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采用遺傳算法優(yōu)化加工夾具定位和加緊位置
摘要:工件變形的問題可能導(dǎo)致機(jī)械加工中的空間問題。支撐和定位器是用于減少工件彈性變形引起的誤差。支撐、定位器的優(yōu)化和夾具定位是最大限度的減少幾何在工件加工中的誤差的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵問題。本文應(yīng)用夾具布局優(yōu)化遺傳算法(GAs)來處理夾具布局優(yōu)化問題。遺傳算法的方法是基于一種通過整合有限的運(yùn)行于批處理模式的每一代的目標(biāo)函數(shù)值的元素代碼的方法,用于來優(yōu)化夾具布局。給出的個(gè)案研究說明已開發(fā)的方法的應(yīng)用。采用染色體文庫方法減少整體解決問題的時(shí)間。已開發(fā)的遺傳算法保持跟蹤先前的分析設(shè)計(jì),因此先前的分析功能評價(jià)的數(shù)量降低大約93%。結(jié)果表明,該方法的夾具布局優(yōu)化問題是多模式的問題。優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)之間沒有任何明顯的相似之處,雖然它們提供非常相似的表現(xiàn)。
關(guān)鍵詞:夾具設(shè)計(jì);遺傳算法;優(yōu)化
1.引言
夾具用來定位和束縛機(jī)械操作中的工件,減少由于對確保機(jī)械操作準(zhǔn)確性的夾緊方案和切削力造成的工件和夾具的變形。傳統(tǒng)上,加工夾具是通過反復(fù)試驗(yàn)法來設(shè)計(jì)和制造的,這是一個(gè)既造價(jià)高又耗時(shí)的制造過程。為確保工件按規(guī)定尺寸和公差來制造,工件必須給予適當(dāng)?shù)亩ㄎ缓蛫A緊以確保有必要開發(fā)工具來消除高造價(jià)和耗時(shí)的反復(fù)試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)方法。適當(dāng)?shù)墓ぜㄎ缓蛫A具設(shè)計(jì)對于產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的精密度、準(zhǔn)確度和機(jī)制件的完飾是至關(guān)重要的。
從理論上說,3-2-1定位原則對于定位所有的棱柱形零件是很令人滿意的。該方法具有最大的剛性與最少量的夾具元件。從動(dòng)力學(xué)觀點(diǎn)來看定位零件意味著限制了自由移動(dòng)物體的六自由度(三個(gè)平動(dòng)自由度和三個(gè)旋轉(zhuǎn)自由度)。在零件下部設(shè)置三個(gè)支撐來建立工件在垂直軸方向的定位。在兩個(gè)外圍邊緣放置定位器旨在建立工件在水平x軸和y軸的定位。正確定位夾具的工件對于制造過程的全面準(zhǔn)確性和重復(fù)性是至關(guān)重要的。定位器應(yīng)該盡可能的遠(yuǎn)距離的分開放置并且應(yīng)該放在任何可能的加工面上。放置的支撐器通常用來包圍工件的重力中心并且盡可能的將其分開放置以維持其穩(wěn)定性。夾具夾子的首要任務(wù)是固定夾具以抵抗定位器和支撐器。不應(yīng)該要求夾子反抗加工操作中的切削力。
對于給定數(shù)量的夾具元件,加工夾具合成的問題是尋找夾具優(yōu)化布局或工件周圍夾具元件的位置。本篇文章提出一種優(yōu)化夾具布局遺傳算法。優(yōu)化目標(biāo)是研究一個(gè)二維夾具布局使工件不同位置上最大的彈性變形最小化。ANSYS程序以用于計(jì)算工件變形情況下夾緊力和切削力。本文給出兩個(gè)實(shí)例來說明給出的方法。
2.回顧相關(guān)工程結(jié)構(gòu)
最近幾年夾具設(shè)計(jì)問題受到越來越多的重視。然而,很少有注意力集中于優(yōu)化夾具布局設(shè)計(jì)。Menassa和Devries用FEA計(jì)算變形量使設(shè)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則要求的位點(diǎn)的工件變形最小化。設(shè)計(jì)問題是確定支撐器位置。Meyer和Liou提出一個(gè)方法就是使用線性編程技術(shù)合成動(dòng)態(tài)編程條件中的夾具。給出了使夾緊力和定位力最小化的解決方案。Li和Melkote用非線性規(guī)劃方法解決布局優(yōu)化問題。這個(gè)方法使工件位置誤差最小化歸于工件的局部彈性變形。Roy和Liao開發(fā)出一種啟發(fā)式方法來計(jì)劃最好的支撐和夾緊位置。Tao等人提出一個(gè)幾何推理的方法來確定最優(yōu)夾緊點(diǎn)和任意形狀工件的夾緊順序。Liao和Hu提出一種夾具結(jié)構(gòu)分析系統(tǒng)這個(gè)系統(tǒng)基于動(dòng)態(tài)模型分析受限于時(shí)變加工負(fù)載的夾具—工件系統(tǒng)。本文也調(diào)查了夾緊位置的影響。Li和Melkote提出夾具布局和夾緊力最優(yōu)合成方法幫我們解釋加工過程中的工件動(dòng)力學(xué)。本文提出一個(gè)夾具布局和夾緊力優(yōu)化結(jié)合的程序。他們用接觸彈性建模方法解釋工件剛體動(dòng)力學(xué)在加工期間的影響。Amaral等人用ANSYS驗(yàn)證夾具設(shè)計(jì)的完整性。他們用3-2-1方法。ANSYS提出優(yōu)化分析。Tan等人通過力鎖合、優(yōu)化與有限建模方法描述了建模、優(yōu)化夾具的分析與驗(yàn)證。
以上大部分的研究使用線性和非線性編程方式這通常不會給出全局最優(yōu)解決方案。所有的夾具布局優(yōu)化程序開始于一個(gè)初始可行布局。這些方法給出的解決方案在很大程度上取決于初始夾具布局。他們沒有考慮到工件夾具布局優(yōu)化對整體的變形。
GAs已被證明在解決工程中優(yōu)化問題是有用的。夾具設(shè)計(jì)具有巨大的解決空間并需要搜索工具找到最好的設(shè)計(jì)。一些研究人員曾使用GAs解決夾具設(shè)計(jì)及夾具布局問題。Kumar等人用GAs和神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)計(jì)夾具。Marcelin已經(jīng)將GAs用于支撐位置的優(yōu)化。Vallapuzha等人提出基于優(yōu)化方法的GA,它采用空間坐標(biāo)來表示夾具元件的位置。夾具布局優(yōu)化程序設(shè)計(jì)的實(shí)現(xiàn)是使用MATLAB和遺傳算法工具箱。HYPERMESH和MSC / NASTRAN用于FE模型。Vallapuzha等人提出一些結(jié)果關(guān)于一個(gè)廣泛調(diào)查不同優(yōu)化方法的相對有效性。他們的研究表明連續(xù)遺傳算法提出了最優(yōu)質(zhì)的解決方案。Li和Shiu使用遺傳算法確定了夾具設(shè)計(jì)最優(yōu)配置的金屬片。MSC/NASTRAN已經(jīng)用于適應(yīng)度值評價(jià)。Liao提出自動(dòng)選擇最佳夾子和夾鉗的數(shù)目以及它們在金屬片整合的夾具中的最優(yōu)位置。Krishnakumar和Melkote開發(fā)了一種夾具布局優(yōu)化技術(shù),它是利用遺傳算法找到了夾具布局,由于整個(gè)刀具路徑中的夾緊力和加工力使加工表面變形量最小化。通過節(jié)點(diǎn)編號使定位器和夾具位置特殊化。一個(gè)內(nèi)置的有限元求解器研制成功。
一些研究沒考慮到整個(gè)刀具路徑的優(yōu)化布局以及磨屑清除。一些研究采用節(jié)點(diǎn)編號作為設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)。
在本研究中,開發(fā)GA工具用于尋找在二維工件中的最優(yōu)定位器和夾緊位置。使用參考邊緣的距離作為設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)而不是用FEA節(jié)點(diǎn)編號。真正編碼遺傳算法的染色體的健康指數(shù)是從FEA結(jié)果中獲得的。ANSSYS用于FEA計(jì)算。用染色體文庫的方法是為了減少解決問題的時(shí)間。用兩個(gè)問題測試已開發(fā)的遺傳算法工具。給出的兩個(gè)實(shí)例說明了這個(gè)開發(fā)的方法。本論文的主要貢獻(xiàn)可以概括為以下幾個(gè)方面:
(1) 開發(fā)了遺傳算法編碼結(jié)合商業(yè)有限元素求解;
(2) 遺傳算法采用染色體文庫以降低計(jì)算時(shí)間;
(3) 使用真正的設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù),而不是有限元節(jié)點(diǎn)數(shù)字;
(4) 當(dāng)工具在工件中移動(dòng)時(shí)考慮磨屑清除工具。
3.遺傳算法概念
遺傳算法最初由John Holland開發(fā)。Goldberg出版了一本書,解釋了這個(gè)理論和遺傳算法應(yīng)用實(shí)例的詳細(xì)說明。遺傳算法是一種隨機(jī)搜索方法,它模擬一些自然演化的機(jī)制。該算法用于種群設(shè)計(jì)。種群從一代到另一代演化,通過自然選擇逐漸提高了適應(yīng)環(huán)境的能力,更健康的個(gè)體有更好的機(jī)會,將他們的特征傳給后代。
該算法中,要基于為每個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算適合性,所以人工選擇取代自然環(huán)境選擇。適應(yīng)度值這個(gè)詞用來指明染色體生存幾率,它在本質(zhì)上是該優(yōu)化問題的目標(biāo)函數(shù)。生物定義的特征染色體用代表設(shè)計(jì)變量的字符串中的數(shù)值代替。
被公認(rèn)的遺傳算法與傳統(tǒng)的梯度基礎(chǔ)優(yōu)化技術(shù)的不同主要有如下四種方式:
(1) 遺傳算法和問題中的一種編碼的設(shè)計(jì)變量和參數(shù)一起工作而不是實(shí)際參數(shù)本身。
(2) 遺傳算法使用種群—類型研究。評價(jià)在每個(gè)重復(fù)中的許多不同的設(shè)計(jì)要點(diǎn)而不是一個(gè)點(diǎn)順序移動(dòng)到下一個(gè)。
(3) 遺傳算法僅僅需要一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)幕蚰繕?biāo)函數(shù)值。沒有衍生品或梯度是必要的。
(4) 遺傳算法以用概率轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)則來發(fā)現(xiàn)新設(shè)計(jì)為探索點(diǎn)而不是利用基于梯度信息的確定性規(guī)則來找到這些新觀點(diǎn)。
4.方法
4.1夾具定位原則
加工過程中,用夾具來保持工件處于一個(gè)穩(wěn)定的操作位置。對于夾具最重要的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是工件位置精確度和工件變形。一個(gè)良好的夾具設(shè)計(jì)使工件幾何和加工精度誤差最小化。另一個(gè)夾具設(shè)計(jì)的要求是夾具必須限制工件的變形??紤]切削力以及夾緊力是很重要的。沒有足夠的夾具支撐,加工操作就不符合設(shè)計(jì)公差。有限元分析在解決這其中的一些問題時(shí)是一種很有力的工具。
棱柱形零件常見的定位方法是3-2-1方法。該方法具有最大剛體度以及最小夾具元件數(shù)。在三維中一個(gè)工件可能會通過六自由度定位方法快速定位為了限制工件的九個(gè)自由度。其他的三個(gè)自由度通過夾具元件消除了?;?-2-1定位原理的二位工件布局的例子如圖4。
圖4 3-2-1對二維棱柱工件定位布局
定位面得數(shù)量不得超過兩個(gè)避免冗余的位置?;?-2-1的夾具設(shè)計(jì)原則有兩種精確的定位平面包含于兩個(gè)或一個(gè)定位器。因此,在兩邊有最大的夾緊力抵抗每個(gè)定位平面。夾緊力總是指向定位器為了推動(dòng)工件接觸到所有的定位器。定位點(diǎn)對面應(yīng)定位夾緊點(diǎn)防止工件由于夾緊力而扭曲。因?yàn)榧庸ちρ刂庸っ?,所以有必要確保定位器的反應(yīng)力在所有時(shí)間內(nèi)是正的。任何負(fù)面的反應(yīng)力表示工件從夾具元件中脫離。換句話說,當(dāng)反應(yīng)力是負(fù)的時(shí)候,工件和夾具元件之間接觸或分離的損失可能發(fā)生。定位器內(nèi)正的反應(yīng)力確保工件從切削開始到結(jié)束都能接觸到所有的定位器。夾緊力應(yīng)該充分束縛和定位工件且不導(dǎo)致工件的變形或損壞。本文不考慮夾緊力的優(yōu)化。
4.2基于夾具布局優(yōu)化方法的遺傳算法
在實(shí)際設(shè)計(jì)問題中,設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)的數(shù)量可能很大并且它們對目標(biāo)函數(shù)的影響會是非常復(fù)雜的。目標(biāo)函數(shù)曲線必須是光滑的并且需要一個(gè)程序計(jì)算梯度。遺傳算法在理念上遠(yuǎn)不同于其他的探究方法,它們包括傳統(tǒng)的優(yōu)化方法和其他隨機(jī)方法。通過運(yùn)用遺傳算法來對夾具優(yōu)化布局,可以獲得一個(gè)或一組最優(yōu)的解決方案。
本項(xiàng)研究中,最優(yōu)定位器和夾具定位使用遺傳算法確定。它們是理想的適合夾具布局優(yōu)化問題的方法因?yàn)闆]有直接分析的關(guān)系存在于加工誤差和夾具布局中。因?yàn)檫z傳算法僅僅為一個(gè)特別的夾具布局處理設(shè)計(jì)變量和目標(biāo)函數(shù)值,所以不需要梯度或輔助信息。
建議方案流程圖如圖5。
使用開發(fā)的命名為GenFix的Delphi語言軟件來實(shí)現(xiàn)夾具布局優(yōu)化。位移量用ANSYS軟件計(jì)算。通過WinExec功能在GenFix中運(yùn)行ANSYS很簡單。GenFix和ANSYS之間相互作用通過四部實(shí)現(xiàn):
(1) 定位器和夾具位置從二進(jìn)制代碼字符串中提取作為真正的參數(shù)。
(2) 這些參數(shù)和ANSYS輸入批處理文件(建模、解決方案和后置處理)用WinExec功能傳給ANSYS。
(3) 解決后將位移值寫成一個(gè)文本文件。
(4) GenFix讀這個(gè)文件并為當(dāng)前定位器和夾緊位置計(jì)算適應(yīng)度值。
為了減少計(jì)算量,染色體與適應(yīng)度值儲存在一個(gè)文庫里以備進(jìn)一步評估。GenFix首先檢查是否當(dāng)前的染色體的適應(yīng)度值已經(jīng)在之前被計(jì)算過。如果沒有,定位器位置被送到ANSYS,否則從文庫中取走適應(yīng)度值。在初始種群產(chǎn)生過程中,檢查每一個(gè)染色體可行與否。如果違反了這個(gè)原則,它就會出局然后新的染色體就產(chǎn)生了。這個(gè)程序創(chuàng)造了可行的初始種群。這保證了初始種群的每個(gè)染色體在夾緊力和切削力作用下工件的穩(wěn)定性。用兩個(gè)測試用例來驗(yàn)證提到的遺傳算法計(jì)劃。第一個(gè)實(shí)例是使用Himmelblau功能。在第二個(gè)測試用例中,遺傳算法計(jì)劃用來優(yōu)化均布載荷作用下梁的支撐位置。
圖5 設(shè)計(jì)方法的流程與ANSYS相配合流程
5.夾具布局優(yōu)化的個(gè)案研究
該夾具布局優(yōu)化問題的定義是:找到定位器和夾子的位置以使在特定區(qū)工件變形降到最小程度。那么多的定位器和夾子并不是設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)因?yàn)樗鼈冊?-2-1方案中是已知的和固定的。因此,設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)的選擇如同定位器和夾子的位置。本研究中不考慮摩擦力。兩個(gè)實(shí)例研究來說明以提出的方法。
6.結(jié)論
本文提出了一個(gè)夾具布局優(yōu)化的評價(jià)優(yōu)化技術(shù)。ANSYS用于FE計(jì)算適應(yīng)度值。可以看到,遺傳算法和FE方法的結(jié)合對當(dāng)今此類問題似乎是一種強(qiáng)大的方法。遺傳算法特別適合應(yīng)用于解決那些在目標(biāo)函數(shù)和設(shè)計(jì)變量之間不存在一個(gè)定義明確的數(shù)學(xué)關(guān)系的問題。結(jié)果證明遺傳算法在夾具布局優(yōu)化問題方面的成功應(yīng)用。本項(xiàng)研究中,遺傳算法在夾具布局優(yōu)化應(yīng)用中的主要困難是較高的計(jì)算成本。種群中每個(gè)染色體需要工件的重嚙合。但是,染色體庫的使用,F(xiàn)E評價(jià)的數(shù)量從6000下降到415。這就導(dǎo)致了巨大的增益計(jì)算效益。其他減少處理時(shí)間的方法是在局域網(wǎng)內(nèi)使用分布式計(jì)算。
該方法結(jié)果表明,夾具布局優(yōu)化問題是多模態(tài)問題。優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)之間沒有任何明顯的相似之處盡管他們提供非常相似的表現(xiàn)。結(jié)果表明夾具布局問題是多模態(tài)問題然而用于夾具設(shè)計(jì)的啟發(fā)式規(guī)則應(yīng)該用于遺傳算法來選擇最優(yōu)的設(shè)計(jì)。
重 慶 理 工 大 學(xué)
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)(論文)開 題 報(bào) 告
題 目 泵體零件的數(shù)控加工工藝夾具設(shè)計(jì)
二級學(xué)院 應(yīng)用技術(shù)學(xué)院
專 業(yè) 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化(數(shù)控技術(shù)應(yīng)用)
班 級
姓 名 李祥勝
學(xué) 號
指導(dǎo)教師 袁建國
時(shí) 間 2013年 1 1月 日~2014年 月 日
1、本課題的研究目的及意義
1.1、設(shè)計(jì)目的
背景:改革開放以來,隨著中國與世界的接軌,中國不斷的引進(jìn)了西方先進(jìn)的加工技術(shù),而且隨著世界科技的飛速發(fā)展,數(shù)控機(jī)床,加工中心,柔性制造單元,柔性制造系統(tǒng)等一系列高端設(shè)備得以廣泛的運(yùn)用,使得我國的加工精度和加工方法也發(fā)生了革命性的改變。產(chǎn)品更新?lián)Q代的加快,產(chǎn)品需求的多樣化,是制造業(yè)面臨巨大挑戰(zhàn),特別像泵體主要零件這種不規(guī)則零件就出現(xiàn)了重大問題,現(xiàn)階段泵體主要零件零件加工還打不到自動(dòng)化加工,它的工藝好需要人工畫線的方法來保證,而零件的裝夾也是通過人工來完成的,所以現(xiàn)階段我國對泵體主要零件這種不規(guī)則零件的加工的效率還是比較低的階段。夾具方面人們也從過去傳統(tǒng)的夾具的裝夾,定位,刀具的引導(dǎo)定位為夾具的裝夾和定位,隨著數(shù)字化加工設(shè)備的擴(kuò)大化,已經(jīng)將夾具的引導(dǎo)刀具功能完全替代,給今后的夾具的快速裝夾與定位提出了更高的要求。
1.2、設(shè)計(jì)意義
泵體主要零件加工工藝及夾具設(shè)計(jì)是本人在基本完成大學(xué)的學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)后完成的一次由理論轉(zhuǎn)化為實(shí)際生產(chǎn)的一個(gè)過程,將我在大學(xué)期間學(xué)習(xí)到的東西全部整合到一起運(yùn)用到實(shí)踐當(dāng)中去,使本人對自己所學(xué)的專業(yè)知識,專業(yè)技能,和專業(yè)所從事的方向有了更深層次的學(xué)習(xí)與了解,為我以后的工作打下基礎(chǔ)。機(jī)械加工工藝主要是實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì),保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量,節(jié)約能源,降低成本的重要手段,是企業(yè)進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)備,計(jì)劃調(diào)度,加工操作,生產(chǎn)安全,技術(shù)檢測和健全勞動(dòng)組織的重要依據(jù)。然而夾具在制造系統(tǒng)中也是一個(gè)非常重要的組成部分,好的夾具可以提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率,保證和提高加工精度,降低生產(chǎn)成本,還可以擴(kuò)大機(jī)床的使用范圍,而這個(gè)泵體主要零件的精度,材料的好壞,加工的工藝將直接影響到發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的使用效率和壽命,所以本次設(shè)計(jì)要實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì),保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量還要在保證產(chǎn)品加工精度的同時(shí)提高生產(chǎn)率,節(jié)約成本。
2、 本人對課題任務(wù)書提出的任務(wù)要求及實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)的可行性分析
2.1課題內(nèi)容:
本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的研究內(nèi)容是泵體零件的機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程及工藝裝備設(shè)計(jì),包括以下內(nèi)容:
1、進(jìn)行工藝分析;
2、設(shè)計(jì)工藝過程;
3、選擇機(jī)床及工藝裝備;
4、制定加工工藝卡;
5、編寫數(shù)控加工程序;
6、選擇一個(gè)加工工序,設(shè)計(jì)相關(guān)夾具。
2.2 任務(wù)要求
1、針對課題內(nèi)容編寫一篇文獻(xiàn)綜述;
2、完成一篇與設(shè)計(jì)相關(guān)的英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯;
3、在完成上述課題內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上,撰寫一份設(shè)計(jì)說明書;
2.3分析、實(shí)現(xiàn)任務(wù)目標(biāo):
2.3.1毛坯的選擇
毛坯的選擇根據(jù)生產(chǎn)綱領(lǐng)和零件結(jié)構(gòu)選擇毛坯,毛坯的類型一般在零件圖上已有規(guī)定。對于鑄件和鍛件應(yīng)了解其分模面、澆口、冒口位置和拔模率,以便在選擇定位基準(zhǔn)和計(jì)算加工余量時(shí)有所考慮。如果毛坯是棒料或型材,則按其標(biāo)準(zhǔn)確定尺寸規(guī)格,并決定每批加工件數(shù)。
毛坯的種類和其質(zhì)量對機(jī)械加工的質(zhì)量有密切的關(guān)系。同時(shí)對提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率、節(jié)約材料、降低成本有很大的影響。擬訂工藝路線:
表示零件的加工順序及加工方法,分出工序,安裝或工位及工步等。并選擇各工序所使用的機(jī)床型號、刀具、夾具及量具等。擬訂工藝路線從實(shí)際出發(fā),理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際和工人結(jié)合起來。常常需要提出幾個(gè)方案,進(jìn)行分析比較后再確定。
2.3.2計(jì)算切削用量、加工余量及工時(shí)定額
查閱《切削用量手冊》等資料并進(jìn)行計(jì)算確定。目前,對單件小批量生產(chǎn)不規(guī)定切削用量,而是由操作工人根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)自行選定,但對于自動(dòng)線和流水線,為保證生產(chǎn)的節(jié)拍,必須規(guī)定切削用量,并不能隨意改變。計(jì)算加工余量、工序尺寸及公差是要控制各工序的加工質(zhì)量以保證最終加工質(zhì)量。工時(shí)定額一般按各工廠的實(shí)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)積累起來的統(tǒng)計(jì)資料來估算。隨著生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展,工藝的改進(jìn),新工藝,新技術(shù)的不斷出現(xiàn),工時(shí)定額應(yīng)進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的修改。
對機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程基本要求可歸結(jié)為質(zhì)量、生產(chǎn)率和經(jīng)濟(jì)性。雖然有時(shí)互相矛盾,但只要把它們處理好,就會成為一個(gè)統(tǒng)一體。在三個(gè)要求中,質(zhì)量是首要的。質(zhì)量表現(xiàn)在機(jī)械產(chǎn)品的各項(xiàng)技術(shù)性能指標(biāo),質(zhì)量不能保證,根本談不上數(shù)量;質(zhì)量和生產(chǎn)率之間是密切聯(lián)系的,在保證質(zhì)量的前提下,應(yīng)該不斷地最大限度地提高生產(chǎn)率,滿足生產(chǎn)量的要求。如果兩者矛盾,則生產(chǎn)率要服從于質(zhì)量,應(yīng)在保證質(zhì)量的前提下解決生產(chǎn)率問題。在保證質(zhì)量的前提下,應(yīng)盡可能的節(jié)約耗費(fèi),減少投資,降低制造成本,這就是經(jīng)濟(jì)性。
因此,泵體主要零件的工藝規(guī)程研究途徑應(yīng)該體現(xiàn)質(zhì)量、生產(chǎn)率和經(jīng)濟(jì)性的統(tǒng)一,達(dá)到經(jīng)濟(jì)合理及可行的最優(yōu)方案。
2.3.3 夾具設(shè)計(jì)的研究途徑和可行性分析
泵體主要零件鏜等工序使用的專用夾具,此類夾具的特點(diǎn)是針對性強(qiáng)、結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、操作簡便、生產(chǎn)率高。
夾具設(shè)計(jì)最關(guān)鍵是要求對工件定位正確,且滿足定位精度要求。為了解決此問題,首先得了解影響定位精度的因素。然后采取措施解決具體的問題。如定位基準(zhǔn)與定位元件的配合狀況和影響定位精度,那么可以提高夾具的制造精度,減小配合間隙就能提高夾具在機(jī)床上的定位精度。
除此之外,選擇夾具的類型與結(jié)構(gòu)型式必須與零件生產(chǎn)批量大小相適應(yīng),夾具結(jié)構(gòu)與零部件應(yīng)具有足夠的剛度和強(qiáng)度,從而保證夾具操作方便、夾緊可靠、使用安全、并有合理的裝卸空間。
3、 本課題的關(guān)鍵問題及解決問題的思路
通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)、期刊、教材、廠家資料及國內(nèi)外相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)查閱。根據(jù)要求完成對泵體主要零件加工工藝和夾具設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)。完成設(shè)計(jì)圖紙的繪制并進(jìn)行相關(guān)校核工作,完成設(shè)計(jì)說明書的編寫。
泵體主要零件加工工藝
1、制訂泵體主要零件加工工藝規(guī)程,關(guān)鍵是工序的劃分和定位基準(zhǔn)的選擇。在設(shè)計(jì)開始的過程中,我們必須要認(rèn)真分析零件圖,了解其泵體主要零件零件的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)和相關(guān)的技術(shù)要求,對泵體主要零件零件的每一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié),都應(yīng)仔細(xì)的分析,如泵體主要零件加工表面的平行度、粗糙度、垂直度,特別是要注意泵體主要零件零件各孔系自身精度(同泵體主要零件度、圓度、粗糙度等)和它們的相互位置精度(泵體主要零件線之間的平行度、垂直度以及泵體主要零件線與平面之間的平行度、垂直度等要求),泵體主要零件零件的尺寸是整個(gè)零件加工的關(guān)鍵,必須弄清泵體主要零件零件的每一個(gè)尺寸。繪制零件圖是一個(gè)重點(diǎn),同時(shí)因?yàn)楸皿w主要零件零件比較復(fù)雜,所以也是一個(gè)難點(diǎn)。我們采用autoCAD軟件繪制零件圖,一方面增加我們對零件的了解認(rèn)識,另一方面增加我們對autoCAD軟件的熟悉。
工序的劃分
確定加工順序和工序內(nèi)容,安排工序的集中和分散程度,劃分工序階段,這項(xiàng)工作與生產(chǎn)綱領(lǐng)有密切關(guān)系,具體可以根據(jù)生產(chǎn)類型、零件的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)、技術(shù)要求和機(jī)床設(shè)備等。生產(chǎn)條件確定工藝過程的工序次數(shù);如批量小時(shí)可采用在通用機(jī)床上工序集中原則,批量大時(shí)即可按工序分散原則,組織流水線生產(chǎn),也可利用高生產(chǎn)率的通用設(shè)備,按工序集中原則組織生產(chǎn)。
2、夾具設(shè)計(jì)可能遇到的問題:
工件定位是否正確,定位精度是否滿足要求,工件夾緊牢固是否可靠等等。
工件在夾具中的定位精度,主要與定位基準(zhǔn)是否與工序基準(zhǔn)重合、定位基準(zhǔn)與定位元件的配合狀況等因素有關(guān),可提高夾具的制造精度,減少配合間隙,就能提高夾具在機(jī)床上的定位精度,夾具中出現(xiàn)過定位時(shí),可通過撤消多余定位元件,使多余定位元件失去限制重復(fù)自由度的能力,增加過定位元件與定位基準(zhǔn)的配合間隙等辦法來解決。
夾緊必須可靠,但夾緊力不可過大,以免工件或夾具產(chǎn)生過大變形??刹捎枚帱c(diǎn)夾緊或在工件鋼性薄弱部位安放適當(dāng)?shù)妮o助支撐。夾具的設(shè)計(jì)必須要保證夾具的定位準(zhǔn)確和機(jī)構(gòu)合理,考慮夾具的定位誤差和安裝誤差。我們將通過對工件與夾具的認(rèn)真分析,結(jié)合一些夾具的具體設(shè)計(jì)事例,查閱相關(guān)的夾具設(shè)計(jì)資料,聯(lián)系在工廠看到的一些泵體主要零件加工的夾具來解決這些問題.
擬采用的設(shè)計(jì)方法與手段:
(1) 搜集資料,了解并掌握泵體主要零件加工工藝結(jié)構(gòu)和工作原理。
(2) 確定設(shè)計(jì)大體思路,撰寫開題報(bào)告,要求完成具體的設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容及計(jì)算。
(3) 根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書的要求,熟悉相關(guān)軟件AutoCAD,確定設(shè)計(jì)方法及設(shè)計(jì)要點(diǎn)。按要求完成完整的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)劃及預(yù)期達(dá)到的結(jié)果,進(jìn)行相關(guān)設(shè)計(jì)及計(jì)算。
(4) 對所設(shè)計(jì)夾具設(shè)計(jì)相關(guān)校核,準(zhǔn)備相關(guān)資料。
對設(shè)計(jì)說明書初稿進(jìn)行相關(guān)格式修改,對設(shè)計(jì)圖紙并進(jìn)行修改。
4、完成本課題所需的工作條件(如工具書、計(jì)算機(jī)、實(shí)驗(yàn)、調(diào)研等)及解決辦法
先要參考本課題內(nèi)容相關(guān)的設(shè)計(jì)書制定工藝路線及工藝卡,然后在計(jì)算機(jī)上模擬試加工,驗(yàn)證加工的可行性,再計(jì)算各個(gè)工藝所需要的車削力以及背吃刀量,還有刀具的選擇等。調(diào)研零件在現(xiàn)實(shí)工廠的加工方法及改進(jìn)方案等。
結(jié)合這四年所學(xué)知識,通過查找工具書及相關(guān)資料,完成本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)。
5、 工作方案分析及進(jìn)度計(jì)劃
5.1工作方案分析
第一步:理解和消化課題內(nèi)容,完成課題的調(diào)研、開題報(bào)告、翻譯、文獻(xiàn)綜的撰寫等;
第二步:完成泵體主要零件的工藝夾具設(shè)計(jì)與優(yōu)化方案;
第三步:完成泵體主要零件的工藝夾具設(shè)計(jì)與參數(shù)計(jì)算;
第四步:完成泵體主要零件的工藝夾具設(shè)計(jì)與各元件設(shè)計(jì);
第五步:泵體主要零件的工藝工裝裝配圖和主要零件圖設(shè)計(jì);
第六步:完成泵體零件的數(shù)控加工工藝及程序;
第七步:完成論文的撰寫和答辯準(zhǔn)備工作。
5.2進(jìn)度計(jì)劃
1、資料收集,完成開題報(bào)告等 1-4周
2、工藝分析與設(shè)計(jì) 5-6周
3、專用夾具設(shè)計(jì)以及說明書 7-12周
4、撰寫畢業(yè)論文和準(zhǔn)備答辯 13-14周
5、畢業(yè)答辯 15-16周
報(bào)告人:李祥勝 2014 年 4 月6 日
6、參考文獻(xiàn)
[1] 于勇. 我國機(jī)械制造技術(shù)的現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展方向[J]. 山西焦煤科技 ,2010,(S1) :75-76
[2] 應(yīng)雷. 淺談我國機(jī)械制造業(yè)的困境和發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略對策[J]. 科技資訊, 2010,(27) :112
[3] 侯志楠. 淺析機(jī)械制造技術(shù)的發(fā)展歷程、現(xiàn)狀及趨勢[J]. 2010/20
[4] 濮良貴,紀(jì)名剛. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)[M] .高等教育出版社,2006
[5] 黎震,朱江峰. 先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)[M] . 北京理工大學(xué)出版,2009
[6] 鄭修本. 機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)[M] . 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2007
[7] 徐鴻本. 機(jī)床夾具設(shè)計(jì)手冊[M].遼寧:遼寧科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社,2004
[8] 聞邦椿. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(第5版)第1卷 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社, 2010
[9] 張捷. 機(jī)械制造技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)[M] . 西南交通大學(xué)出版社 ,2006
[10]盧秉桓. 機(jī)械制造基礎(chǔ)[M] .北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2008
[11] 王先逵. 機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)[M] .北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2004
[12] Handbook of Machine Tools Manfred weck[J] ,2005
[13]Boyes W E. Jigs and Fixture .America,SME[J],2006
指導(dǎo)教師意見
指導(dǎo)教師:
年 月 日
泵體零件的加工工藝文獻(xiàn)綜述
1 前言
機(jī)械加工工藝及夾具設(shè)計(jì)是畢業(yè)前對專業(yè)知識的綜合運(yùn)用訓(xùn)練。制造技術(shù)已經(jīng)是生產(chǎn)、國際經(jīng)濟(jì)競爭、產(chǎn)品革新的一種重要手段,所有國家都在尋求、獲得、開發(fā)和利用它。它正被看作是現(xiàn)代國家經(jīng)濟(jì)上獲得成功的關(guān)鍵因素。
機(jī)械加工工藝是規(guī)定產(chǎn)品或零件機(jī)械加工工藝過程和操作方法。生產(chǎn)規(guī)模的大小、工藝水平的高低以及解決各種工藝問題的方法和手段都要通過機(jī)械加工工藝來體現(xiàn)。而機(jī)床夾具是在機(jī)床上用以裝夾工件的一種裝置,其作用是使工件相對于機(jī)床或刀具有個(gè)正確的位置,并在加工過程中保持這個(gè)位置不變。它們的研究對機(jī)械工業(yè)有著很重要的意義。
2 機(jī)械加工工藝及夾具設(shè)計(jì)的發(fā)展
2.1 發(fā)展歷史
從1949年以來,我國機(jī)械工業(yè)有了很大的發(fā)展,已經(jīng)成為工業(yè)中產(chǎn)品門類比較齊全、具有相當(dāng)規(guī)模和一定技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)的產(chǎn)業(yè)部門之一,其機(jī)械加工和夾具也有很大的發(fā)展,但是與工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國家相比,我們這方面的水平還存在著階段性的差距,主要表現(xiàn)在機(jī)械產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和水平不夠高,加工工藝過程不合理,夾具應(yīng)用也比較少,使其加工工人勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度大,加工出來的產(chǎn)品也不理想。
2.2發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀
現(xiàn)在,各工業(yè)化國家都把制造技術(shù)視為當(dāng)代科技發(fā)展為活躍的領(lǐng)域和國際間科技競爭的主戰(zhàn)場,制定了一系列振興計(jì)劃、建立世界級制造技術(shù)中心,紛紛把先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)列為國家關(guān)鍵技術(shù)和優(yōu)先發(fā)展領(lǐng)域。
機(jī)械加工工藝及夾具隨著制造技術(shù)的發(fā)展也突飛猛進(jìn)。機(jī)械加工工藝以各個(gè)工廠的具體情況不同,其加工的規(guī)程也有很大的不同。突破已往的死模式。使其隨著情況的不同具有更加合理的工藝過程。也使產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量大大提高。制定加工工藝雖可按情況合理制定,但也要滿足其基本要求:在保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的前提下,盡可能提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率和降低加工成本。并在充分利用本工廠現(xiàn)有生產(chǎn)條件的基礎(chǔ)上,盡可能采用國內(nèi)、外先進(jìn)工藝技術(shù)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)。還應(yīng)保證操作者良好的勞動(dòng)條件。但我國現(xiàn)階段還是主要依賴工藝人員的經(jīng)驗(yàn)來編制工藝,多半不規(guī)定工步和切削用量,工時(shí)定額也憑經(jīng)驗(yàn)來確定,十分粗略,缺乏科學(xué)依據(jù),難以進(jìn)行合理的經(jīng)濟(jì)核算。
機(jī)床夾具最早出現(xiàn)在18世紀(jì)后期。隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的不斷進(jìn)步,夾具已從一種輔助工具發(fā)展成為門類齊全的工藝裝備。
國際生產(chǎn)研究協(xié)會的統(tǒng)計(jì)表明,目前中、小批多品種生產(chǎn)的工件品種已占工件種類總數(shù)的85%左右?,F(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)要求企業(yè)所制造的產(chǎn)品品種經(jīng)常更新?lián)Q代,以適應(yīng)市場的需求與競爭。然而,一般企業(yè)都仍習(xí)慣于大量采用傳統(tǒng)的專用夾具,一般在具有中等生產(chǎn)能力的工廠里,約擁有數(shù)千甚至近萬套專用夾具;另一方面,在多品種生產(chǎn)的企業(yè)中,每隔3~4年就要更新50~80%左右專用夾具,而夾具的實(shí)際磨損量僅為10~20%左右。特別是近年來,數(shù)控機(jī)床、加工中心、成組技術(shù)、柔性制造系統(tǒng)(FMS)等新加工技術(shù)的應(yīng)用,對機(jī)床夾具提出了如下新的要求:
1)能迅速而方便地裝備新產(chǎn)品的投產(chǎn),以縮短生產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)備周期,降低生產(chǎn)成本;
2)能裝夾一組具有相似性特征的工件;
3)能適用于精密加工的高精度機(jī)床夾具;
4)能適用于各種現(xiàn)代化制造技術(shù)的新型機(jī)床夾具;
5)采用以液壓站等為動(dòng)力源的高效夾緊裝置,以進(jìn)一步減輕勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度和提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率;
6)提高機(jī)床夾具的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化程度。
2.3發(fā)展趨勢
長期以來,加工工藝編制是由工藝人員憑經(jīng)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行的。如果由幾位工藝員各自編制同一個(gè)零件的工藝規(guī)程,其方案一般各不相同,而且很可能都不是最佳方案。這是因?yàn)楣に囋O(shè)計(jì)涉及的因素多,因果關(guān)系錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜。CAPP將是機(jī)械加工工藝的發(fā)展趨勢,它不僅提高了工藝設(shè)計(jì)的質(zhì)量,而且使工藝人員從繁瑣重復(fù)的工作中擺脫出來,集中精力去考慮提高工藝水平和產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量問題。
2.3.1夾具的發(fā)展趨勢
現(xiàn)代機(jī)床夾具的發(fā)展趨勢主要表現(xiàn)為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、高效化、精密化和柔性化等四個(gè)方面。
(1)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化 機(jī)床夾具的目的就在于提高生產(chǎn)效率,這樣也就必使其具有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化和通用化,而機(jī)床夾具的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化與通用化是相互聯(lián)系的兩個(gè)方面。目前我國已有夾具零件及部件的國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn):GB/T2148~T2259-91以及各類通用夾具、組合夾具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等。機(jī)床夾具的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化,有利于夾具的商品化生產(chǎn),有利于縮短生產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)備周期,降低生產(chǎn)總成本。
(2)高效化 高效化夾具主要用來減少工件加工的基本時(shí)間和輔助時(shí)間,以提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率,減輕工人的勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度。常見的高效化夾具有自動(dòng)化夾具、高速化夾具和具有夾緊力裝置的夾具等。例如,在銑床上使用電動(dòng)虎鉗裝夾工件,效率可提高5倍左右;在車床上使用高速三爪自定心卡盤,可保證卡爪在試驗(yàn)轉(zhuǎn)速為9000r/min的條件下仍能牢固地夾緊工件,從而使切削速度大幅度提高。目前,除了在生產(chǎn)流水線、自動(dòng)線配置相應(yīng)的高效、自動(dòng)化夾具外,在數(shù)控機(jī)床上,尤其在加工中心上出現(xiàn)了各種自動(dòng)裝夾工件的夾具以及自動(dòng)更換夾具的裝置,充分發(fā)揮了數(shù)控機(jī)床的效率。
(3)精密化 機(jī)床夾具的精度會直接影響到零件的加工精度,而隨著機(jī)械產(chǎn)品精度的日益提高,勢必相應(yīng)提高了對夾具的精度要求。精密化夾具的結(jié)構(gòu)類型很多,例如用于精密分度的多齒盤,其分度精度可達(dá)±0.1";用于精密車削的高精度三爪自定心卡盤,其定心精度為5μm。這些精密化的夾具為以后零件加工的精度提供了保證。
(4)柔性化 機(jī)床夾具的柔性化與機(jī)床的柔性化相似,它是指機(jī)床夾具通過調(diào)整、組合等方式,以適應(yīng)工藝可變因素的能力。工藝的可變因素主要有:工序特征、生產(chǎn)批量、工件的形狀和尺寸等。具有柔性化特征的新型夾具種類主要有:組合夾具、通用可調(diào)夾具、成組夾具、模塊化夾具、數(shù)控夾具等。為適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代機(jī)械工業(yè)多品種、中小批量生產(chǎn)的需要,擴(kuò)大夾具的柔性化程度,改變專用夾具的不可拆結(jié)構(gòu)為可拆結(jié)構(gòu),發(fā)展可調(diào)夾具結(jié)構(gòu),將是當(dāng)前夾具發(fā)展的主要方向。
2.3.1機(jī)械加工制造技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢
(1)特種加工 它是指一些物理的、化學(xué)的加工方法,如電火花加工、電解加工、超聲波加工、激光加工、離子束加工等。特種加工方法的主要對象是難加工材料的加工,如金剛石、陶瓷等超硬材料的加工,其加工精度可達(dá)分子級加工單位或原子級加工單位,所以它又常常是精密加工和超精密加工的重要手段。特種加工與傳統(tǒng)加工相結(jié)合的復(fù)合加工有較大的發(fā)展前途。
(2)快速成形 利用離散、堆積成形概念,可將一個(gè)三維實(shí)體分解為若干二維實(shí)體制造出來,再經(jīng)堆積而構(gòu)成三維實(shí)體。
(3)精密工程 它包括精密加工的超精密加工技術(shù)、微細(xì)加工和超微細(xì)加工技術(shù)、微型機(jī)械和納米技術(shù)等方面。當(dāng)前,以納米技術(shù)為代表的超精密加工技術(shù)和以微細(xì)加工為手段的微型機(jī)械技術(shù)有重要意義,它們代表了這一時(shí)期精密工程的方向。
(4)傳統(tǒng)加工工藝的改造和革新 這一方面的技術(shù)潛力很大,如高速切削、超高速切削、強(qiáng)力磨削、超硬材料磨具的出現(xiàn)都對加工理論的發(fā)展、加工質(zhì)量和效率的提高有重要意義。另一方面,舊設(shè)備的改造和挖潛,如普通機(jī)床改造成數(shù)控機(jī)床等,對機(jī)械工業(yè)的發(fā)展和提高是不容忽視的。
3 簡單的評述
綜上,機(jī)械加工藝及夾具隨著科技的發(fā)展都使計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)、數(shù)控技術(shù)、控制論及系統(tǒng)工程與制造技術(shù)的結(jié)合為制造系統(tǒng),形成現(xiàn)代制造工程學(xué)。而物料流、能量流、信息流是組成制造系統(tǒng)的三個(gè)基本要素?,F(xiàn)代加工都為集成化的系統(tǒng)加工,這雖減輕了工人的勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度,但同時(shí)對工人的知識水平要求較高。這需要我們?nèi)轿坏恼J(rèn)知現(xiàn)代科技知識。因此,在以后的學(xué)習(xí)中需要我們?nèi)轿坏膶W(xué)習(xí)其各個(gè)相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的知識,不能只注重一點(diǎn),為將來的人才戰(zhàn)略提出了新的要求。
參 考 文 獻(xiàn)
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[8] Boyes W E. Jigs and Fixture .America,SME,1982.
Machining fixture locating and clamping position optimization using genetic algorithms
Necmettin Kaya*
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Uludag University, Go¨ru¨kle, Bursa 16059, Turkey Received 8 July 2004; accepted 26 May 2005
Available online 6 September 2005
Abstract
Deformation of the workpiece may cause dimensional problems in machining. Supports and locators are used in order to reduce the error caused by elastic deformation of the workpiece. The optimization of support, locator and clamp locations is a critical problem to minimize the geometric error in workpiece machining. In this paper, the application of genetic algorithms (GAs) to the fixture layout optimization is presented to handle fixture layout optimization problem. A genetic algorithm based approach is developed to optimise fixture layout through integrating a finite element code running in batch mode to compute the objective function values for each generation. Case studies are given to illustrate the application of proposed approach. Chromosome library approach is used to decrease the total solution time. Developed GA keeps track of previously analyzed designs; therefore the numbers of function evaluations are decreased about 93%. The results of this approach show that the fixture layout optimization problems are multi-modal problems. Optimized designs do not have any apparent similarities although they provide very similar performances.
Keywords: Fixture design; Genetic algorithms; Optimization
1. Introduction
Fixtures are used to locate and constrain a workpiece during a machining operation, minimizing workpiece and fixture tooling deflections due to clamping and cutting forces are critical to ensuring accuracy of the machining operation. Traditionally, machining fixtures are designed and manufactured through trial-and-error, which prove to be both expensive and time-consuming to the manufacturing process. To ensure a workpiece is manufactured according to specified dimensions and tolerances, it must be appropriately located and clamped, making it imperative to develop tools that will eliminate costly and time-consuming trial-and-error designs. Proper workpiece location and fixture design are crucial to product quality in terms of precision, accuracy and finish of the machined part.
Theoretically, the 3-2-1 locating principle can satisfactorily locate all prismatic shaped workpieces. This method provides the maximum rigidity with the minimum number of fixture elements. To position a part from a kinematic point of view means constraining the six degrees of freedom of a free moving body (three translations and three rotations). Three supports are positioned below the part to establish the location of the workpiece on its vertical axis. Locators are placed on two peripheral edges and intended to establish the location of the workpiece on the x and y horizontal axes. Properly locating the workpiece in the fixture is vital to the overall accuracy and repeatability of the manufacturing process. Locators should be positioned as far apart as possible and should be placed on machined surfaces wherever possible. Supports are usually placed to encompass the center of gravity of a workpiece and positioned as far apart as possible to maintain its stability. The primary responsibility of a clamp in fixture is to secure the part against the locators and supports. Clamps should not be expected to resist the cutting forces generated in the machining operation.
For a given number of fixture elements, the machining fixture synthesis problem is the finding optimal layout or positions of the fixture elements around the workpiece. In this paper, a method for fixture layout optimization using genetic algorithms is presented. The optimization objective is to search for a 2D fixture layout that minimizes the maximum elastic deformation at different locations of the workpiece. ANSYS program has been used for calculating the deflection of the part under clamping and cutting forces. Two case studies are given to illustrate the proposed approach.
2. Review of related works
Fixture design has received considerable attention in recent years. However, little attention has been focused on the optimum fixture layout design. Menassa and DeVries[1]used FEA for calculating deflections using the minimization of the workpiece deflection at selected points as the design criterion. The design problem was to determine the position of supports. Meyer and Liou[2] presented an approach that uses linear programming technique to synthesize fixtures for dynamic machining conditions. Solution for the minimum clamping forces and locator forces is given. Li and Melkote[3]used a nonlinear programming method to solve the layout optimization problem. The method minimizes workpiece location errors due to localized elastic deformation of the workpiece. Roy andLiao[4]developed a heuristic method to plan for the best supporting and clamping positions. Tao et al.[5]presented a geometrical reasoning methodology for determining the optimal clamping points and clamping sequence for arbitrarily shaped workpieces. Liao and Hu[6]presented a system for fixture configuration analysis based on a dynamic model which analyses the fixture–workpiece system subject to time-varying machining loads. The influence of clamping placement is also investigated. Li and Melkote[7]presented a fixture layout and clamping force optimal synthesis approach that accounts for workpiece dynamics during machining. A combined fixture layout and clamping force optimization procedure presented.They used the contact elasticity modeling method that accounts for the influence of workpiece rigid body dynamics during machining. Amaral et al. [8] used ANSYS to verify fixture design integrity. They employed 3-2-1 method. The optimization analysis is performed in ANSYS. Tan et al. [9] described the modeling, analysis and verification of optimal fixturing configurations by the methods of force closure, optimization and finite element modeling.
Most of the above studies use linear or nonlinear programming methods which often do not give global optimum solution. All of the fixture layout optimization procedures start with an initial feasible layout. Solutions from these methods are depending on the initial fixture layout. They do not consider the fixture layout optimization on overall workpiece deformation.
The GAs has been proven to be useful technique in solving optimization problems in engineering [10–12]. Fixture design has a large solution space and requires a search tool to find the best design. Few researchers have used the GAs for fixture design and fixture layout problems. Kumar et al. [13] have applied both GAs and neural networks for designing a fixture. Marcelin [14] has used GAs to the optimization of support positions. Vallapuzha et al. [15] presented GA based optimization method that uses spatial coordinates to represent the locations of fixture elements. Fixture layout optimization procedure was implemented using MATLAB and the genetic algorithm toolbox. HYPERMESH and MSC/NASTRAN were used for FE model. Vallapuzha et al. [16] presented results of an extensive investigation into the relative effectiveness of various optimization methods. They showed that continuous GA yielded the best quality solutions. Li and Shiu [17] determined the optimal fixture configuration design for sheet metal assembly using GA. MSC/NASTRAN has been used for fitness evaluation. Liao [18] presented a method to automatically select the optimal numbers of locators and clamps as well as their optimal positions in sheet metal assembly fixtures. Krishnakumar and Melkote [19] developed a fixture layout optimization technique that uses the GA to find the fixture layout that minimizes the deformation of the machined surface due to clamping and machining forces over the entire tool path. Locator and clamp positions are specified by node numbers. A built-in finite element solver was developed.
Some of the studies do not consider the optimization of the layout for entire tool path and chip removal is not taken into account. Some of the studies used node numbers as design parameters.
In this study, a GA tool has been developed to find the optimal locator and clamp positions in 2D workpiece. Distances from the reference edges as design parameters are used rather than FEA node numbers. Fitness values of real encoded GA chromosomes are obtained from the results of FEA. ANSYS has been used for FEA calculations. A chromosome library approach is used in order to decrease the solution time. Developed GA tool is tested on two test problems. Two case studies are given to illustrate the developed approach. Main contributions of this paper can be summarized as follows:
(1) developed a GA code integrated with a commercial finite element solver;
(2) GA uses chromosome library in order to decrease the computation time;
(3) real design parameters are used rather than FEA node numbers;
(4) chip removal is taken into account while tool forces moving on the workpiece.
3. Genetic algorithm concepts
Genetic algorithms were first developed by John Holland. Goldberg [10] published a book explaining the theory and application examples of genetic algorithm in details. A genetic algorithm is a random search technique that mimics some mechanisms of natural evolution. The algorithm works on a population of designs. The population evolves from generation to generation, gradually improving its adaptation to the environment through natural selection; fitter individuals have better chances of transmitting their characteristics to later generations.
In the algorithm, the selection of the natural environment is replaced by artificial selection based on a computed fitness for each design. The term fitness is used to designate the chromosome’s chances of survival and it is essentially the objective function of the optimization problem. The chromosomes that define characteristics of biological beings are replaced by strings of numerical values representing the design variables.
GA is recognized to be different than traditional gradient based optimization techniques in the following four major ways [10]:
1. GAs work with a coding of the design variables and parameters in the problem, rather than with the actual parameters themselves.
2. GAs makes use of population-type search. Many different design points are evaluated during each iteration instead of sequentially moving from one point to the next.
3. GAs needs only a fitness or objective function value. No derivatives or gradients are necessary.
4. GAs use probabilistic transition rules to find new design points for exploration rather than using deterministic rules based on gradient information to find these new points.
4. Approach
4.1. Fixture positioning principles
In machining process, fixtures are used to keep workpieces in a desirable position for operations. The most important criteria for fixturing are workpiece position accuracy and workpiece deformation. A good fixture design minimizes workpiece geometric and machining accuracy errors. Another fixturing requirement is that the fixture must limit deformation of the workpiece. It is important to consider the cutting forces as well as the clamping forces. Without adequate fixture support, machining operations do not conform to designed tolerances. Finite element analysis is a powerful tool in the resolution of some of these problems [22].
Common locating method for prismatic parts is 3-2-1 method. This method provides the maximum rigidity with the minimum number of fixture elements. A workpiece in 3D may be positively located by means of six points positioned so that they restrict nine degrees of freedom of the workpiece. The other three degrees of freedom are removed by clamp elements. An example layout for 2D workpiece based 3-2-1 locating principle is shown in Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. 3-2-1 locating layout for 2D prismatic workpiece
The number of locating faces must not exceed two so as to avoid a redundant location. Based on the 3-2-1 fixturing principle there are two locating planes for accurate location containing two and one locators. Therefore, there are maximum of two side clampings against each locating plane. Clamping forces are always directed towards the locators in order to force the workpiece to contact all locators. The clamping point should be positioned opposite the positioning points to prevent the workpiece from being distorted by the clamping force.
Since the machining forces travel along the machining area, it is necessary to ensure that the reaction forces at locators are positive for all the time. Any negative reaction force indicates that the workpiece is free from fixture elements. In other words, loss of contact or the separation between the workpiece and fixture element might happen when the reaction force is negative. Positive reaction forces at the locators ensure that the workpiece maintains contact with all the locators from the beginning of the cut to the end. The clamping forces should be just sufficient to constrain and locate the workpiece without causing distortion or damage to the workpiece. Clamping force optimization is not considered in this paper.
4.2. Genetic algorithm based fixture layout optimization approach
In real design problems, the number of design parameters can be very large and their influence on the objective function can be very complicated. The objective function must be smooth and a procedure is needed to compute gradients. Genetic algorithms strongly differ in conception from other search methods, including traditional optimization methods and other stochastic methods [23]. By applying GAs to fixture layout optimization, an optimal or group of sub-optimal solutions can be obtained.
In this study, optimum locator and clamp positions are determined using genetic algorithms. They are ideally suited for the fixture layout optimization problem since no direct analytical relationship exists between the machining error and the fixture layout. Since the GA deals with only the design variables and objective function value for a particular fixture layout, no gradient or auxiliary information is needed [19].
The flowchart of the proposed approach is given in Fig. 5.
Fixture layout optimization is implemented using developed software written in Delphi language named GenFix. Displacement values are calculated in ANSYS software [24]. The execution of ANSYS in GenFix is simply done by WinExec function in Delphi. The interaction between GenFix and ANSYS is implemented in four steps:
(1) Locator and clamp positions are extracted from binary string as real parameters.
(2) These parameters and ANSYS input batch file (modeling, solution and post processing commands) are sent to ANSYS using WinExec function.
(3) Displacement values are written to a text file after solution.
(4) GenFix reads this file and computes fitness value for current locator and clamp positions.
In order to reduce the computation time, chromosomes and fitness values are stored in a library for further evaluation. GenFix first checks if current chromosome’s fitness value has been calculated before. If not, locator positions are sent to ANSYS, otherwise fitness values are taken from the library. During generating of the initial population, every chromosome is checked whether it is feasible or not. If the constraint is violated, it is eliminated and new chromosome is created. This process creates entirely feasible initial population. This ensures that workpiece is stable under the action of clamping and cutting forces for every chromosome in the initial population.
The written GA program was validated using two test cases. The first test case uses Himmelblau function [21]. In the second test case, the GA program was used to optimise the support positions of a beam under uniform loading.
5. Fixture layout optimization case studies
The fixture layout optimization problem is defined as: finding the positions of the locators and clamps, so that workpiece deformation at specific region is minimized. Note that number of locators and clamps are not design parameter, since they are known and fixed for the 3-2-1 locating scheme. Hence, the design parameters are selected as locator and clamp positions. Friction is not considered in this paper. Two case studies are given to illustrate the proposed approach.
6. Conclusion
In this paper, an evolutionary optimization technique of fixture layout optimization is presented. ANSYS has been used for FE calculation of fitness values. It is seen that the combined genetic algorithm and FE method approach seems to be a powerful approach for present type problems. GA approach is particularly suited for problems where there does not exist a well-defined mathematical relationship between the objective function and the design variables. The results prove the success of the application of GAs for the fixture layout optimization problems.
In this study, the major obstacle for GA application in fixture layout optimization is the high computation cost. Re-meshing of the workpiece is required for every chromosome in the population. But, usages of chromosome library, the number of FE evaluations are decreased from 6000 to 415. This results in a tremendous gain in computational efficiency. The other way to decrease the solution time is to use distributed computation in a local area network.
The results of this approach show that the fixture layout optimization problems are multi-modal problems. Optimized designs do not have any apparent similarities although they provide very similar performances. It is shown that fixture layout problems are multi-modal therefore heuristic rules for fixture design should be used in GA to select best design among others.
Fig. 5. The flowchart of the proposed methodology and ANSYS interface.
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