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1、第第5課時鎖定上下邏輯課時鎖定上下邏輯攻克閱讀攻克閱讀“七選五七選五”怎么考“7選5”以考查細節(jié)理解為主，以說明文和議論文居多。該題型要求考生從整體上把握文章的邏輯結構和內容上的前后聯(lián)系，理解句子之間、段落之間的關系，對諸如連貫性、一致性等語段特征有較強的意識和熟練的把握，并具備運用語法知識分析理解長難句的能力。其選項一般分為三類：主旨概括句、過渡性句子或注釋性句子?？挤?考查對文章的整體內容和結構的理解和掌握(1)描述性結構：主要介紹人物、事物、問題或傾向的特點；對人物的描述，如傳記，包括人物的身體特征、家庭背景、成長過程、個性愛好、成就貢獻等內容，時間、地點往往是出題重點；(2)釋義性結構

2、：解釋某一理論、學科、事物，主要用舉例、類比等方法進行闡述；(3)比較性結構：把兩個人或事物的功能、特點、優(yōu)缺點進行對比；(4)原因性結構：主要分析事物的成因；(5)駁斥性結構：先介紹一種觀點，之后對其進行分析、評論或駁斥，最后闡明自己的觀點。考法2考查對上下文邏輯意義的理解和掌握語段的句際關系可分為因果、并列、轉折、層遞、總分等類別。常考查的連接性詞匯有：(1)因果關系：so，therefore，thus，hence，accordingly，consequently，as a result等；(2)并列關系：first，second，third.；firstly，secondly，third

3、ly.；first，next，then.；in the first place，in the second place，.；for one thing，for another.等；(3)轉折關系：but，however，nevertheless，nonetheless，still，though，yet，in spite of，on the contrary，by contrast，conversely，otherwise等；(4)層遞關系：also，further，furthermore，moreover，in addition，whats more，not only.but also.等。怎

4、么學針對該題型的考法，在平時的閱讀訓練中，注意把握文章的體裁。分析篇章結構，把握全文脈絡。語篇通常由段落構成，所以分析篇章結構包括兩個層次：一是分析段落之間的層次，也就是語篇層次；二是分析每個段落內部的層次，即句際層次，尤其是選項與前(后)句之間的邏輯關系等。另外，在平時的閱讀訓練中，培養(yǎng)自己辨別語境線索的能力。語境線索主要指反映上下文關系的銜接手段，如篇章結構、詞語重現、邏輯關系、連接、指稱、同構等。詞語重現是指詞語的重復出現，但這里不是指詞語的簡單重現，而是指某一詞語可能以不同的詞性、數、格、時、態(tài)等形式出現，如read，reading，reader，readers；還可能是以同義詞、近義

5、詞甚至反義詞等形式出現。邏輯關系是事物之間內在的、必然的聯(lián)系，包括時間先后關系、空間位置關系、因果關系等。連接是指用連接詞或連接語表明上下文之間的邏輯關系，如and，however。指稱是指用代詞替代前文已出現的人物、事件、物品等，如he，she，they。同構是指上下文使用了相同或類似的句式。怎么解步驟1通讀整篇文章對文章進行快速瀏覽，把握段落語脈，尋找主題句，理出文章的中心，掌握文章結構及文章的寫作內容。注意文章的開始與結束段落，尤其是文章首段及末段的末句，因為“開門見山”與“結尾總結”為常見的寫作方式。首段的末句很可能是全文的主題所在，并簡要指出文章的寫作思路，有時甚至會以提綱的形式進行

6、呈現。步驟2詳讀段落在短時間內，找出每段內容的關鍵詞，注意關鍵詞之間的關系。將所有句子按意義分出層次，再分析各層次之間的關系，明確各段的主題句或主旨大意。步驟3定位選項明確各備選選項的含義，抓住其關鍵詞語，根據文章整體結構與具體內容，將選項填入文中。填寫時尤其要注意各選項的句子的銜接手段及句中的銜接標志詞。步驟4通讀復檢將所選答案代入文中，再次通讀全文，重點檢查邏輯關系。 步驟5注意一些詞類的用法(1)注意代詞。代詞是用來指代名詞或句子的。做題時，一定要注意句中出現的人稱代詞或指示代詞，然后通過代詞在句中所作的成分推斷出它指代的成分的類型，進而從選項中找到答案。(2)注意特殊疑問詞。如果選項中

7、或題空前出現特殊疑問詞，一定要把這句話仔細讀幾遍，因為針對不同特殊疑問詞的回答方式是不一樣的。比如對why的回答，要有because等表示原因的詞；對when的回答，要有表示時間的狀語；對where的回答，要有表示地點的狀語；對how的回答，要有表示方式或程度的狀語等。(3)注意連詞。如表示轉折的連詞有but，however，yet，though等；表示并列關系的連詞有and，or，on one hand.on the other hand等。步驟6確定排除研究多余選項，確定排除理由，最終確定答案。【典例剖析1】體裁：說明文話題：人的壽命詞數：267時間：7根據短文內容，從短文后的選項中選出能

8、填入空白處的最佳選項。選項中有兩項為多余選項。(2016四川卷)Both men and women are living longer these days in industrialized countries._1_In general，they can expect to live six or seven years more than men.One reason for this is biological.One important biological factor that helps women live longer is the difference in hormo

9、nes between men and women._2_Between the ages of about 12 and 50，women produce hormones that are involved in fertility(生育能力).These hormones also have a positive effect on the heart and the blood flow.In fact，women are less likely to have high blood pressure or to die from heart attacks._3_They help

10、the body defend itself against some kinds of infections.This means that women generally get sick less often and less seriously than men.The common cold is a good example: women，on average，get fewer colds than men._4_Scientists are still not exactly sure how genes influence aging，but they believe tha

11、t they do.Some think that a womans body cells have a tendency (傾向) to age more slowly than a mans.Others think that a mans body cells have a tendency to age more quickly._5_A.However，women，on average，live longer.B.The biological factor plays an important part.C.Women are also helped by their female

12、genes.D.The female hormones also protect the body in another way.E.Recent research seems to support both of these possibilities.F.Therefore，women are more healthy than men and can live a better life.G.Hormones are chemicals which are produced by the body to control various body functions.【語篇解讀】這是一篇說

13、明文。介紹了女性比男性壽命長的原因。1.A上下文過渡句。根據空后的“they can expect to live six or seven years more than men”可知，這是對空格處作進一步的說明。2.G上下文過渡句?？崭袂熬湔f明女性比男性壽命長的原因在于“hormones”的不同，接著對“hormones”作進一步的解釋。3.D上下文過渡句?？蘸笕渲饕v述雌激素在抵抗疾病方面的作用。4.C上下文過渡句。空后主要講述基因與年老的關系。C項中的genes與空后句中的genes是原詞復現。5.E細節(jié)支撐句?？涨爸v述了科學家們的兩種不同觀點，E項中的“both of these

14、possibilities”指的就是這兩種不同觀點。【典例剖析2】體裁：說明文話題：冒險詞數：404時間：8根據短文內容，從短文后的選項中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項。選項中有兩項為多余選項。(2016北京卷)The Science of Risk-SeekingSometimes we decide that a little unnecessary danger is worth it because when we weigh the risk and the reward，the risk seems worth taking._6_ Some of us enjoy activitie

15、s that would surprise and scare the rest of us.Why？Experts say it may have to do with how our brains work.The reason why any of us take any risks at all might have to do with early humans.Risk-takers were better at hunting，fighting，or exploring._7_As the quality of risk-taking was passed from one ge

16、neration to the next，humans ended up with a sense of adventure and a tolerance for risk.So why arent we all jumping out of airplanes then？Well，even 200，000 years ago，too much risk-taking could get one killed.A few daring survived，though，along with a few stay-in-the-cave types.As a result，humans deve

17、loped a range of character types that still exists today.So maybe you love car racing，or maybe you hate it._8_No matter where you are on the risk-seeking range，scientists say that your willingness to take risks increases during your teenage years._9_To help you do that，your brain increases your hung

18、er for new experiences.New experiences often mean taking some risks，so your brain raises your tolerance for risk as well._10_ For the risk-seekers a part of the brain related to pleasure becomes active，while for the rest of us，a part of the brain related to fear becomes active.As experts continue to

19、 study the science of risk-seeking，well continue to hit the mountains，the waves or the shallow end of the pool.A.It all depends on your character.B.Those are the risks you should jump to take.C.Being better at those things meant a greater chance of survival.D.Thus，these well-equipped people survived

20、 because they were the fittest.E.This is when you start to move away from your family and into the bigger world.F.However，we are not all using the same reference standard to weigh risks and rewards.G.New brain research suggests our brains work differently when we face a nervous situation.【語篇解讀】本文為說明

21、文。主要探討了為什么某些人喜歡冒險，它們冒險的動機是什么等。6.F根據空前面的“weigh the risk and the reward”可以看出和F項中的“weigh risks and rewards”對應，同時F項與空格前面的一句話之間是轉折關系，句意銜接緊密，故選F。7.C根據空前面的“better at hunting，fishing，or exploring”可以看出和C項中的“Being better at those things”相呼應。故選C項。8.A空格前第二句中出現character types與A選項中的character相對應；空格前一句中的you 與選項中的yo

22、ur在人稱上保持一致，空格前一句中動詞love與hate和A選項中的depends on保持對應，故選A項。9.E空格前一句出現了teenager years 與E選項當中的this 相對，另外E選項當中提到 move away from family into the bigger world也是對空格前一句中的teenager years的解釋。故選E項。10.G空格后一句中提及pleasure和fear，是從正反兩方面進行對比，對應G項中的differently，再根據空格后一句中出現的riskseeker，brain，us等詞與選項G中的nervous situation，our brains相對應，故選G項。