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初三英語語法復(fù)習(xí)（人教版+朗文） chunxue404 動詞不定式 一. 定義： 動詞不定式是非謂語動詞的一種，它沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，在句子中不能獨(dú)立作謂語，但它仍保持動詞的特點(diǎn)，既可以有自己的賓語和狀語。同時動詞不定式又具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的特征，在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、定語和狀語。 二. 動詞不定式的構(gòu)成：to+動詞原形 三. 動詞不定式作賓語 后面能接不定式作賓語的動詞有：agree, ask, choose, decide, forget, hope, learn, want, wish, would like等。 We hope to get there before dark. 我們希望天黑以前到那兒。 The girl decided to do it herself. 那個姑娘決定自己做那件事。 動詞不定式作賓語的注意事項（2點(diǎn)） 1. 有些動詞既可跟不定式作賓語，也可跟動名詞作賓語，但含義不同： remember to do 記住要做某事 remember doing 記得曾經(jīng)做過某事 forget to do忘記要做某事 forget doing 忘記曾經(jīng)做過某事 stop to do 停下來去做某事 stop doing 停止做某事 go on to do 繼續(xù)做另一件事 go on doing 繼續(xù)做原來在做的事 I remember seeing you somewhere before. 我記得以前在哪兒見過你。 Please remember to turn off the light when you leave. 離開時請記得關(guān)好燈。 2. 不定式作賓語時，如帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語，則要把不定式放到后面，用it作形式賓語，構(gòu)成“主語+動詞+it+賓補(bǔ)（形容詞、名詞）+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。 如： He found it very difficult to get to sleep. 他發(fā)現(xiàn)很難入睡。 四. 動詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語 1. 后面能接to不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動詞有：ask, order, teach, tell, want, wish, help等。 The teacher told us to do Exercise 1. 老師要我們做練習(xí)一。 I want both of you to go. 我要你們倆去。 We helped her (to) repair her bike. 我們幫助她修理自行車。 2. 使役動詞let, have, make及感官動詞see, watch, notice, hear, feel等要以不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)。 Let’s have a rest. 我們休息一會吧。 I saw him come in. 我看見他進(jìn)來了。 感官動詞后既可跟不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)，也可跟v-ing作賓補(bǔ)，前者表示動作的全部過程已結(jié)束；后者表示動作正在進(jìn)行。 I saw him come downstairs.我看見他下了樓。（說明他下樓了這件事） I saw him coming downstairs.我看見他在下樓。（說明他下樓時的情景） 五. 動詞不定式作狀語 Later he left home to work in different cities. 不久他離開家到不同的城市工作。 He went to see a football match. 他去看足球比賽了。 In order to catch the other students, I must work hard. 為了趕上其他同學(xué)，我必須努力學(xué)習(xí)。 六. 動詞不定式作定語 不定式作定語一般放在所修飾的詞的后面。 I need something to eat. Do you have something to read? Tom was so excited that he had no word to say. He is really a fool only to eat. The man to stand here just now is our English teacher. The doctor had no way to save the patient. 注意： （1）作定語的不定式是由及物動詞組成，被修飾的名詞或代詞與不定式之間存在方位或方式關(guān)系需要有介詞。 I am looking for a room to live in. 我正在找一間住房。（方位關(guān)系） We have many things to do experiments with. 我們有許多做實(shí)驗的東西（方式關(guān)系） （2）作定語的不定式是由“be + adj + prep”構(gòu)成的動詞短語。 Here there isn’t any book for me to be interested in. We have done many things to proud of. 我們做了許多引以自豪的事。 七. 動詞不定式作主語 To give is better than to receive. To reach there on foot is impossible. 動詞不定式作主語時，可以用it 代替，把實(shí)際主語不定式放在后面。 It’s better to give than to receive. It’s impossible to reach there on foot. It’s + adj + for sb. to do sth. It’s not difficult for me to study English well. It’s easy for him to work out this math problem. 在這個句型中，如果形容詞與不定式的邏輯主語關(guān)系密切，并且形容詞用來說明邏輯主語的性質(zhì)、品質(zhì)、特點(diǎn)等，由of引出邏輯主語。這類形容詞主要有nice, kind, good, wrong, right等。 八. 動詞不定式和疑問詞連用 動詞不定式可以和疑問詞what, which, how, where, when連用，構(gòu)成不定式短語，可以作主語、賓語、表語、賓語補(bǔ)足語等。 How to do is still a question. Have you decided when to leave? 九. 動詞不定式的否定形式 動詞不定式的否定式是在to前加not；不帶to的不定式則在動詞前加not. 如： Zhang Ming asked me not to stay at home all day. 張明要我不要整天呆在家里。 My mother let me not do it by myself. 媽媽讓我不要獨(dú)自做這件事。 被動語態(tài) 英語有兩種語態(tài)：主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài) 主動語態(tài)（The Active Voice）表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者。 被動語態(tài)（The Passive Voice）表示主語是動作的承受者。 構(gòu)成：承受者+助動詞be+及物動詞的過去分詞+by+執(zhí)行者 一般現(xiàn)在時：承受者+助動詞am / is/are +及物動詞的過去分詞+by+執(zhí)行者 一般過去時：承受者+助動詞was / were +及物動詞的過去分詞+by+執(zhí)行者 一般將來時：承受者+助動詞shall / will be+及物動詞的過去分詞+by+執(zhí)行者 現(xiàn)在完成時：承受者+助動詞 have/ has been+及物動詞的過去分詞+by+執(zhí)行者 含情態(tài)動詞：承受者+ can /may/must/should +be+及物動詞的過去分詞+by+執(zhí)行者 被動語態(tài)用法： 1）當(dāng)我們不知道動作的執(zhí)行者是誰，或者沒有必要指出動作的執(zhí)行者時，需用被動語態(tài)。 2）當(dāng)我們需要強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的承受者時,常用被動語態(tài)。 3）如果需要說出動作的執(zhí)行者, 用by引導(dǎo)出動作的執(zhí)行者。 主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，其謂語動詞的時態(tài)要與原句時態(tài)保持一致，其謂語動詞的數(shù)要與新主語保持一致。 主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時有以下幾種情況： 1）主語＋謂語動詞＋賓語 將主動語態(tài)的賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語。 （主動）We bought a book yesterday. （被動）The book was bought yesterday. 2）主語＋謂語動詞＋間接賓語＋直接賓語 將主動語態(tài)中一個賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語。多數(shù)情況下將間接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z。如果直接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z時，間接賓語前要加介詞to / for。 多數(shù)情況下將間接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z。如果直接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z的化，間接賓語前要加介詞to / for （主動）He showed me a book yesterday. （被動）I was showed a book yesterday. The book was showed to me yesterday. 3）主語＋謂語動詞＋復(fù)合賓語 含有一個由賓語加賓語補(bǔ)足語構(gòu)成的復(fù)合賓語，變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，將主動語態(tài)的賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語，賓語補(bǔ)足語保留不變，成為主語補(bǔ)足語。 （主動）I found him a good pupil. （賓語補(bǔ)足語） （被動）He was found a good pupil. （主語補(bǔ)足語） 4）短語動詞變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài) 有些短語動詞相當(dāng)于一個及物動詞，其后可以接賓語，因此它們也有被動語態(tài)，但短語動詞是不可分割的整體，變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時不可去掉其后面的介詞或副詞。 （主動）We should look after the patients very well. （被動）The patients should be looked after very well by us. 5）賓語從句變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài) 若主動語態(tài)中是賓語從句，變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時常用it作形式主語，而把真正的主語放在后面。 It’s said that he passed the exam. 被動語態(tài)應(yīng)注意的幾個特殊問題： （1）不及物動詞帶介詞和介詞賓語，在變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，仍然要帶上介詞。 （主動）The students in class listen to the teacher carefully. （被動）The teacher is listened to carefully by the students in class. （2）當(dāng)動詞帶有復(fù)合賓語時，并且賓補(bǔ)是省去“to”的動詞不定式時，在被動語態(tài)中應(yīng)加上“to”。 （主動）They make do all the work. （被動）We were made to do all the work. （主動）We often hear her sing English songs. （被動）She is often heard to sing English songs. （主動）I see him walk to school. （被動）He is seen to walk to school. 模擬試題（答題時間：80分鐘） I. 聽力測試略 II. 語言知識（共15小題，每題1分，滿分為15分） 請你從A、B、C、D四個選項中選出最佳的選項。 21. -- You look so beautiful in blue. -- __________________. A. That’s all right B. Thank you C. Not at all D. I don’t know 22. Nearly three quarters of the earth ____________ covered with water. A. has B. have C. is D. are 23. The largest number of people in the world speak Chinese ____________ a first language. A. as B. for C. in D. with 24. My brother does well in all his lessons. His wish to become a college student is sure to ____________. A. come out B. come near C. come true D. come on 25. I kept ____________ phone calls to my friend, but nobody answered. A. to make B. make C. made D. making 26. Her idea ____________ different from ours. We should think it over. A. feels B. looks C. turns D. sounds 27. My sister didn’t want to ____________ so much money on the dress, for other things had ____________ her a lot. A. pay, spent B. spend, cost C. pay, taken D. spend, paid 28. I saw him ____________ into the building. A. go B. to go C. goes D. went 29. Eighteen people will come to the meeting, but there’re only twelve chairs. We have to get ____________ . A. more six B. six more C. more than six D. other six 30. They ____________ New Zealand, so they know little about it. A. have gone to B. haven’t gone to C. have been to D. haven’t been to 31. Did he tell you who ____________ at the gate? A. he was waiting for B. is he waiting for C. was he waiting for D. he is waiting for 32. The color balls must ____________ in the same box. A. be put B. to be put C. put D. to put 33. -- Mr Smith, thanks for teaching us so well. Have you taught for a long time? -- In fact, I have only been a teacher __________ I came to China in 2000. A. after B. since C. when D. before 34. He asks me ____________ there is going to ____________ a concert tomorrow. A. that, be B. that, have C. if, be D. if, have 35. Which sign tells us the way into a building ? A. B. C. D. III. 閱讀理解（共16小題，每題2分，滿分為32分） 閱讀A、B、C、D四篇短文，然后從每篇短文后各題所給的四個選項中選擇最佳答案。 A A man in Florida, in his 80s, called his son in New York one November day. The father said to the son, “I hate to tell you, but we’ve got some troubles here in the house. Your mother and I can’t stand each other any more, and we’re getting a divorce（離婚）. I’ve had it! I want to live out the rest of my years in peace （和平）. I’m telling you now, so you and your sister shouldn’t go into shock (= great surprise ) later when I move out. ” He hung up, and the son called his sister in Hampton at once and told her the news. The sister said, “I’ll deal with this.” She called Florida and said to her father, “Don’t do ANYTHING till we get there! We’ll be there Wednesday night! ” The father agreed, “All right.” The old man hung up the phone and shouted to his wife, “Okay, they’re coming for Thanksgiving. Now what are we going to tell them for Christmas? ” 36. The old man lived __________ . A. by himself B. with his wife C. with his daughter D. with his son 37. There was __________ between the old man and his wife. A. a quarrel B. a talk C. a fight D. nothing wrong 38. From __________, the daughter got the news that her parents were going to divorce. A. her brother B. her mother C. her father D. herself 39. Which of the following is right ? A. The old man’s wife didn’t know what the old man had done. B. The old man and his wife really had some troubles in their house. C. The old man and his wife wished their children to come back home. D. The old man’s wife didn’t care if their children would come back home. B Elvis Presley came from a very poor family. He was born on January 8,1935, in Tupelo, Mississippi. Elvis loved music. He went to church every Sunday and sang in the choir （唱詩班）. When he was 13, his mother bought him a guitar. In the same year, Elvis and his family left Mississippi. They moved to Memphis, Tennessee. One day in 1954 he went to a recording studio （錄音室） called Sun Records. He wanted to make a record （唱片） for his mother’s birthday. At the studio, he was found by Sam Phillips, the boss there. Elvis was Sam Phillips’ dream - “ a white boy with a black voice ”. Phillips became Elvis’ manager, and Elvis made his first single, That’s All Right, Mama. When DJ played it on the radio stations, American teenagers went wild （發(fā)狂）. In 1955, Elvis appeared on TV in New York. The following year he went to Holly-wood, California and made his first film, Love Me Tender. In the next two years he had many hit records - Blue Suede shoes, Heartbreak Hotel, All shook up, Jailhouse Rock, and Teddy Bear . In 1958, Elvis joined the army and went to Germany. When he returned to the United States in the early 1960s, popular music was not the same. British groups like the Beatles and the Rolling Stones were the new stars. Elvis was very rich, but he was a very lonely man. In his last years he became fat and frustrated. He died of a heart attack on August 16, 1977 at his large house, in Memphis. But for his fans, Elvis is still the king of Rock and Roll. 40. ___________ found that Elvis would be a good singer. A. Elvis himself B. Elvis’ mother C. Sun Recorder D. Sam Phillips 41. Elvis’ music was enjoyed by ___________ . A. children B. the young C. the old D. the middle-aged 42. When Elvis returned to the US, ___________. A. popular music was the same B. he was almost forgotten C. many new stars had appeared D. he had changed his music 43. Elvis was ___________ after he became famous. A. poor but happy B. healthy but frustrated C. weak but fat D. rich but lonely C A few days ago, few people knew his name or recognized his face. But last Thursday, when he came back to the earth after a 21-hour trip to space, Yang Liwei’s smile was seen across the world. The 38-year-old astronaut （宇航員） was sent into space at 9 am last Wednesday by China’s Shenzhou V spaceship, which traveled round the earth 14 times. He landed safely at 6:23 am the next day, making China the third country to successfully （成功地） send a person into space, after the former Soviet Union （前蘇聯(lián)） and US. Yang was pleased with his job. “I have seen many landing scenes before on video, and I think ours was one of the most successful, ” he said on a special plane to Beijing after landing. Born into an ordinary family in Liaoning Province, he became a pilot （飛行員） in the Chinese Air Force in 1987, spending 1,350 hours in the air. He joined the Chinese space programme 11 years later. While in space, Yang recorded everything he saw as well as showing China’s national flag and the United Nations’ flag to the people watching on TV at home. He also ate a meal of diced chicken and fried rice, before taking a 3-hour nap(a short sleep ). The whole programme went according to （按照） plan, but space exploration is not as easy as it seems. Anyone who saw the destruction (breaking ) of the US space shuttle （航天飛機(jī)） Columbia in February this year will know that Yang took a great risk (danger) . He experienced （經(jīng)歷） very high temperature, while the gravitational forces （重力） on takeoff and landing were strong enough to force tears from his eyes. He has spent five years training to become a spaceman. “I eat all of my meals at the space programme’s dinning room and have never been able to take my son to school, ” he said. “I’ve never met his teachers.” But all the hard work was well worth it -- Yang has become China’s first spaceman. 44. How many hours on average （平均）, more or less, did Shenzhou V spaceship take to circle around the earth once? A. 14 hours. B. 21 hours. C. 2 hours. D. One hour and a half. 45. Before his own landing, Yang Liwei __________. A. knew nothing about other astronauts’ landings B. saw with his own eyes many other landings C. knew about many other landings D. believed his landing was one of the most successful 46. While the spaceship takes off from the earth, _____________. A. there is no gravitational force in it B. the astronaut has to experience a strong gravitational force C. there is as much gravitational force as on the earth D. the astronaut has no special feeling 47. In what order did the things happen to Yang Liwei? a. five-year training for space exploration b. 1,350 hours’ fly in the air c. join the Chinese Air Force d. travel into space by Shenzhou V spaceship A. cbad B. bcda C. adbc D. dcab D Without goals, life is meaningless. Goals provide the direction in life. It is always wondered why some people cannot see the importance of goals, the need to set goals and follow them through. Very few people would get on a plane or a ship, not knowing where they were traveling to. Goals are the aim for striving （奮斗目標(biāo)） and those who walk about without plans through life waste a great deal of time. Goal setting has long been thought to be necessary in business and more recently many people have come to think highly of some of the great people in the world - people who set simple goals and who go after them - such as Nelson Mandela, Mother Teresa and Michael Jordan. For personal development, the starting point is setting goals. Sometimes the starting point is dreaming, having wishes, then breaking their big plan into small ones that can be achieved （實(shí)現(xiàn)）. A useful idea is to think about what you would really like to achieve, what you will be in the future - five years from now, ten years from now. Writing these down is a good starting point. It is always wise to break goals up into short-term and long-term goals. Knowing that something is achievable soon can give more confidence to achieve. Long-term goals will probably be fewer , but short-term goals can fall into a “more possible to achieve” basket . Goals need to be started with clearness. The clearer they are, the easier they are to reach. If a goal is shown clearly, it can guide to a fitting action. It is important that a person never loses sight of their goals. To do so is to become aimless and off track. It is sometimes useful to question yourself. “How important is this goal to me?” If the answer is “I think it is very important ”, then it must be followed. That means that action must be taken at once. Delay （拖延） is the thief （賊） of time for human. The longer you delay, the more difficult it is to achieve goals. There are many people who probably have less skill （技能）, even less education than you, yet they succeed. It is most likely because they take action, they realized （認(rèn)識到） what they want, what they set out to do. They achieve their goal. Goal setting really never finishes for the successful person. Once a goal has been achieved, there is another to be set and reached for. 48. The good starting to take action is _____________. A. to go after these great successful people B. to have dreams or make some wishes C. to write down what you think about D. to think about what your really like to achieve 49. The sentence “Long-term goals will probably be fewer, but short-term goals can fall into a “more possible to achieve ”basket .” means _____________. A. long-term goals are probably fewer than short-term goals B. short-term goals are more possible to achieve than long-term goals C. it is much easier to set short-term goals than to set long-term goals D. fewer long-term goals can be put into a basket of short-term goals 50. To be successful, it is important for one to _____________. A. follow them through without delay after setting goals B. set long-term and short-term goals and never lose sight of them C. have not only more skill but also good education D. ask oneself large numbers of questions and make them clear 51. Which of the following is the main point of the passage? A. Why it is necessary to set goals in life B. How best people can set their goals C. How important the goals are to people D. Why it is possible for some people to succeed IV. 完形填空（共15小題，每題1分，滿分15分） 從短文后各題所給的四個選項中選擇能填入相應(yīng)空白處的最佳答案。 I was walking toward the railway station. I had bought a ___52___ ticket to Atlanta, Ga, because I knew that if I didn’t find help there, I would ___53___ myself. I was just 29 years old, but I had reached the end. For 17 years old, beginning in 1983, I’d been using almost mind altering drug （興奮劑） then known to man. Now my highs lasted only a few seconds, then I would be trapped （陷入）___54___ with an irresistible urge （難以抵制的強(qiáng)烈愿望） for ___55___. I finally knew that I could no longer live ___56___ drugs - and I couldn’t live without them. In less than three months, I ___57___ nearly 50 pounds. I tried everything to get money. I lasted one month in college, dropped out and was in hospital. My family life was ___58___ . I decided to give up my life, even wrote my ___59___ . I was ready to kill myself when things got ___60___ . Finally the ___61___ came when I could no longer get ___62___ . I knew I ___63___ .I no longer cared about my job or anything else. I had no expectations （期望） that this treatment （治療） would ___64___ . I went to see a doctor because that was the only way. After a year’s treatment, I got well and married. Today our lives are ___65___ . I tell the story with the hope that it will help others come to ___66___ drug abuse （濫用） in time to save themselves or their loved ones. 52. A. one-way B. return C. cheap D. expensive 53. A. help B. save C. kill D. lose 54. A. once B. then C. sometimes D. again 55. A. less B. some C. more D. little 56. A. through B. by C. with D. without 57. A. got B. lost C. kept D. made 58. A. excited B. disordered C. sad D. hard 59. A. hope B. letter C. diary D. will 60. A. worse B. bad C. hopeless D. useless 61. A. time B. chance C. minute D. idea 62. A. nice B. happy C. high D. well 63. A. had to die B. was dying C. didn’t care D. was alive 64. A. work B. act C. help D. run 65. A. tiring B. full C. empty D. interested 66. A. know B. see C. forget D. notice V. 日常交談（共5小題，每題1分，滿分為5分） 請你從方框中選出最恰當(dāng)?shù)木渥犹钊雽υ?，并使對話意思完整。（每個句子只能用一次） M： Good morning. _____67______. W： Yes, certainly. There are daily flights at 7:50 and 11:05. M： And when do they arrive in Paris? W： The early flight arrives at 9:00 and ______68______. M： So the journey takes an hour and ten minutes? W： Yes, that’s correct. But remember, ______69______. M： Of course. And in Paris, is there a bus t