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電大《社會(huì)保障學(xué)》期末復(fù)習(xí)資料考試小抄 一、單項(xiàng)選擇題 1、（ B ）是一種特殊的社會(huì)保障。P5 A、社會(huì)救助B、社會(huì)優(yōu)撫C、社會(huì)福利 D、社會(huì)保險(xiǎn) 2、通常被稱為“最后的安全網(wǎng)”，也是最低的社會(huì)保障，是人類社會(huì)最悠久的一種保障形式的是（A）。P5或218 A、社會(huì)救助B、社會(huì)保障 C、社會(huì)福利 D、社會(huì)保險(xiǎn) 3、（C）是最高層次的社會(huì)保障制度。 A、社會(huì)救助B、社會(huì)保障 C、社會(huì)福利 D、社會(huì)保險(xiǎn) 4、“從搖籃到墳?zāi)埂笔切稳荩˙）的社會(huì)保障模式。P8 A、社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)型模式B、福利國(guó)家型模式C、強(qiáng)制性儲(chǔ)蓄型模式D、國(guó)家保險(xiǎn)型模式 5、我國(guó)實(shí)行的是（D）社會(huì)保障基金的籌集模式。P45 A、社會(huì)統(tǒng)籌模式B、個(gè)人帳戶模式 C、現(xiàn)收現(xiàn)付制 D、A和B 6、（D）被譽(yù)為西方“福利國(guó)家櫥窗”。P76 A、美國(guó)B、英國(guó)C、德國(guó)D、瑞典 7、（B）是建立現(xiàn)代意義上的社會(huì)養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)制度的第一個(gè)國(guó)家。P76 A、美國(guó)B、德國(guó)C、新加坡D、智利 8、中國(guó)享受基本養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)金的條件之一是參加保險(xiǎn)繳費(fèi)期限要滿（C）年。P80 A、5年B、10年C、15年D、20年 9、中國(guó)養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)制度中的“老人”是指（A）。P89 A、1997年前退休人員B、1997年后退休的人員 C、1997年后參保的人員D、1997年前參加工作，1997年后才退休的人員 10、企業(yè)年金計(jì)劃是企業(yè)舉辦的一項(xiàng)（B）P97 A．醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)計(jì)劃 B．養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)計(jì)劃 C．工傷保險(xiǎn)計(jì)劃 D．失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)計(jì)劃 11、1883年（C）政府頒布的《疾病保險(xiǎn)法》標(biāo)志著醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)強(qiáng)制性社會(huì)保障制度的確立。P102 A、美國(guó)B、英國(guó)C、德國(guó)D、中國(guó) 12、我國(guó)城鎮(zhèn)職工基本醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)籌集中，個(gè)人繳費(fèi)費(fèi)率為本人工資收入的（B）。P124 A、1% B、2% C、3% D、4% 13、我國(guó)城鎮(zhèn)職工基本醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)水平的封頂線控制在當(dāng)?shù)芈毠つ昶骄べY的（C）倍左右。P126 A、2 B、3 C、4 D、5 14、我國(guó)法定勞動(dòng)年齡范圍是（C）。P131 A、16-50 B、18-50 C、16-60 D、16-67 15、在我國(guó)完全由政府承辦，沒(méi)有商業(yè)保險(xiǎn)公司參加的保險(xiǎn)是（D）。P131 A、養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn) B、醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn) C、生育保險(xiǎn) D、失業(yè)保險(xiǎn) 16、世界上第一個(gè)強(qiáng)制性失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)制度是（B）政府建立的。P136 A、美國(guó)B、英國(guó)C、德國(guó)D、中國(guó) 17、在中國(guó)失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)雇員的繳費(fèi)率是（A）。P137 A、1% B、2% C、3% D、4% 18、我國(guó)經(jīng)歷了（C）次失業(yè)高峰。P140 A、3 B、4 C、5 D、6 19、1884年（C）頒布了世界上第一部工傷保險(xiǎn)法。P160 A、美國(guó)B、英國(guó)C、德國(guó)D、中國(guó) 20、以下哪項(xiàng)屬于可認(rèn)定為工傷的？（B）P170 A、醉酒死亡B、患職業(yè)病C、自殘或自殺D、因犯罪傷亡的 21、我國(guó)2002年（C）首次將工傷康復(fù)納入到工傷保險(xiǎn)范圍。P189 A、北京 B、上海 C、廣州 D、天津 22、我國(guó)產(chǎn)假標(biāo)準(zhǔn)目前為（C）天。P198 A、30 B、60 C、90 D、120 23、1993年6月1日，（B）市正式實(shí)施最低生活保障制度，標(biāo)志我國(guó)最低生活保障制度正式建立。P237 A、北京 B、上海 C、廣州 D、天津 24、（C）是國(guó)家專門為傷亡的軍人、人民警察和國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)工作人員提供撫恤的社會(huì)保障制度。P284 A、社會(huì)福利 B、社會(huì)救助 C、社會(huì)優(yōu)撫 D、工傷保險(xiǎn) 25、對(duì)于貧困的農(nóng)村居民而言，（A）是最后一條保障線。P329 A、農(nóng)村最低生活保障制度 B、農(nóng)村“五?！敝贫? C、農(nóng)村救災(zāi)救濟(jì)制度 D、農(nóng)村臨時(shí)性救助制度 26、目前中國(guó)中西部地區(qū)農(nóng)村的最低生活保障標(biāo)準(zhǔn)每年為（C）。P330 A、300 B、600 C、600-80 D、1000-2000 27、農(nóng)村臨時(shí)性救助制度的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)一般不超過(guò)2000元，每年每戶一般不超過(guò)（B）次。P336 A、1 B、2 C、3 D、4 28、在中國(guó)新型農(nóng)村社會(huì)養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)制度中，地方政府對(duì)參保人繳費(fèi)給予補(bǔ)貼標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不低于每人每年（A）元標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。P338 A、30 B、60 C、80 D、100 29、前蘇聯(lián)以及我國(guó)在“文革”之前的勞動(dòng)保險(xiǎn)是采?。―）管理模式。P366 A、政府和公法機(jī)構(gòu)共同管理模式 B、政府與私人企業(yè)共同管理模式 C、政府直接管理模式 D、政府和工會(huì)共同管理模式 30、在我國(guó)社會(huì)救助、社會(huì)福利和社會(huì)優(yōu)撫的業(yè)務(wù)管理由（C）部門承擔(dān)。P387 A、社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)辦機(jī)構(gòu) B、財(cái)政部 C、民政行政部門 D、衛(wèi)生部 二、多項(xiàng)選擇題 1、社會(huì)保障相關(guān)主體主要包括：（ABCD）P3 A、政府 B、保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)辦機(jī)構(gòu) C、用人單位 D、參保人 2、社會(huì)保障的核心內(nèi)容有（ABCD）三大部分。P4 A、社會(huì)救助 B、社會(huì)優(yōu)撫 C、社會(huì)福利 D、社會(huì)保險(xiǎn) 3、社會(huì)保障基金的全部?jī)?nèi)容包括（ABC）。P37 A、籌集 B、支付 C、管理 D、模式 4、社會(huì)保障基金籌集的原則包括（ABD）。P41 A、適度原則B、公平原則C、最大化原則D、依法籌集原則 5、我國(guó)目前企業(yè)職工社會(huì)保障基金的投資方式主要是（AD）。P61 A、國(guó)債B、股票C、基金D、銀行存款 7、中國(guó)醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)制度中的“兩定點(diǎn)”是指（AD）。P107 A、定點(diǎn)醫(yī)院 B、定點(diǎn)賠付 C、藥品目錄 D、定點(diǎn)藥店 8、中國(guó)醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)制度中的“三目錄”是指（ABC）。P107 A、藥品目錄B、診療目錄C、醫(yī)療服務(wù)設(shè)施范圍和支付標(biāo)準(zhǔn)目錄D、醫(yī)院目錄 9、我國(guó)現(xiàn)行的醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)制度包括（BC）。P117 A、國(guó)家醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)B、城鎮(zhèn)醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)C、農(nóng)村合作醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)D、單位醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn) 10、以下哪些是“合格失業(yè)者”所必須具備的條件。（ABCD）P137 A、非自愿失業(yè)B、有就業(yè)愿意C、及時(shí)辦理了失業(yè)登記手續(xù)D、工作后失業(yè) 11、失業(yè)補(bǔ)救的辦法有（ABCD）。 A、實(shí)施職業(yè)輪換B、轉(zhuǎn)業(yè)培訓(xùn)C、開(kāi)辟家政服務(wù)就業(yè)領(lǐng)域D、建立和完善就業(yè)信息網(wǎng)絡(luò) 12、下列屬于工傷的是（AB）。P157 A、因工傷亡B、職業(yè)病C、自然生病D、非機(jī)動(dòng)車交通事故受傷 13、工傷待遇包括（ABCD）。P171 A、工傷醫(yī)療待遇B、工傷停工期內(nèi)工資福利待遇C、因工致殘待遇D、因工死亡待遇 14、生育保險(xiǎn)待遇內(nèi)容包括（ABCD）。P202 A、產(chǎn)假津貼B、醫(yī)療費(fèi)用C、生育補(bǔ)助D、生育休假 15、社會(huì)救助標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的計(jì)算方法包括（ABCD）。P230 A、市場(chǎng)菜籃子法B、恩格爾系數(shù)法C、馬丁法D、收入比例法 16、家計(jì)調(diào)查的內(nèi)容包括（BCD）。P234 A、人口B、收入C、財(cái)產(chǎn)D、工作 17、中國(guó)專項(xiàng)的社會(huì)救助制度包括（ABC）。P243-248 A、醫(yī)療救助B、住房救助C、教育救助D、工傷救助 18、按社會(huì)福利的對(duì)象，社會(huì)福利類型可劃分為（ABD）。P256 A、老年人福利B、殘疾人福利C、全民性社會(huì)福利D、婦女兒童福利 19、社會(huì)優(yōu)撫是一項(xiàng)綜合性的社會(huì)保障制度，具體包括（ABD）。P285 A、優(yōu)待 B、撫恤 C、全民性社會(huì)福利 D、安置 20、中國(guó)農(nóng)村的扶貧開(kāi)發(fā)是指對(duì)農(nóng)村有一定生產(chǎn)能力的貧困人口，給予（ABCD）等方面的扶持。P342 A、思想 B、政策 C、資金 D、信息 21、農(nóng)村社會(huì)救助制度主要包括：（ABC）。P352 A、農(nóng)村最低生活保障制度 B、農(nóng)村五保供養(yǎng)制度 C、農(nóng)村臨時(shí)救助制度 D、農(nóng)村社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)制度 三、判斷題 1、社會(huì)保障基金的內(nèi)容無(wú)非是“收、支、管”，即社會(huì)保障基金的籌集、支付和管理。（√）P4 2、新中國(guó)成立后建立了“社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)型”的社會(huì)保障體制。（）P9 3、在社會(huì)保障概念中，平等的一定是公平的，公平也一定是平等的。（）P22 4、平等與效率是處在一個(gè)連續(xù)統(tǒng)一體的兩端，公平是權(quán)衡的取舍點(diǎn)。（√）P26 5、部分積累制是指當(dāng)年提取當(dāng)年支付，一般不留結(jié)余，以支定收。（）P45 6、完全積累制是以遠(yuǎn)期縱向平衡為原則，實(shí)質(zhì)是個(gè)體一生中的代內(nèi)收入再分配制度。（√）P46 7、養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)制度模式往往是國(guó)家社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)制度模式的代表。（√）P74 8、企業(yè)年金是養(yǎng)老金的第二支柱，被稱為“企業(yè)補(bǔ)充養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)”。（√）P97 9、第三方付費(fèi)制度是工傷保險(xiǎn)所獨(dú)有的特點(diǎn)。（）P99 10、醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)中的待遇水平由三方面體現(xiàn)，即起付線、封頂線和報(bào)銷比例。（√）P115 11、1986年頒布的《國(guó)營(yíng)企業(yè)職工待業(yè)保險(xiǎn)暫行規(guī)定》，是新中國(guó)成立后建立的第一個(gè)正式的失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)制度。（√）P147 12、中國(guó)治理第四次失業(yè)高峰采取的辦法是啟動(dòng)了“中國(guó)下崗職工再就業(yè)工程”。（）P142 13、失業(yè)預(yù)防、失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)和失業(yè)補(bǔ)救構(gòu)成了就業(yè)保險(xiǎn)制度。（√）P155 14、在我國(guó)工傷保險(xiǎn)基金籌集中，用人單位繳費(fèi)是最主要的基金來(lái)源。（√）P165 15、在上下班途中受到非機(jī)動(dòng)車事故傷害的應(yīng)認(rèn)定為工傷。（）P168 16、工傷預(yù)防、工傷補(bǔ)償和工傷康復(fù)是工傷保險(xiǎn)的三大支柱。（√）P180 17、2003年頒布的《工傷保險(xiǎn)條例》是中國(guó)第一部專門的工傷保險(xiǎn)行政法規(guī)。（√）P183 18、生育責(zé)任的承擔(dān)者只是女性，不包括男性。（）P194 19、我國(guó)生育保險(xiǎn)工資替代率為100%，高于國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。（√）P198 20、恩格爾系數(shù)的值越低，說(shuō)明民眾的生活水平越低，反之則說(shuō)明越高。（√）P231 21、家計(jì)調(diào)查等同于貧困調(diào)查。（）P233 22、中國(guó)現(xiàn)行的社會(huì)救助制度包括最低生活保障制度和專項(xiàng)社會(huì)救助。（√）P237-243或251 23、通常貧困被劃分為絕對(duì)貧困和相對(duì)貧困。（√）P219 24、廣義的社會(huì)福利概念只是面向貧困者或者特殊社會(huì)群體的福利安排。（）P255 25、中國(guó)自20世紀(jì)90年代以后從原有的福利教育制度進(jìn)入到了一個(gè)混合型多元教育體系階段。（√）P280 26、中國(guó)農(nóng)村的“五?！敝贫仁侵浮氨３?、保住、保燒、保教、保葬”。（√）P320 27、新型農(nóng)村社會(huì)養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)制度的保障對(duì)象為：年滿16歲（不含在校學(xué)生）、未參加城鎮(zhèn)職工基本養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)的農(nóng)村居民。（√）P337 28、新型農(nóng)村合作醫(yī)療制度的保障對(duì)象是部分農(nóng)村居民。（）P340 29、在我國(guó)社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)業(yè)務(wù)管理是由社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)的經(jīng)辦機(jī)構(gòu)承擔(dān)的，屬營(yíng)利性質(zhì)的事業(yè)單位。（）P374 30、我國(guó)當(dāng)前的社會(huì)保障管理體制，是在國(guó)務(wù)院集中統(tǒng)一領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，采取條塊結(jié)合、以塊為主的分級(jí)管理體制。（√）P387 四、簡(jiǎn)答題 1、社會(huì)保障的定義及核心內(nèi)容？ 答：社會(huì)保障是國(guó)家通過(guò)征稅、收費(fèi)、接受捐贈(zèng)等手段籌集資金，以社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)、社會(huì)救助、社會(huì)福利和社會(huì)優(yōu)撫等方式，防范風(fēng)險(xiǎn)并為喪失勞動(dòng)能力和暫時(shí)無(wú)收入者提供基本生活、為貧困者提供最低生活、為軍人提供特殊關(guān)照、為全體國(guó)民增進(jìn)生活福利的一種社會(huì)制度。 其核心內(nèi)容包括： （1）社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)； （2）社會(huì)救助； （3）社會(huì)福利； （4）社會(huì)優(yōu)撫。 2、社會(huì)保障的三種體制和四種模式是什么？ 答；三種體制是： （1）社會(huì)民主主義福利體制； （2）自由主義福利體制； （3）合作主義福利體制。 四種模式是： （1）福利國(guó)家型； （2）社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)型； （3）國(guó)家保險(xiǎn)型； （4）個(gè)人儲(chǔ)蓄型； 3、養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)的定義和特點(diǎn)？ 答：養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)是政府主辦，通過(guò)國(guó)家立法保障退休老人基本生活的一種社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)制度。 其特點(diǎn)有： （1）養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)承諾與兌現(xiàn)之間的時(shí)間最長(zhǎng)。 （2）養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)是實(shí)際享受人數(shù)最多的險(xiǎn)種之一。 （3）養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)用的收和支出龐大。 （4）養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)制度模式往往是國(guó)家社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)制度模式的代表。 4、失業(yè)的類型有哪些？ （1）摩擦性失業(yè) （2）結(jié)構(gòu)性失業(yè) （3）周期性失業(yè) （4）季節(jié)性失業(yè) （5）技術(shù)性失業(yè) 5、工傷保險(xiǎn)的一般原則？ 答：（1）補(bǔ)償不究過(guò)失原則，又稱無(wú)過(guò)失補(bǔ)償原則，指在勞動(dòng)者負(fù)傷后，不管過(guò)失在雇主還是勞動(dòng)者一方，工傷職工均可獲得收入補(bǔ)償以保障其基本生活。（2）勞動(dòng)者個(gè)人不繳費(fèi)原則，這是工傷保險(xiǎn)區(qū)別于其他社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)項(xiàng)目的顯著特點(diǎn)。（3）待遇優(yōu)厚原則，工傷保險(xiǎn)雖然不要求個(gè)人繳費(fèi)，但在待遇上卻要其他社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)項(xiàng)目都要優(yōu)厚一些。（4）救治、補(bǔ)償、預(yù)防與康復(fù)相結(jié)合原則，工傷事故或者直接造成勞動(dòng)者身體傷害，或者造成職業(yè)病，二者都離不開(kāi)醫(yī)療救治。 6、社會(huì)救助的作用和特征？ 答：社會(huì)求助的作用： （1）緩解貧困 （2）促進(jìn)分配，穩(wěn)定經(jīng)濟(jì)。 （3）促進(jìn)社會(huì)融合。 社會(huì)救助的特征： （1）國(guó)家是責(zé)任主體。 （2）享受社會(huì)救助是公民的權(quán)利。 （3）受助者需要接受家計(jì)調(diào)查。 （每條要做簡(jiǎn)短解釋） 7、什么是恩格爾系數(shù)法？它的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)是什么？ 答：恩格爾系數(shù)是目前較為普遍地用于分析特定國(guó)家或地區(qū)民眾生活水平和貧困程度的指標(biāo)之一。恩格爾系數(shù)值越大，說(shuō)明該地區(qū)民眾總支出中，用于食品消費(fèi)等基本生活支出的比重越高。恩格爾系數(shù)根據(jù)滿足生活需求最低營(yíng)養(yǎng)攝取標(biāo)準(zhǔn)確定食品消費(fèi)項(xiàng)目和數(shù)量，計(jì)算出飲食費(fèi)用，用它除以計(jì)算期最低收入水平組的恩格爾系數(shù)，即可得到貧困線。 （1）優(yōu)點(diǎn)：方法簡(jiǎn)便易行，可以用代表一般市民生活水平的恩格爾系統(tǒng)來(lái)求得社會(huì)救助受助者的消費(fèi)水平。 （2）缺點(diǎn)：要求恩格爾系數(shù)比較穩(wěn)定。由于受價(jià)格、地域等因素影響，我國(guó)恩格爾系統(tǒng)變化較大，易受主觀判斷影響，且反映的貧困過(guò)于絕對(duì)，另外對(duì)基本生活費(fèi)的規(guī)定有局限性，過(guò)于偏頗。 8、中國(guó)現(xiàn)行的社會(huì)福利制度包括哪些內(nèi)容？ 答：（1）老年人福利 （2）殘疾人福利 （3）兒童福利 （4）住房福利 （5）教育福利 9、什么是社會(huì)優(yōu)撫？包括哪些項(xiàng)目？ 答：社會(huì)優(yōu)撫是國(guó)家專門為傷亡軍人、人民警察和國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)工作人員提供撫恤，為軍人和人民警察及其家庭提供擾待，為退出現(xiàn)役的軍人予以生活安置和就業(yè)安排而建立的社會(huì)保障制度。 社會(huì)優(yōu)撫是一項(xiàng)綜合性的社會(huì)保障制度，具體包括優(yōu)待、撫恤和安置三類項(xiàng)目。 10、社會(huì)保障管理的含義和一般原則？ 答：社會(huì)保障管理是指社會(huì)保障責(zé)任機(jī)構(gòu)和人員通過(guò)規(guī)劃、組織、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、人事和控制等活動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)有效地完成社會(huì)保障任務(wù)的過(guò)程。 社會(huì)保障管理的一般原則： （1）服務(wù)至上原則。 （2）公開(kāi)、公正和效率原則。 （3）屬地管理原則。 （4）與相關(guān)系統(tǒng)協(xié)調(diào)一致原則。 五、論述題 1、試述當(dāng)前我國(guó)社會(huì)保障管理存在的問(wèn)題有哪些？ （1）中央和地方社會(huì)保障財(cái)政責(zé)任不明確（2）統(tǒng)籌層次低，政策不統(tǒng)一，阻礙了勞動(dòng)力跨地區(qū)流動(dòng)，導(dǎo)致參保人社會(huì)保障權(quán)益受損。（3）社會(huì)保障管理體制不統(tǒng)一，部門利益明顯。（4）社會(huì)保障法律強(qiáng)制性不夠，政策透明度差。（5）社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)辦機(jī)構(gòu)權(quán)責(zé)不到位，監(jiān)督不力。（6）社會(huì)保障管理行政色彩濃，社會(huì)化服務(wù)不夠。 2、試論述絕對(duì)貧困和相對(duì)貧困的內(nèi)涵是什么？它們各有什么特點(diǎn)？ （一）絕對(duì)貧困是只停留在物質(zhì)層面上的貧困，可以被理解為物質(zhì)上的匱乏，是指缺乏為維持身體健康而絕對(duì)必需的物品的狀態(tài)。 絕對(duì)貧困的特征主要有： （1）絕對(duì)貧困是指必需品的缺乏而導(dǎo)致生存受到威脅，這些必需品通常是指維持生存的物質(zhì)，如，食品、住房、衣服等。 （2）絕對(duì)貧困在消費(fèi)方面表現(xiàn)為，由于收入極低，難以滿足人類在衣依住行等方面的基本消費(fèi)。 （3）絕對(duì)貧困在發(fā)展方面表現(xiàn)為，由于生產(chǎn)資料的缺乏，難以維持簡(jiǎn)單再生產(chǎn)，更難以擴(kuò)大再生產(chǎn)，從而陷入“貧困循環(huán)”之中。 （二）相對(duì)貧困是相比較而言的貧困。是建立在將窮人的生活水平與其他較為不貧困的社會(huì)成員的生活水平相比較的基礎(chǔ)上的，通常這包括對(duì)作為研究對(duì)象的社會(huì)的總體平均水平的測(cè)度。 相對(duì)貧困的特征有： （1）相對(duì)貧困是一種主觀判斷，是由社會(huì)作出的，它實(shí)際上是社會(huì)上多數(shù)人對(duì)于較低生活水平的一定確認(rèn)，如有的國(guó)家以全國(guó)人均收入的一定比例作為貧困標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，而有的國(guó)家則以中位收入水平的一定比例作為貧困標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 （2）相對(duì)貧困具有歷史動(dòng)態(tài)性。隨著不同時(shí)期的社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力和生活方式的變化，貧困標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也有很大差別。（3）相對(duì)貧困具有長(zhǎng)期性。相對(duì)貧困實(shí)質(zhì)是不平等，只要社會(huì)存在不平等，就存在相對(duì)貧困，在現(xiàn)實(shí)上，不平等是常態(tài)，因而相對(duì)貧困也將普遍存在。 3、試論述社會(huì)保障制度的意義？ 一、在思想文化方面 （1）社會(huì)保障是各類公正公平思想的具體體現(xiàn)，不同的社會(huì)保障制度模式反應(yīng)的是不同的社會(huì)保障公正分配的思想，社會(huì)保障制度建設(shè)也豐富了各派社會(huì)公正理論。 （2）社會(huì)保障的實(shí)踐加深人們對(duì)人權(quán)意識(shí)和同舟共濟(jì)思想的認(rèn)識(shí)。社會(huì)保障的最初目的就是為了避免人道主義災(zāi)難，是對(duì)人權(quán)的保障。同時(shí)，社會(huì)保障通過(guò)稅收和集資再分配，救助貧困、普惠福利、縮小貧富差距，是“我為人人、人人為我”的理想發(fā)揚(yáng)光大。 二、在政治方面 （1）社會(huì)保障提升了政府的權(quán)力和責(zé)任.社會(huì)保障一般由政府主辦，事關(guān)民生，這就意味著政府的社會(huì)權(quán)利增大，同時(shí)人民對(duì)政府改善民生的期望也相應(yīng)增大，政府的社會(huì)責(zé)任也相應(yīng)增大，社會(huì)保障制度設(shè)計(jì)和執(zhí)行的水平成為政府執(zhí)政能力的重要體現(xiàn)。 （2）社會(huì)保障政策成為各政黨爭(zhēng)取民意的手段。既然社會(huì)保障關(guān)系到人們的福利，社會(huì)保障政策就成為普通百姓最關(guān)心的國(guó)家政策之一，其任何變化都會(huì)引起民眾反響。 三、在經(jīng)濟(jì)方面，社會(huì)保障既能成為經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的動(dòng)力，也能成為經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的阻礙，關(guān)鍵是適度，符合國(guó)情，與經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平相適應(yīng)。 四、在社會(huì)方面，社會(huì)保障總體上社會(huì)更加穩(wěn)定，另外，社會(huì)保障制度降低了家庭的保障功能，養(yǎng)兒防老的必要性下降，對(duì)出生率和家庭解體起了推波助瀾的作用。 請(qǐng)您務(wù)必刪除一下內(nèi)容，O(∩_∩)O萬(wàn)分謝謝?。。?015年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過(guò)小抄 Indonesia has emerged as a top vacation destination for Chinese this summer, along with Thailands Phuket island and the Maldives archipelago. Encouraged by growth in Chinese travelers to Indonesia, the government in Jakarta has recently relaxed its visa policy. Since June 10, Chinese tourists can enter Indonesia through nine appointed locations, including the Soekarno Hatta International Airport in Jakarta, the Ngurah Rai International Airport in Bali and the Kuala Namu International Airport in Medan, by just getting their passports stamped on arrival. Officially, it is called the "free-visa" scheme. The new policy also means Chinese tourists can save $35 on visa fees, which will likely make trips to Indonesia more alluring. While such an arrangement allows Chinese visitors to stay up to 30 days for the purpose of traveling, those seeking extensions will need to get paid visas from that countrys missions inBeijing,Shanghai,GuangzhouorHong Kong, according to an official at the Indonesia embassy in Beijing. Santo Darmosumarto, head of the embassys information, social and cultural section, says the new policy is aimed at strengthening people-to-people contacts between the two countries. Dai Yu, marketing director of Ctrip, a major Chinese online travel agency, says: "Weve seen a nearly 50 percent growth over the previous month in the number of Chinese tourists to Bali since the policy was announced." During his trip to China in March, Indonesian President Joko Widodo proposed that his country and China aim to increase two-way visits to a maximum of 10 million people in the next few years. The Indonesian government has set their sights on greeting 2 million Chinese tourists by the end of this year, according to the official. "The Indonesian government hopes that Indonesian nationals would also be given preferential treatment while visiting China," says Darmosumarto. In 2013, the number of Chinese tourists who visited Indonesia stood around 807,000. Last year, it increased to 959,000, he adds. Bali remains the most popular site among Chinese tourists. In February, more than 92,200 Chinese tourists made trips to Bali, ranking first among overseas visitors, the Bali Times reported. Last year, the island witnessed more than 586,000 arrivals from China, an increase of 51 percent over 2013. "Bali isnt just for sightseeing, but also for weddings, honeymoons, golf and many outdoor activities," says Fan Wenqing, a marketing executive at Garuda, Indonesias national airliner. Garuda offers three nonstop flights between Beijing and Bali, and four each week between Beijing and Jakarta. There are daily flights from Guangzhou, inGuangdongprovince, and Shanghai to Jakarta as well. It takes from six to eight hours on a nonstop flight to reach Indonesia from China. Indonesia is home to more than 17,000 islands. Tourists can tour Yogyakarta to see Prambanam and Borobudur, two historical and religious sites, and explore the local handicraft markets. The base of a volcano, Bandung, which is also known as the "Paris of Java", is ideal for adventure-seekers. Many ecotourism destinations, such as Toba Lake in Sumatra, Tanjung Puting National Park in Kalimantan and Bunaken in Manado, are places the embassy official recommends for tourists. Indonesia boasts world-class surfing facilities along the shores of Sumatra down to Nusa Tenggara Islands. Recently, Lombok, a sister island east of Bali has gotten so much attention from Chinese travelers that some travel agencies are offering twin packages for Bali and Lombok. The best time to visit Bali is from May to October, when it doesntrainmuch and the weather is cool. At press time, a weeklong package from Shanghai or Guangzhou to Bali was a little more than 3,000 yuan ($480) on Ctrips website. Chinese tourists have taken a shine to rafting in Ubud, sightseeing in Tanah Lot, and surfing and diving in Nusa Lembongan, says Dai. Civet coffee, essential oil and woodcarvings are among the most popular products for Chinese tourists in Indonesia, she says. Indonesian food is also something that visitors shouldnt miss. Local cuisines feature many spices, including peppers and cloves, and coconut pulp. Fried rice, "dirty duck" and roast suckling pig are recommended. Childrens illustration books first appeared in the 1600s in Europe. Their passage to China, however, took much longer, roughly 300 years. In China, childrens illustration books have a history of just 100 years and their development can be divided into four stages. From early 1900s to mid 1900s, a large number of books and magazines with illustrations appeared with the fast development of the modern publishing industry. The illustrationarts at that time were a mixed genre of Chinese traditionalpaintings and the westernstyle, and most of the stories originate from the fundamental changes that China experienced after the collapse of Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), the warlord struggles and the war against the Japanese invasion. The second stage was from mid 1900s to late 1970s, when the "cultural revolution" (1966-76) ended. The fast development of some special publishing houses for children gave birth to a large number of illustration-story books, which made a good use of folk art techniques, such as wood board carving, frescoes, and ink and wash painting, etc. Many of the popular stories are from Chinese history and wars after 1900s. The third stage is from early 1980s to late 1990s, a golden period for the development of childrens illustration books. The reform and opening-up brought in new concepts and ideas from the West to China, a country that had been closed to the West for nearly three decades. Fast development of economy, society and culture provided the writers and painters with a lot of inspiration to create new literature works and draw illustrations. China also imported large amounts of childrens illustration books from the West and Japan. Many young parents in China have a strong nostalgia about childrens illustration books they read in the 1980s and 1990s. This is also the last era in Chinas artistic innovation before the advent of the Internet period. The fourth stage is featured with the spread of the Internet and the other computerized means of art innovation. The hand-drawn childrens illustration books are gradually replaced by cartoons drawn and copied by software and machines, and shown on tablets, computers, television and smart phones, instead of books. Hainan Tropical Wildlife Park and Botanical Garden is natures haven, with no less than 4,000 rare birds and animals representing 200 species. With tropical forest covering over 90 percent of its area, the garden offers beautiful views of a wide range of tropical plants, flowers and fruit trees. The scenic spot about 25 kilometers from the center of Haikou offers a drive-thru safari tour where you can get up close with elephants, lions and bears. The "Safari on Foot" area features walking trails where visitors can see the rest of the animals, including hippos and monkeys, and feed them for a small fee. Visitors also can see what happens when you breed a lion and a tiger. Two unique attractions are rare hybrids: a liger, the offspring of a mallion and a female tiger and a tigon, which is created by a female lion and a male tiger. As ateaching center of the National Popular Science Education program, the park also serves as a second classroom for students to learn about wildlife and plants. Since it was established in 1995, it has received more than one million student visitors. At a crucial moment when pessimism has brought the Greek crisis to such a head that the country is closer to a default on its debt repayments than ever, Li offered a spark of enthusiasm to restart the stalled talks by calling on Greece and its creditors to reach a last-minute deal that will allow Greece to remain in the eurozone. Given the escalation of the countrys crisis over the weekend sent a shock wave through the global stock markets on Monday, there are ample reasons to worry about the uncertainties surrounding the events in Greece and the effect a default would have on Europe, relations between China and the EU, global financial stability and the nascent global economic recovery. Greece has announced that it will hold a referendum on a bailout plan proposed last week by the countrys creditors. In response, Greeces eurozone partners have refused to extend the countrys bailout program and the European Central Bank capped its emergency support for the countrys banks. A real danger now looms of Greece exiting the euro, which might derail the global economic recovery and damage the long-term viability of the euro as a currency. However, such a tragedy is neither certain nor unavoidable. The EU should shoulder its responsibility to prevent the Greek crisis from overshadowing the fragile global recovery. As a major customer and supplier of the 28-nation EU, and a responsible long-term holder of Eurobonds, Chinas confidence in and commitment to a strong eurozone offers EU leaders the necessary support to look at the Greek crisis from a broader and longer perspective. When Li said that China will not only consider a China-EU investment platform to back European Commission President Jean-Claude Junckers plan to revive the European economy, but also buy more bonds issued by the European Investment Bank, EU leaders should be clear that China wants to see the EU maintain its integrity and a forward trajectory. Such a confidence-building effort is particularly valuable, especially from such a large country as China which already has a huge stake and seeks to further expand it in a strong eurozone. It will be a tragedy to allow inaction over the Greek crisis to stand in the way of growth-boosting Sino-EU cooperation. Like a shining pearl, West Lake is the symbol of Hangzhou city. From ancient times, many poems have praised the amazing scenery of the lake. At the very beginning, the West Lake was a part of the Qiantang River. In the year 822, Bai Juyi, a famous poet and an officer of the Tang Dynasty (AD 618-907), suggested to build a stronger causeway to store water so that the lake was doubled in size. And during the Song Dynasty (AD 960-1279), many temples and pagodas were built due to a Buddhist revival, and the look of West Lake was formed at that time. The West Lake is quite big and features different classic views from different locations. Technically, there are ten scenes which were marked by Emperor Qianlong with four-character inscriptions 200 years ago, such as the Melting Snow on the Broken Bridge and Sunset Glow over Leifeng Pagoda.