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1、第二十節(jié) 賓語(yǔ)從句一、 賓語(yǔ)從句的定義在復(fù)合句中用作賓語(yǔ)的從句叫做賓語(yǔ)從句。賓語(yǔ)從句是初中英語(yǔ)中最重要的一種從句，它內(nèi)容完整，句型結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜，主句和從句時(shí)態(tài)搭配要求嚴(yán)格，在中考試題中頻頻出現(xiàn)。而且學(xué)好賓語(yǔ)從句也可為到高中學(xué)習(xí)間接引語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句及同位語(yǔ)從句打下良好的基礎(chǔ)。二、主句和從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)1.賓語(yǔ)從句常由 that 引導(dǎo)，在口語(yǔ)中常省略。當(dāng)主句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不受主句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的影響，按需要可以使用任何時(shí)態(tài)。如：She says (that) she works from Monday to Friday.她說(shuō)她從周一至周五上班。(從句是一

2、般現(xiàn)在時(shí))She says (that) she will leave a message on his desk.她說(shuō)她要在他桌子上留個(gè)便條。(從句是一般將來(lái)時(shí))She says (that) she has never been to Mount Emei. 她說(shuō)她從來(lái)沒(méi)有去過(guò)峨眉山。(從句是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))2.當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，從句中的時(shí)態(tài)一般用表示過(guò)去的某種時(shí)態(tài)。如：He said there were no classes yesterday afternoon.他說(shuō)昨天下午沒(méi)有課。(從句是一般過(guò)去時(shí))He said (that) he was going to take care

3、of the baby.他說(shuō)他會(huì)去照看這個(gè)嬰兒。(從句是過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí))He said (that) they were having a meeting at that time.他說(shuō)他們那時(shí)正在開(kāi)會(huì)。(從句是過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí))3.當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，而賓語(yǔ)從句敘述某一客觀真理(事實(shí))時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)則用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如：The teacher told us (that) nothing is difficult if you put yourheart into it.老師告訴我們世上無(wú)難事只怕有心人。She said (that) her father is twenty-eight year

4、s older than her.她說(shuō)她父親比她大二十八歲。He said that light travels much faster than sound.他說(shuō)光傳播比聲音傳播快得多。三、由連接代詞或連接副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句1. 連 接 代 詞 主 要 有 who, whom, whose, what, whoever,whomever, whosever, whatever, whichever 等。連接代詞一般指疑問(wèn)，但 what, whatever 除了指疑問(wèn)外，也可以指陳述。如：Do you know who has won Red Alert game ？你知道是誰(shuí)贏了紅色警戒的游

5、戲么？The book will show you what the best CEOs should know. 這本書(shū)會(huì)告訴你最好的執(zhí)行總裁該了解什么。Have you determined whichever you should buy, a Motorolaor Nokia cell phone？你決定好是買(mǎi)摩托羅拉還是諾基亞的手機(jī)了嗎？2.連接副詞主要有 when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever等。如：He didnt tell me when we could meet again.他沒(méi)有告訴我什么時(shí)候我們能再見(jiàn)面。Could you p

6、lease tell me how you use the new panel？你能告訴我怎么用這個(gè)新的操作盤(pán)嗎？None of us knows where these new parts can be bought. 我們沒(méi)有人知道這些新的零件在哪里能買(mǎi)到。一、賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序必須是陳述語(yǔ)序。 如：Do you know why winter is colder than summer? 你知道為什么冬季比夏季冷嗎？二、賓語(yǔ)從句與主句的時(shí)態(tài)要相互呼應(yīng)主句是現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，從句可用任何所需要的時(shí)態(tài)。主句是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，從句要用表示過(guò)去的相應(yīng)的時(shí)態(tài)。但如果從句中有明確表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，則從句應(yīng)

7、用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，不用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；如從句表達(dá)的是客觀規(guī)律或真理時(shí)，要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如：He said he had finished his studies when the war broke out.他說(shuō)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)時(shí)，他已經(jīng)完成了學(xué)業(yè)。He said he finished his homework at 9：00 last night.他說(shuō)他昨晚 9 點(diǎn)做完作業(yè)。He said he would spend his holiday in Dalian.他說(shuō)他將在大連度假。She said that the earth moves around the sun.她說(shuō)地球圍繞太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)。三、如賓語(yǔ)從句

8、有自己的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，則用 it 作形式賓語(yǔ)，而把賓語(yǔ)從句后置。其句型為“主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)it賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)從句”。 如：We think it important that we should master at least oneforeign language.我們認(rèn)為掌握至少一門(mén)外語(yǔ)是重要的。注意：連詞 that 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句很少作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，只用在 except, but 和in 等少數(shù)幾個(gè)介詞后。其他一些介詞的賓語(yǔ)從句如由連詞 that 引導(dǎo)，則需用it 先行一步，作形式賓語(yǔ)。如：He is a good student except that he is a little carele

9、ss. 他是個(gè)好學(xué)生，只不過(guò)有點(diǎn)粗心。See to it that children dont catch cold.當(dāng)心孩子別感冒了。四、連詞 whether 可引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句，不可省。if 引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。(1)賓語(yǔ)從句是肯定句時(shí)，whether 和 if 可互換；但 whether常和 or not 連用，if 則不能；賓語(yǔ)從句是否定句時(shí)，一般用 if引導(dǎo)。如：I dont know if/whether I should tell you.不知我是否應(yīng)告訴你。I wonder whether it is true or not.不知這是不是真的。I dont care

10、if it doesnt rain.天下不下雨我不會(huì)在乎。(2)作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，只能用 whether，不能用 if。如：Everything depends on whether we have enough experience.一切都取決于我們是否有足夠的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。五、that 引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)不可省略的幾種情況：1.that 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句的狀語(yǔ)部分位于從句前部時(shí)。 如：I promised that if anyone could set me free, I would make himking over the earth.我曾許諾如果有人把我放了，我就讓他成為世界之王。2.當(dāng)主句的狀語(yǔ)

11、部分位于 that 賓語(yǔ)從句前時(shí)。如：Abraham Lincoln later said himself that he only went toschool a little now and a little then.亞伯拉罕林肯后來(lái)自己說(shuō)他只不過(guò)是時(shí)斷時(shí)續(xù)地接受教育。3.主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與賓語(yǔ)從句之間有插入語(yǔ)時(shí)。如：When he got to England, he found, however, that his Englishwas too limited.然而當(dāng)他到了英國(guó)時(shí)，他發(fā)現(xiàn)他的英語(yǔ)很有限。4.當(dāng)一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞帶有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的 that 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)。如：Then h

12、e said that French was the most beautiful tongue in theworld, and that we must keep it among us and never forget it.他說(shuō)，法語(yǔ)是世界上最美的語(yǔ)言，我們必須堅(jiān)持說(shuō)法語(yǔ)，永遠(yuǎn)也不要忘記它。5.賓語(yǔ)從句是雙賓語(yǔ)中的直接賓語(yǔ)時(shí)。如：I must never tell anyone that I could not see the cloth.我決不能告訴任何人我看不到那布。6.賓語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)是 this/that，或用 this/that 修飾主語(yǔ)時(shí)。如：He said that tha

13、t was a good idea.他說(shuō)那是個(gè)好主意。7.在直接引語(yǔ)中，主句和賓語(yǔ)從句被隔開(kāi)時(shí)。如：“Im sorry to tell you ， ” he said ， “that you didnt watchcarefully enough what I did.” “我很遺憾地告訴大家，”他說(shuō)，“你們對(duì)我所做的事情觀察得還不夠仔細(xì)。 ”8.賓語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞或主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)。如：The old lady then explained that what she was looking for wasa pair of gloves for a girl.那位老太太接著解釋說(shuō)她在找的是一雙給一個(gè)女孩子的手套。