當(dāng)形式填空 1. had painted... moved 2. had made ... died 3. had studied…left4. had run away..arrived5. had turned off …went 6. went …h(huán)ad made 7. said …h(huán)ad read 8 failed …h(huán)ad made 9. (had) finished …left 10. were having/had had …got 11. arrived ..had left 12.. had learned 13. (had) finished 14. had ..done 15 didnt go …h(huán)ad been 16. hasnt told 17 had …given 18. have been 19. had been 20. was playing …was singing 二．句型轉(zhuǎn)換 1．I hadnt sold the ticket when she came. 2. She hadnt sung a song to us before she danced. 3. They didnt begin to climb the mountain after they had bought all the food and drinks. 4. Had you been very hungry by 10:00 a.m? 5. Had Lucy completed the project when I arrived yet? 6. Had the plane taken off by the time he got to the airport? 7. What had he done when you saw him? 8.What did he do when he had read the note? 9. Why didnt Jack go to the cinema? 10. How long had you/we had the toys before you/we gave them to the child? 11.What had she written by the end of 1960? 12.After we had cooked the dumplings, we ate them up. 13.Jim’s father mended the car because it had been broken. 14.After we had had our tests, we had a long holiday. 15. Before he showed us around the house, he had showed us the picture 練習(xí)二 答案：1D 2 A 3 D 4 C 5 C 6 A 7 C 答案：1 had left 2 had finished 3 had studied 4 had stopped 5 didnt read 6 was 7 came had learned 8 hadnt seen 9 had gone 10 had come