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1、word Chapter 22 Audit of the Capital Acquisition and Repayment Cycle n Review Questions 22-1Four examples of interest bearing liability accounts monly found on balance sheets are: 1.Notes payable 2.Contracts payable 3.Mortgages payable 4.Bonds payable These liabilities have the

2、following characteristics in mon: 1.Relatively few transactions affect the account balance, but each transaction is often highly material in amount. 2.The exclusion of a single transaction could be material in itself. 3.There is a legal relationship between the client entity and the holder of t

3、he stock, bond, or similar ownership document. 4.There is a direct relationship between interest and dividend accounts and debt and equity. These liabilities differ in what they represent and the nature of their respective liabilities. 22-2The characteristics of the liability accounts in the

4、capital acquisition and repayment cycle that result in a different auditing approach than the approach followed in the audit of accounts payable are: 1.Relatively few transactions affect the account balance, but each transaction is often highly material in amount. 2.The exclusion of a single tra

5、nsaction could be material in itself. 3.There is a legal relationship between the client entity and the holder of the stock, bond, or similar ownership document. 4.There is a direct relationship between interest and dividend accounts and debt and equity. 22-3It is mon to audit the balance in no

6、tes payable in conjunction with the audit of interest expense and interest payable because it minimizes the verification time and reduces the likelihood of overlooking misstatements in the balance. Once the auditor is satisfied with the balance in notes payable and the related interest rates and due

7、 dates for each note, it is easy to test the accuracy of accrued interest. If the interest expense for the year is also tested at the same time, the likelihood of omitting a note from notes payable for which interest has been paid is minimized. When there are a large number of notes or a large numbe

8、r of transactions during the year, it is usually too time consuming to pletely tie out interest expense as a part of the audit of the notes payable and related accrued interest. Normally, however, there are only a few notes and few transactions during the year. 22-4The most importan

9、t controls the auditor should be concerned about in the audit of notes payable are: 1.The proper authorization for the issuance of new notes (or renewals) to insure that the pany is not being mitted to debt arrangements that are not authorized. 2.Controls over the repayment of principal and inte

10、rest to insure that the proper amounts are paid. 3.Proper records and procedures to insure that all amounts in all transactions are properly recorded. 4.Periodic independent verification to insure that all the controls over notes payable are working. 22-5The most important analytical procedures

11、 used to verify notes payable is a test of interest expense. By the use of this test, auditors can uncover misstatements in interest calculations or possible unrecorded notes payable. 22-6It is more important to search for unrecorded notes payable than unrecorded notes receivable because the omis

12、sion of an asset is less likely to occur than the omission of a debt. Several audit procedures the auditor can use to uncover unrecorded notes payable are: 1.Examine the notes paid after year-end to determine whether they were liabilities at the balance sheet date. 2.Obtain a standard bank confi

13、rmation that includes specific reference to the existence of notes payable from all banks with which the client does business. 3.Review the bank reconciliation for new notes credited directly to the bank account by the bank. 4.Obtain confirmation from creditors who have held notes from the client

14、in the past and are not currently included in the notes payable schedule. 5.Analyze interest expense to uncover a payment to a creditor who is not included on the notes payable schedule. 6.Review the minutes of the board of directors for authorized but unrecorded notes. 22-7The primary purpose of

15、 analyzing interest expense is to uncover a payment to a creditor who is not included on the notes payable schedule. The primary considerations the auditor should keep in mind when doing the analysis are: 1.Is the payee for the interest payment listed in the cash disbursements journal also includ

16、ed in the notes payable list? 2.Has a confirmation for notes payable been received from the payee? 22-8The tests of controls and substantive tests of transactions for liability accounts in the capital acquisition and repayment cycle consists of tests of the control and substantive tests over the

17、 payment of principal and interest and the issuance of new notes or other liabilities, whereas the tests of details of balances concern the balance of the liabilities, interest payable, and interest expense. A unique aspect of the capital acquisition and repayment cycle is that auditors normally ver

18、ify the transactions and balances in the account at the same time, as described in the solution to Review Question 22-3. 22-9Four types of restrictions long-term creditors often put on panies in granting them a loan are: 1.Financial ratio restrictions 2.Payment of dividends restrictions 3.Op

19、erations restrictions 4.Issue of additional debt restrictions The auditor can find out about these restrictions by examining the loan agreement and related correspondence associated with the loan, and by confirmation. The auditor must perform calculations and observe activities to determine whet

20、her the client has observed the restrictions. 22-10The primary objectives in the audit of owners' equity accounts are to determine whether: 1.The internal controls over capital stock and related dividends are adequate. 2.Owners' equity transactions are recorded properly, as defined by the fol

21、lowing six transaction-related audit objectives: n Occurrence n pleteness n Accuracy n Posting and summarization n Classification n Timing 22-10(continued) 3. Owners' equity balances in the financial statements satisfy the following balance-related audit objectives: n Detail

22、 tie-in n Existence n pleteness n Accuracy n Classification n Cutoff 4. Owners' equity balances are properly presented and disclosed to satisfy the following presentation and disclosure-related audit objectives: n Occurrence and Rights and Obligations n pleteness n Accuracy and Valuatio

23、n n Classification and Understandability 22-11Although the corporate charter and bylaws are legal documents, their legal nature is not being judged by the auditor. They are being used only to reference transactions being tested by the auditor and provide insight into some of the key control feat

24、ures of the pany. The auditor should consult an attorney if the information the auditor needs from the documents is not clear or if a legal interpretation is needed. 22-12The major internal controls over owners' equity are: 1.Proper authorization of transactions 2.Proper record keeping 3.Ade

25、quate segregation of duties between maintaining owners' equity records and handling cash and stock certificates 4.The use of an independent registrar and stock transfer agent 22-13The audit of owners' equity for a closely held corporation differs from that for a publicly held corporation in that

26、 the amount of time spent in verifying owners' equity in a closely held corporation is usually minimal because of the relatively few transactions for capital stock accounts that occur during the year. For publicly held corporations, the audit of owners' equity is more plex due to the existence of a

27、larger number of shareholders and frequent changes in the individuals holding stock. The audits are not significantly different in regard to whether the transactions in the equity accounts are properly authorized and recorded and whether the amounts in the accounts are properly classified, describe

28、d, and stated in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. 22-14The duties of a stock registrar are to make sure that stock is issued by a corporation in accordance with the capital authorization of the board of directors, to sign all newly issued stock certificates, and to make su

29、re old certificates are received and cancelled before a replacement certificate is issued when there is a change in the ownership of the stock. The duties of a transfer agent are to maintain the stockholder records, and in some cases, disburse cash dividends to shareholders. The use of the service

30、s of a stock registrar improves the effectiveness of the client's internal controls by preventing the improper issuance of stock certificates. Along similar lines, the use of the services of an independent transfer agent improves the control over the stock records by putting them in the hands of an

31、independent organization. 22-15The number of shares outstanding, the correct valuation of capital stock transactions, and par value can all be confirmed with a transfer agent. The balance can then be easily recalculated from this information. 22-16Since it is important to verify that properly

32、authorized dividends have been paid to owners of stock as of the dividend record date, a parison of a random sample of cancelled dividend checks to a dividend list prepared by management would be inadequate. Such an audit step is useless unless the dividend list has first been verified to include al

33、l stockholders of record at the dividend record date. A better test is to determine the total number of shares outstanding at the dividend date from the stock registrar and repute the total dividends that should have been paid for parison with the total amount actually paid. A random sample of cance

34、lled checks should then be pared to the independent registrar's records to verify that the payments were actually made to valid shareholders. 22-17If a transfer agent disburses dividends for a client, the total dividends declared can be verified by tracing the amount to a cash disbursement entry

35、to the agent and also confirming the amount. There should ordinarily be no need to test individual dividend disbursement transactions if a stock transfer agent is used. 22-18The major emphasis in auditing the retained earnings account should be on the recorded changes that have taken place durin

36、g the year, such as net earnings for the year, dividends declared, prior period adjustments, extraordinary items charged or credited directly to retained earnings, or setting up or elimination of appropriations. Except for dividends declared, the other items should be verified during other parts of

37、the engagement. This is especially true of the net earnings for the year. Therefore, the audit of retained earnings primarily consists of an analysis of the changes in retained earnings and the verification of the authorization and accuracy of the underlying transactions. 22-19For auditing owner

38、s' equity and calculating earnings per share, it is crucial to verify that the number of shares used in each is accurate. Earnings are verified as an integral part of the entire audit and should require no additional verification as a part of owners' equity. The most important auditing consideration

39、s in verifying the earnings per share figure are the accounting principles prescribed by APB 15 and the descriptions of the various classes of stock in the corporate charter and minutes of the board of directors. Multiple Choice Questions From CPA Examinations 22-20a.(2)b.(2)c.(2) 22-21a.(4

40、)b.(3)c.(1) n Discussion Questions and Problems 22-22 a. PURPOSE OF CONTROL b. POTENTIAL FINANCIAL STATEMENT MISSTATEMENT c. AUDIT PROCEDURE TO DETERMINE EXISTENCE OF MATERIAL MISSTATEMENT 1.To insure that all note liabilities are actual liabilities of the pany. Loss of

41、 assets through payment of excess interest rates or the diversion of cash to unauthorized persons. Examine note request forms for proper authorization and discuss terms of note with appropriate management personnel. 2.To insure that note transactions are recorded in full and in detail. Improper d

42、isclosure or misstatements in notes payable through duplication. Reconcile detailed contents of master file or other records to control account. 3.To insure that all note-related transactions agree with account balances. Misstatement of notes payable. Reconcile master file with outstanding notes

43、 payable. 4.To prevent misuse of notes and funds earmarked for notes. Misstatement of liabilities and cash. Perform all substantive procedures on extended basis. Trace from paid notes file to cash receipts to determine that the appropriate amount of cash was received when the note was issued. 5.

44、To insure that notes are not paid more than once. Loss of cash. Examine outstanding notes and paid notes for similarities and the potential for reusing the notes. 6.To insure that only the proper interest amount is paid and recorded. Misstatement of interest expense and related accrual. Repute

45、interest on a test basis. 22-23a. AUDIT PROCEDURE PURPOSE 1 To determine the nature of restrictions on client as a means of verifying whether the restrictions have been met and to insure they are adequately disclosed. 2 To insure that the bonds are not subject to unnecessary early ret

46、irement by bondholders and that proper disclosures are made. 3 To determine if the account balances are reasonable as related to each other and to examine for unreasonable changes in the account balances. 4 To determine if the calculations are correct and accounts are accurate. 5 To obtain i

47、ndependent confirmation of bond indebtedness and collateral. b.The auditor should be alert for the following provisions in the bond indenture agreement: 1.Restrictions on payment of dividends 2.Convertibility provisions 3.Provisions for repayment 4.Restrictions on additional borrowing 5.

48、Required maintenance of specified financial ratios c.The auditor can determine whether the above provisions have been met by the following procedures: 22-23 a. (continued) 1.Audit of payments of dividends 2.Determine if the appropriate stock authorizations are adequate 3.Determine if sin

49、king fund is adequate 4.Search for other liabilities 5.Calculate ratios and pare to agreement d.The auditor should verify the unamortized bond discount or premium on a bond that was in force at the beginning of the year by recalculation. This is done by dividing the premium or discount by the n

50、umber of total months the bonds will be outstanding and multiplying by the number of months remaining. For bonds issued in the current year, the bond premium or discount must first be verified. The monthly premium or discount is then calculated and multiplied by the number of months still outstandin

51、g. e.The following information should be requested from the bondholder in the confirmation of bonds payable: 1.Amount of bond 2.Maturity date 3.Interest rate 4.Payment dates 5.Payment amounts 6.Assets pledged as security 7.Restrictions on client activities 22-24a.The auditing necessary

52、for notes payable and related interest accounts in these circumstances would be minimal. Aside from checking interest calculations and postings to the proper accounts as a matter of audit routine, the only major audit procedure would be to confirm the amount and provisions of the note with the bank.

53、 b.If Fox was unprofitable, had a need for additional financing, and had deficient internal controls, it would be necessary to search for unrecorded notes. This could be done by obtaining standard bank confirmations with specific reference to the existence of notes payable, reviewing the bank state

54、ments and reconciliations for new notes credited directly to the bank account by the bank, and analyzing interest expense to uncover a payment to a creditor who is not included on the notes payable schedule. 22-25a.The emphasis in the verification of notes payable in this situation should be in d

55、etermining whether all existing notes are included in the client's records. The four audit procedures listed do not satisfy this emphasis. b. AUDIT PROCEDURE PURPOSE 1 To determine if the notes payable list reconciles to the general ledger. 2 To determine if the notes payable on the list ar

56、e correctly recorded and disclosed. 3 To verify that all recorded notes payable are properly recorded and disclosed. 4 To insure that interest expense is properly recorded on the books. 22-25(continued) c.Procedure 2 is not necessary in light of procedure 3. They both perform the same func

57、tion and the confirmation is from an independent source. The sample sizes for the procedures are probably appropriate, considering the deficiencies in record keeping procedures. d.In addition to the procedures mentioned, the following ones are essential because there must be a search for unrecorded

58、 notes: 1.Analyze interest expense and send a confirmation for notes payable to all payees not receiving a confirmation for notes. 2.Confirm the balance in notes payable to payees included in last year's notes payable list but not confirmed in the current year. 3.Examine notes paid after year-e

59、nd to determine whether they were liabilities at the balance sheet date. 4.Obtain a standard bank confirmation that includes a specific reference to notes payable from all banks with which the client does business. 5.Review the minutes of the board of directors. 22-26In each case, any actual fa

60、ilure to ply would have to be reported in a footnote to the statements in view of the possible serious consequences of advancing the maturity date of the loan. The individual audit steps that should be taken are as follows: a.Calculate the working capital ratio at the beginning of and through the

61、 previous fiscal year. If it is under 2 to 1, determine pensation of officers for pliance with the limitation. b.Examine the client's copies of insurance policies or certificates of insurance for pliance with the covenant, preparing a schedule of book value, appraised or estimated value, and covera

62、ge for the report. Confirm policies held with trustee. c.Examine vouchers supporting tax payments on all property covered by the indenture. By reference to the local tax laws and the vouchers, determine that all taxes have been paid before the penalty-free period expired. If the vouchers in any c

63、ase are inadequate, confirm with the trustee who holds the tax receipts. d.Vouch the payments to the sinking fund. Confirm bond purchases and sinking fund balance with trustee. Observe evidence of destruction of bonds for bonds cancelled. Report the fund as an asset, preferably giving the position

64、as to cash and bonds held alive, if any. 22-27a.It is desirable to prepare an audit schedule for the permanent file for the mortgage so that the appropriate information concerning the mortgage will be conveniently available for future years' audits. This information should include all the provisi

65、ons of the mortgage as well as the purchase price, date of purchase, and a list of items pledged as collateral. It may also contain an amortization schedule of principal and interest (especially if the auditor has access to a puter program for preparation of such a schedule) b.The audit of mortga

66、ge payable, interest expense, and interest payable should all be done together since these accounts are related and the results of testing each account have a bearing on the other accounts. The likelihood of misstatement in the client's records is determined faster and more effectively by doing them together. c.The audit procedures that should ordinarily be performed to verify the issue of the mortgage, the balance in the mortgage and interest payable, and the balance in the interest expense ac