墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)與分析【含9張cad圖紙+文檔全套資料】
喜歡就充值下載吧。。資源目錄里展示的文件全都有,,請(qǐng)放心下載,,有疑問咨詢QQ:414951605或者1304139763 ======================== 喜歡就充值下載吧。。資源目錄里展示的文件全都有,,請(qǐng)放心下載,,有疑問咨詢QQ:414951605或者1304139763 ========================
墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)與分析
摘要:本次課題首先進(jìn)行墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)形式選擇,然后將所選擇結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)化為力學(xué)模型進(jìn)行受力分析,并選擇工件材料,確定工件尺寸。根據(jù)計(jì)算結(jié)果,在SolidWorks對(duì)所選墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行三維建模,并運(yùn)用ANSYS對(duì)所建三維模型進(jìn)行靜態(tài)有限元分析,分析內(nèi)容包括起重機(jī)整體變形與其所受應(yīng)力。墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)是一種安裝在墻壁上的起重設(shè)備,結(jié)構(gòu)獨(dú)特,安全可靠,具備高效、節(jié)能、省時(shí)省力、靈活等特點(diǎn),在生產(chǎn)車間運(yùn)用廣泛。
關(guān)鍵詞:墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī);三維建模;結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì);有限元分析
Structure Design and Analysis of Wall Jib Crane
Abstract This paper chose the structure of the wall jib crane first,and then translated the selected structure into mechanical model for stress analysis, and selected the parts material and designed the dimension of the parts. After the design calculation, used SolidWorks to 3D model the selected wall jib crane, and used ANSYS static finite element to analyse the 3D model. The analysis include the overall deformation of crane and it’s stress. The crane structure is finally obtained.The wall jib crane is a lifting equipment installed on the wall. It has many features:unique stuctures, safe, reliable, high efficiency, energy saving, time saving, labor saving, flexible and so on.So it is widely used in the production workship.
Keywords: Wall jib crane;3D model;Structure design;Finite element analysis
II
目 錄
摘要···············································································Ⅰ
Abstract············································································Ⅱ
目錄···············································································Ⅲ
1 緒論 1
1.1 本課題研究背景及意義 1
1.2墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)簡(jiǎn)介 2
1.3墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)類型 2
1.4 本課題研究?jī)?nèi)容 3
2 墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)參數(shù)確定 5
2.1墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)型號(hào)與參數(shù)確定 5
2.2 旋臂工字鋼型號(hào)選擇 6
2.3 確定拉桿的材料和尺寸 7
2.4 計(jì)算各螺栓連接 7
2.5 確定各裝配板的材料及尺寸 8
3 墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)三維建模 12
3.1 墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)建模方案 12
3.2 主梁建模 12
3.3 拉桿建模 14
3.4 裝配板建模 14
3.5 螺栓螺母調(diào)用 16
3.6 裝配體建模步驟 17
4 靜力分析 20
4.1 有限元分析概述 20
4.2 有限元結(jié)構(gòu)分析 20
5 總結(jié) 26
參考文獻(xiàn) 27
致謝 29
1 緒論
1.1 本課題研究背景及意義
墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)是一種中小型的起吊運(yùn)輸設(shè)備,其按結(jié)構(gòu)可分為:橋架式、輕小型起重設(shè)備、臂架式,其中墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)就是屬于其中的臂架式起重機(jī)設(shè)備 。伴隨著我國(guó)整體經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)進(jìn)一步提高,大幅度增加的商品流通,快速發(fā)展的運(yùn)輸交通業(yè),起重機(jī)運(yùn)輸機(jī)械的需求量也越發(fā)突顯出來,對(duì)其使用性能的要求也日益提高,在這些設(shè)備的生產(chǎn)過程中都必須要使用輕便快捷的起重設(shè)備。墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)設(shè)備屬于通用機(jī)械,在高速發(fā)展的20多年中,漸漸的向著規(guī)?;瘓F(tuán)化,機(jī)械化方向發(fā)展。在機(jī)械行業(yè)的輔助加工生產(chǎn)廣泛接受,能夠起到實(shí)現(xiàn)各加工工序連續(xù)性和自動(dòng)化的作用,極大地提高了勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率,減輕勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度。具有平穩(wěn)可靠的工作,簡(jiǎn)單便捷的操作維護(hù)等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。
伴隨著我國(guó)整體經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)進(jìn)一步提高,大幅度增加的商品流通,快速發(fā)展的運(yùn)輸交通業(yè),起重機(jī)運(yùn)輸機(jī)械的需求量也越發(fā)突顯出來,對(duì)其使用性能的要求也日益提高,雖然如此,但是隨著我國(guó)制造業(yè)的發(fā)展,目前,旋臂起重機(jī)產(chǎn)品綜合性能比較差。對(duì)于旋轉(zhuǎn)起重機(jī)而言,中國(guó)產(chǎn)品性能比日本產(chǎn)品強(qiáng),但使用經(jīng)濟(jì)性,可維護(hù)性,操作便利性和可靠性相對(duì)要差。中國(guó)產(chǎn)品雖然起重性能并不亞于國(guó)際品牌,但旋臂起重機(jī)的幾何結(jié)構(gòu)和載荷情況比較復(fù)雜,傳統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)主要是根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)確定其結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù),沒有精確的強(qiáng)度計(jì)算,為了滿足可靠性要求,通常取較大的安全系數(shù),從而造成材料浪費(fèi),成本提高需要繼續(xù)進(jìn)行更好的研發(fā)。
隨著現(xiàn)代計(jì)算機(jī)控制技術(shù)飛速發(fā)展,使得旋臂起重機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)在綜合考慮控制系統(tǒng)安全可靠性,操作的舒適性,機(jī)構(gòu)及結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化等方面有了更高的要求。旋臂起重機(jī)創(chuàng)新設(shè)計(jì)的發(fā)展方向是零部件集成化,機(jī)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)潔化,結(jié)構(gòu)全面優(yōu)化的整機(jī)設(shè)計(jì);滿足個(gè)性用戶的特殊要求的個(gè)性化設(shè)計(jì);滿足市場(chǎng)多樣性和低成本要求的具有新技術(shù)特征的起重機(jī)新系列產(chǎn)品的模塊化設(shè)計(jì);基于產(chǎn)品全壽命周期的方便維護(hù)維修的設(shè)計(jì)及免維護(hù)的設(shè)計(jì);大型單臺(tái)復(fù)雜產(chǎn)品的虛擬設(shè)計(jì)及動(dòng)態(tài)仿真的實(shí)現(xiàn)。真正意義上的創(chuàng)新設(shè)計(jì)是上述諸多設(shè)計(jì)方法和技術(shù)的有機(jī)組合及綜合利用。
1.2 墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)簡(jiǎn)介
起重機(jī)根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)類型可分為:輕小型起重設(shè)備、橋架式、臂架式、纜索式 ,而墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)屬于其中的臂架式起重機(jī),工作情況如圖1-1所示。
圖1-1 墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)
墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)也可以叫做墻壁吊。墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)自身?yè)碛械奶攸c(diǎn)就是:結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,使用操作過程方便,工作范圍靈活,作業(yè)空間廣等優(yōu)點(diǎn),在吊運(yùn)裝備中屬于是節(jié)能高效的一類,在日常生產(chǎn)中廣泛使用于車間的裝配線,生產(chǎn)線和生產(chǎn)中的上下工件及倉(cāng)庫(kù),貨場(chǎng)等場(chǎng)合的重物吊運(yùn)。墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)又稱墻壁吊,在靠近墻壁處服務(wù)于一個(gè)半圓形空間,是一種往復(fù)的,間歇?jiǎng)幼鞯?,短距離搬運(yùn)機(jī)械,它旋轉(zhuǎn)工作范圍通常為180°。壁式旋臂起重機(jī)用于吊起輕小型重物,它的起重范圍一半為0.5t – 5t,可沿著墻壁,大大的提高電動(dòng)葫蘆使用的工作范圍,是一種非常經(jīng)濟(jì)的起重設(shè)備。
1.3 墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)類型
墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)類型大概分為兩種,一種為帶斜拉桿的結(jié)構(gòu)如圖1-2(2),一種為不帶斜拉桿的結(jié)構(gòu)如圖1-2(1)。依照其實(shí)際工作需求和環(huán)境要求,靈活的選用墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī),才能夠使其發(fā)揮最大化的用途。
圖1-2 墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)形式(帶拉桿)
圖1-3 墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)形式(不帶拉桿)
1.4本課題研究?jī)?nèi)容
1.4.1確定起重機(jī)參數(shù)
本課題為墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)與分析,主要對(duì)所選起重機(jī)金屬結(jié)構(gòu)部分進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)、建模與分析,使所設(shè)計(jì)起重機(jī)金屬結(jié)構(gòu)滿足強(qiáng)度使用要求。所選起重機(jī)參數(shù)如下: 起重量:2t;回轉(zhuǎn)半徑:3.5m;起升高度:;旋轉(zhuǎn)角度:≤180°
1.4.2 確定起重機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)與設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算結(jié)果
(1) 起重機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)確定
前面提到墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)總共有兩種主要形式,本次設(shè)計(jì)由于起重機(jī)跨度大,懸臂長(zhǎng)度過長(zhǎng),為了增加起重機(jī)的穩(wěn)定性,則選擇帶有斜向拉桿形式的結(jié)構(gòu)。
(2) 相關(guān)設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算
第一步:選取各零件和組件的材料,選定主梁和拉桿的截面形狀;
第二步:計(jì)算所選擇各零件的受力,并對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)受力分析;
第三步:對(duì)零件進(jìn)行校核,根據(jù)要求的剛度強(qiáng)度計(jì)算部件結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸。
(3)建模與分析
第一步是把各個(gè)部分部件依據(jù)前期運(yùn)算所確定的尺寸,在SolidWorks三維建模軟件進(jìn)行零件的建模,每個(gè)零件的三維模型建立完畢后,第二步依據(jù)裝配關(guān)系,完成起重機(jī)的裝配,在使用ANSYS軟件打開裝配體,加入零件材料,正確的建立零件相互間的連接關(guān)系,依照實(shí)際受力對(duì)起重機(jī)添加載荷,完成起重機(jī)的靜態(tài)有限元分析。
2 墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)參數(shù)確定
2.1墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)的參數(shù)確定
(1) 起重機(jī)受力
根據(jù)起重機(jī)起重量為2噸,查河北真牛起重設(shè)備有限公司電動(dòng)葫蘆產(chǎn)品手冊(cè),選取自重的電動(dòng)葫蘆。選擇截面梁為工字鋼的主梁,型號(hào)是32a,查閱鋼型手冊(cè)可知,理論質(zhì)量。
(2) 計(jì)算主梁受力
a) 對(duì)主梁作分離分析,解出受力狀況如下圖2-1所示:
圖2-1 主梁受力
b) 根據(jù)《結(jié)構(gòu)力學(xué)》知識(shí),分析主梁的受力,及主梁為二次超靜定結(jié)構(gòu),撤去B處與拉桿連接的力,以代替,如下圖2-2所示:
圖2-2 分解受力圖
c) 根據(jù)三角形原理算得, ;所以,斜拉桿施加給主梁的拉力。
d) 根據(jù)以上計(jì)算可得主梁受力圖示如下圖2-3(a),主梁所受彎矩,彎矩圖如下圖2-3(b)所示。
(a) 主梁受力圖
(b) 主梁彎矩圖
圖2-3 主梁受力、彎矩圖
2.2旋臂工字鋼型號(hào)選擇
查《機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)》,選擇工字鋼材料為Q235,得到Q235的性質(zhì)如下:
抗拉強(qiáng)度;
屈服強(qiáng)度;
取安全系數(shù)為S=2;
許用應(yīng)力,
結(jié)合前面的計(jì)算結(jié)果,所以危險(xiǎn)截面是主梁與拉桿連接的B處。
這時(shí)抗彎截面系數(shù)計(jì)算得出
查《材料力學(xué)》型鋼表選擇18號(hào)工字鋼進(jìn)行校核,此時(shí),截面積。同時(shí)考慮軸力及彎矩M的影響,進(jìn)行校核。工字鋼危險(xiǎn)截面B的下邊緣各點(diǎn)上壓應(yīng)力為
結(jié)果表明,18號(hào)工字鋼可以滿足強(qiáng)度要求,所以選擇工字鋼梁的型號(hào)為18a。
2.3 確定拉桿的材料和尺寸
選擇強(qiáng)度高的材料設(shè)計(jì)拉桿,本次設(shè)計(jì)拉桿的材料選為45#圓鋼。45#鋼是在機(jī)械設(shè)備中常用的一種材料,其參數(shù)為:
抗拉強(qiáng)度;
屈服強(qiáng)度;
設(shè)計(jì)中拉桿安全系數(shù);
拉桿的許用應(yīng)力。
綜上所述,拉桿選為直徑為30mm的45#圓鋼。
2.4 計(jì)算各螺栓連接
本次起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)所有連接處均選用螺栓連接,將所有螺栓連接。均為鉸制孔用螺栓,查《機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)》螺紋表選取螺栓性能等級(jí)為4.6,螺母性能等級(jí)為4級(jí)。
由選擇的螺栓連接的性能等級(jí),可得到螺栓的性能:
公稱抗拉強(qiáng)度,
屈服強(qiáng)度。
選取螺栓連接的安全系數(shù),抗剪安全系數(shù),。得出螺栓
抗拉許用應(yīng)力;
抗剪許用應(yīng)力;
擠壓許用應(yīng)力
2.5確定各裝配板的材料及尺寸
作為起重機(jī)中重要的零件,選擇裝配板的材料為Q235。根據(jù)之前螺栓直徑及拉桿直徑的計(jì)算,可以確定在各裝配板上螺栓孔的直徑和個(gè)數(shù)。
裝配板1尺寸設(shè)計(jì)
圖2-6 裝配板1基本尺寸
1) 裝配板2尺寸設(shè)計(jì)
。
圖2-7 裝配板2基本尺寸
2) 裝配板3上尺寸設(shè)計(jì)
圖2-8 裝配板3上基本尺寸
3) 裝配板3下尺寸設(shè)計(jì)
圖2-9 裝配板3下基本尺寸
4) 主梁安裝孔尺寸設(shè)計(jì)
起重機(jī)主梁選取18#工字鋼。其余具體尺寸見圖2-18(a)和2-18(b)(單位:mm)。
(a) 主梁根部
(b) 主梁端部
圖2-10 主梁安裝孔
3 墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)三維建模
3.1 墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)建模方案
根據(jù)前面計(jì)算所得起重機(jī)金屬結(jié)構(gòu)部分根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)尺寸建出相應(yīng)零件模型,然后將零件按照裝配要求組裝成完整的裝配體用于分析,再將裝配體和零件轉(zhuǎn)化為工程圖。
對(duì)于墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì),為保證其形象性,準(zhǔn)確性,我采用SolidWorks軟件進(jìn)行三維建模,SolidWorks是一款參數(shù)化,基于特征的實(shí)體造型系統(tǒng),具有單一,集成的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)功能。SolidWorks的用戶可以運(yùn)用智能的,基于特征的建模方法生成各種特征和實(shí)體模型及各類工藝特征,如體、腔、殼、孔、筋、槽、倒圓角及倒角等,這些功能使設(shè)計(jì)者的操作更加快捷和靈活零件建模完成后按照安裝要求組裝成壁式起重機(jī),并能符合相應(yīng)運(yùn)動(dòng)要求。
3.2主梁建模
1) 工字鋼拉伸
利用SolidWorks軟件,新建零件,首先選定基準(zhǔn)面,根據(jù)18#工字鋼的截面形狀和尺寸在草圖中繪制工字鋼截面,繪制完成后退出草圖,使用拉伸命令,輸入工字鋼長(zhǎng)度3500,點(diǎn)擊完成拉伸。這樣得到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)18#工字鋼如圖3-1。
圖3-1工字鋼建模
2) 主梁安裝孔建模
得到18#工字鋼的建模后,要在工字鋼梁上對(duì)安裝板1、安裝板2及限位角鋼的安裝孔進(jìn)行建模。
首先對(duì)安裝板1和限位角鋼的安裝孔進(jìn)行建模,選定繪制草圖的前視基準(zhǔn)面,在相應(yīng)的尺寸位置繪制草圖如圖3-2(a),草圖繪制完成后退出草圖,選擇拉伸切除命令,即在主梁的對(duì)應(yīng)位置上完成安裝孔的建模如圖3-2(b)。
(a) 安裝孔草圖
(b) 安裝孔特征
圖3-2 主梁安裝孔建模
3.3斜拉桿建模
圖3-3 斜拉桿建模
3.4裝配板建模
介紹裝配板的建模過程時(shí),由于裝配板1、裝配板2和上下裝配板3結(jié)構(gòu)形式相同,建模過程也類似,只是尺寸上的不同,所以只以裝配板2作為示例進(jìn)行介紹其建模過程。
1) 裝配板2建模
裝配板2建模的首先也是建立空心圓柱模型,該步建模過程同裝配板1,只是繪制同心圓的尺寸不同,所以該步過程參考安裝板1的過程??招膱A柱建模完成后,選擇上視基準(zhǔn)面繪制側(cè)板的草圖如圖3-4(a),將草圖兩側(cè)對(duì)稱拉伸,可得到側(cè)板如圖3-4(b)。
(a) 側(cè)板草圖 (b) 側(cè)板模型
圖3-4 側(cè)板拉伸
初始模型建好后,要對(duì)側(cè)板的安裝孔進(jìn)行拉伸切除,選定右視基準(zhǔn)面,按照定位尺寸與加工尺寸繪制安裝孔的草圖如圖3-5(a),利用草圖對(duì)側(cè)板進(jìn)行拉伸切除,再對(duì)安裝板3的相應(yīng)邊線進(jìn)行倒角和倒圓角,就能得到圖3-5(b)所示的安裝板3。
(a) 側(cè)板草圖
(b) 安裝板3
圖3-5 安裝板3建模
3.5螺栓螺母調(diào)用
1) 螺栓調(diào)用
螺栓是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件可以在SolidWorks中的Toolbox插件中直接調(diào)取標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件使用,減少建模時(shí)間。下面以螺栓的調(diào)用過程:
a) 在SolidWorks初始界面點(diǎn)擊右側(cè)的“設(shè)計(jì)庫(kù)”圖標(biāo),在彈出的工具欄中,雙擊選擇toolbox。
b) Toolbox插入下點(diǎn)擊現(xiàn)在插入,然后在彈出的各文件夾下選擇“Gb”即“國(guó)標(biāo)”文件夾。
c) 在彈出的子文件夾中選擇“bolts and studs”即螺栓文件夾,再選擇六角頭螺栓子文件夾下的“六角頭鉸制孔用螺栓 A和B級(jí) GB/T27-1988”一項(xiàng),右鍵點(diǎn)擊“生成零件”選項(xiàng)。
d) 在彈出生成螺栓屬性的命令欄中,選擇的螺栓,長(zhǎng)度選擇如圖3-6(1),點(diǎn)擊確定即能得到滿足使用要求的簡(jiǎn)化螺栓如圖3-6(2)。
(1) 螺栓屬性 (2) 螺栓
圖3-6 螺栓調(diào)用
2) 螺母調(diào)用
螺母標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件的調(diào)用過程與螺栓類似,以的螺母為例介紹調(diào)用過程。前兩步的打開過程和螺栓一樣,只是從第三步中“Gb”下的子文件夾中要打開“螺母”文件夾,在螺母文件夾內(nèi)選擇“六角螺母”文件夾,選擇“六角螺母 C級(jí) GB/T 41-2000”型螺母。在彈出的螺母屬性欄中選擇的螺母如圖3-7(1),選擇完屬性點(diǎn)擊確定,就能得到符合要求的螺母如圖3-7(2)。
(1) 螺母屬性 (2) 螺母
圖3-7螺母調(diào)用
3.5裝配體建模步驟
1) 零件導(dǎo)入
在SolidWorks中新建裝配體后,首先要插入零部件,本例中首先導(dǎo)入工字鋼主梁,接著導(dǎo)入其它零件,為了裝配過程中不產(chǎn)生混淆,相同或類似的零件最好等上一個(gè)相似零件裝配完成后再導(dǎo)入另一個(gè)。
2) 配合
配合的過程就是將導(dǎo)入的零件按照裝配關(guān)系裝配的過程,介紹配合過程時(shí),類似的配合及所用命令相同的配合只選取單例介紹。
a. 裝配板1與主梁配合
裝配板1與主梁的配合首先選定裝配板1的某個(gè)安裝孔,讓其與主梁上與之對(duì)應(yīng)的安裝孔以同軸方式配合;第一步配合完成后選擇選擇主梁腹板的某個(gè)面和裝配板側(cè)板的面重合;該步完成后就能得到配合完成的裝配板1與主梁如圖3-8。
圖3-8 安裝板1配合
b. 下裝配板2裝配
裝配板1與下裝配板2配合首先選定裝配板2側(cè)板安裝孔與裝配板1的圓柱孔配合,然后選擇裝配板2相應(yīng)平面與裝配板1側(cè)板面平行,就可配合完成裝配板1與下裝配板2圖3-9。
圖3-9 安裝板2裝配
c. 拉桿裝配
將拉桿一端側(cè)板安裝孔與主梁上對(duì)應(yīng)的安裝孔以同軸的方式配合,再選擇拉桿一端裝配板上某個(gè)面與主梁的某個(gè)面重合,之后就能得到正切的配合,拉桿即裝配完成如圖3-10。
圖3-10 安裝板裝配
將所有零件依照前面所述裝配方法,按照裝配關(guān)系裝配完成即可得到圖3-11所示完整的起重機(jī)金屬結(jié)構(gòu)。
圖3-11 起重機(jī)裝配體
4 靜力分析
4.1 有限元分析概述
為了保證所設(shè)計(jì)的起重機(jī)符合使用要求,在實(shí)際生產(chǎn)前要對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)的結(jié)構(gòu)運(yùn)用分析軟件進(jìn)行強(qiáng)度及變形等靜態(tài)分析。此次分析過程中,運(yùn)用ANSYS軟件進(jìn)行起重機(jī)整體變形和起重機(jī)金屬結(jié)構(gòu)所受應(yīng)力的分析。
根據(jù)第2章介紹,起重機(jī)應(yīng)用材料除了拉桿應(yīng)用45#鋼外,各安裝板、螺栓、螺母和主梁材料都為Q235鋼。在分析過程中需要添加材料性能,現(xiàn)查得兩種材料的性能如表4-1所示:
表4-1 材料性能表
性能
材料
材料密度
( )
彈性模量
( )
泊松比
Q235
45#鋼
起重機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)的分析過程要明確起重機(jī)的受力大小和類型,以及起重機(jī)的約束形式,本次課題分析中,要加載的力為起重機(jī)的起升重量和電動(dòng)葫蘆自重,總載荷,上下安裝板5為固定端,其安裝面為固定約束。起重機(jī)自重在分析中添加為“地心引力”類型。起重機(jī)具體受力形式可以參考圖2-1。
4.2 有限元結(jié)構(gòu)分析
在Workbench中新建靜態(tài)分析,彈出圖4-1所示對(duì)話框,在第二欄“Engineering Data”雙擊,打開添加材料的窗口。按照表4-1給出的材料性能依次將Q235和45#鋼添加進(jìn)來。返回新建靜態(tài)分析界面,在第三欄“Geometry”中導(dǎo)入在SolidWorks中建好的裝配體模型,然后雙擊第四欄“Model”進(jìn)入分析界面。下面部分介紹分析的具體過程。
圖4-1 靜態(tài)分析對(duì)話框
1) 選擇零件材料
在分析界面左側(cè)工具欄如圖4-2(a)中,選中零件模型,在界面左下角會(huì)出現(xiàn)零件屬性表如圖4-2(b),在“Material”下的“Assignment”欄中選擇零件材料,拉桿為45#鋼其余零件為Q235。
(a) 分析工具欄 (b) 零件屬性表
圖4-2 零件材料設(shè)置
2) 建立零件連接方式
在圖4-2(a)中的“Connection”中設(shè)置零件的連接方式,Workbench分析導(dǎo)入的裝配體,軟件默認(rèn)設(shè)置相接觸的零件表面為焊接,因?yàn)槟J(rèn)連接方式和實(shí)際連接差別不大,所以本次分析中選擇軟件默認(rèn)添加的連接方式,對(duì)連接部分沒有做修改。
3) 劃分網(wǎng)格
在圖4-2(a)的工具欄中選擇“Mesh”劃分網(wǎng)格,選中“Mesh”右鍵中選擇“Generate Mesh”就能自動(dòng)劃分出如圖4-3所示網(wǎng)格。
圖4-3 網(wǎng)格劃分
4) 添加載荷與約束
在圖4-2(a)的工具欄中,選中“Static Structural (A5)”右鍵“Insert”會(huì)彈出圖4-4所示的命令欄,在彈出的命令欄中選擇要加載荷、約束的類型。
圖4-4 載荷類型圖
a) 添加固定約束:選擇圖4-4中的“Fixed Support”為固定約束,選擇后界面左下角彈出圖4-5所示對(duì)話框,在“Geometry”中選擇上下安裝板5的安裝面點(diǎn)擊“Apply”,即可添加該固定約束。
圖4-5 固定約束屬性欄
b) 添加載荷:選擇圖4-4中的“Force”為載荷項(xiàng),選擇后界面左下角彈出圖4-6(a)所示對(duì)話框,在“Geometry”中選擇主梁下翼板的受力面點(diǎn)擊“Apply”,即可添加圖4-6(b)所示載荷。
(a) 載荷屬性欄 (b) 加載示意圖
圖4-6 加載過程圖
c) 添加重力:選擇圖4-4(a)中的“Standard Earth Gravity”添加標(biāo)準(zhǔn)地心引力即重力,在界面左下角彈出的圖4-7所示的屬性欄中選擇正確的重力方向(本例為-Y方向),重力就添加完畢。
圖4-7 重力屬性欄
5) 添加求解內(nèi)容
在圖4-2(a)的工具欄中,選中“Solution (A6)”,在圖4-8所示的界面上方工具欄中選擇“Deformation”下的“total”,添加起重機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)的整體變形為求解結(jié)果;再選擇“Stress”下的“Equivalent (von-Mises)”添加應(yīng)力求解項(xiàng)。
圖4-8 求解內(nèi)容圖
6) 分析求解結(jié)果
完成上面步驟后,點(diǎn)擊圖4-8工具欄上的“Solve”,軟件就會(huì)求解出起重機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)在所加載荷與約束下的變形和應(yīng)力。
a) 求解出的應(yīng)力結(jié)果如圖4-9所示。
圖4-9 應(yīng)力圖
從求解出的結(jié)果看,最大應(yīng)力,出現(xiàn)在拉桿上如圖4-9所示,拉桿選用材料為45#鋼,其最大許用應(yīng)力,,因此,該設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)零件強(qiáng)度符合強(qiáng)度要求。
b) 求解出的起重機(jī)變形量如圖4-10所示。
圖4-10 變形圖
從從分析結(jié)果圖看出,最大變形量查《起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)》的跨度為,起升高度為的壁式起重機(jī)允許最大變形量。,因此,該設(shè)計(jì)起重機(jī)變形沒有超過允許值,符合撓度要求。
綜上,最終的起重機(jī)能夠滿足強(qiáng)度和撓度要求,所以最終的設(shè)計(jì)能達(dá)到課題設(shè)計(jì)要求。
5 總結(jié)
通過這次對(duì)墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)與分析,重新學(xué)習(xí)了大學(xué)四年所學(xué)的課程,了解了各學(xué)科之間的關(guān)系,進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)了自己所學(xué)的知識(shí),重新學(xué)習(xí)了自己先前沒有學(xué)會(huì)的知識(shí),不僅把知識(shí)融會(huì)貫通,而且豐富了大腦,同時(shí)在查找資料的過程中也了解了許多課外知識(shí),開拓了視野,認(rèn)識(shí)了將來機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的發(fā)展方向。同時(shí)完善提高了自己的設(shè)計(jì)水平,為以后走向工作崗位打下良好的基礎(chǔ)。
通過閱讀大量的文獻(xiàn)資料,對(duì)墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)和工作原理等技術(shù)進(jìn)行了深入的了解和研究,并對(duì)該種設(shè)備的國(guó)內(nèi)外技術(shù)現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行了綜述。
本次設(shè)計(jì)通過學(xué)習(xí)使用SolidWorks軟件進(jìn)行零件繪制,零件之間的組裝和零件及裝配圖的三維繪制等,發(fā)現(xiàn)了SolidWorks軟件在機(jī)械制造業(yè)所發(fā)揮的重要作用。它在繪制零件方便快捷,裝配起來靈活自如,轉(zhuǎn)化三維視圖直截了當(dāng);它把零件以三維的形式展現(xiàn)在設(shè)計(jì)者的眼前,很形象的突出零件各個(gè)部分的結(jié)構(gòu),便于設(shè)計(jì)者發(fā)現(xiàn)零件的現(xiàn)實(shí)性,合理性和可用性,這樣就減少了因?yàn)樵O(shè)計(jì)而帶來的不合理經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。而且它的二次開發(fā)也做的非常好,像一些粗糙度、形位公差、公差等用起來非常的方便。
參 考 文 獻(xiàn)
[1] 電動(dòng)葫蘆產(chǎn)品手冊(cè)[Z].河北真牛起重設(shè)備有限公司.2014.
[2] 鄭榮躍.結(jié)構(gòu)力學(xué)[M]. 北京:科學(xué)出版社.2012.06.
[3] 吳宗澤,羅勝國(guó),高志,李威.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè). 第四版.北京:高等教育出版社.2012.
[4] 劉鴻文.材料力學(xué)[M]. 第五版.北京:高等教育出版社.2011.
[5] 濮良貴.紀(jì)名剛.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)[M].第八版.北京:高等教育出版社.2006.
[6] 王守崗.劉云峰.壁式懸臂起重機(jī).中國(guó)專利:200920303201.3. 2010-07-21.
[7] 楊文柱.起重吊裝簡(jiǎn)易計(jì)算[M].北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社.2007.
[8] 張青.張瑞軍.工程起重機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)與設(shè)計(jì)[M].北京:化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社.2008.
[9] 張質(zhì)文等.起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)[M].北京:中國(guó)鐵道出版社.1997.
[10] 陳錫棟,楊婕,趙曉棟,范細(xì)秋.有限元法的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀及應(yīng)用.中國(guó)制造業(yè)信息化,2010,39(11):6~8
[11] 浦廣益﹒ANSYS Workbench基礎(chǔ)教程與實(shí)例詳解﹒北京:中國(guó)水利水電出版社,2010.
[12] 馬霄.利用AMSYS軟件分析懸臂起重機(jī)金屬結(jié)構(gòu)的應(yīng)力.起重運(yùn)輸機(jī)械,2004,5:15~16
[13] 葉紹松,阮祥發(fā),趙燕.有限元法在結(jié)構(gòu)分析中的應(yīng)用.機(jī)械研究與應(yīng)用,2005,18(4):8~9
[14] 劉桂芹,江進(jìn)國(guó),段成龍,曹明,黃亞星.有限元法及其在現(xiàn)代機(jī)械工程中的應(yīng)用.機(jī)械研究與應(yīng)用,2005,18(2):15~16
[15] 魯建霞,茍惠芳.有限元法的基本思想與發(fā)展過程.機(jī)械管理開發(fā),2009,24(2):74~75
[16] 李冰,王蘊(yùn),任連勇.“有限元法”的發(fā)展與應(yīng)用.甘肅科技,2014,30(1):70~71
[17] 凌桂龍 丁金濱 溫正﹒ANSYS Workbench 13.0從入門到精通﹒北京:清華大學(xué)出版社,2012.
[18] H. Du ,M. K.Lim,K.M. Liew .A Nonlinear Finite Element Model for Dynamics of Flexible Manipulators[J].Mechanism and Machine Theory,1996,31(8):1109-1119 .
[19] Peng, Ran , Qin, Xiao Yu. Modal analysis of crane girder based on ANSYS Workbench[J]. School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan.2014.
致 謝
就本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì),首先得感謝我的指導(dǎo)教師吳淑芳老師的悉心指導(dǎo),在畢業(yè)設(shè) 計(jì)這短短的三個(gè)月來,為我創(chuàng)造了良好的學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境,提供了很多發(fā)展機(jī)會(huì),不僅教會(huì)我很多的專業(yè)技能,也在工作方式、治學(xué)態(tài)度上言傳身教。同時(shí)感謝所有曾經(jīng)教導(dǎo)過我、幫助過我的老師,正是因?yàn)樗麄兌嗄陙碜巫尾痪氲慕陶d才使得我的專業(yè)技能有很大的提高。
在本文所涉及的利用SolidWorks軟件對(duì)零件進(jìn)行三維造型設(shè)計(jì),墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)和分析,加工工藝內(nèi)容,吳淑芳老師都給予了我耐心指導(dǎo)。
她嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)闹螌W(xué)作風(fēng)、淵博的學(xué)術(shù)造詣及熱情誠(chéng)懇的待人態(tài)度使我受益非淺。在此,對(duì)吳淑芳老師長(zhǎng)期以來在專業(yè)以及生活上給我提供的指導(dǎo)和幫助表示衷心的感謝。
同時(shí),我感謝和我一起做畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的同學(xué)們,感謝他們的鼓勵(lì)與支持,感謝他們?cè)诟鞣矫娼o我提供了很大的幫助。
再次一并感謝所有關(guān)心、幫助過我的人們!謝謝!
29
任務(wù)書填寫要求
1.畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書由指導(dǎo)教師根據(jù)各課題的具體情況填寫,經(jīng)學(xué)生所在系的負(fù)責(zé)人審查、簽字后生效。此任務(wù)書應(yīng)在畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)開始前一周內(nèi)填好并發(fā)給學(xué)生;
2.任務(wù)書內(nèi)容必須用黑筆工整書寫或按教務(wù)處統(tǒng)一設(shè)計(jì)的電子文檔標(biāo)準(zhǔn)格式(可從教務(wù)處網(wǎng)頁(yè)上下載)打印,不得隨便涂改或潦草書寫,禁止打印在其它紙上后剪貼;
3.任務(wù)書內(nèi)填寫的內(nèi)容,必須和學(xué)生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)完成的情況相一致,若有變更,應(yīng)當(dāng)經(jīng)過所在專業(yè)及系主管領(lǐng)導(dǎo)審批后方可重新填寫;
4.任務(wù)書內(nèi)有關(guān)“學(xué)院、系”、“專業(yè)”等名稱的填寫,應(yīng)寫中文全稱,不能寫數(shù)字代碼。學(xué)生的“學(xué)號(hào)”要寫全號(hào)(如02011401X02),不能只寫最后2位或1位數(shù)字;
5.有關(guān)年月日等日期的填寫,應(yīng)當(dāng)按照國(guó)標(biāo)GB/T 7408—94《數(shù)據(jù)元和交換格式、信息交換、日期和時(shí)間表示法》規(guī)定的要求,一律用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字書寫。如“2004年3月15日”或“2004-03-15”。
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) 任 務(wù) 書
1.畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)課題的任務(wù)和要求:
設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)為了解墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)與分析的結(jié)構(gòu),要求完成墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算,并對(duì)關(guān)鍵件進(jìn)行三維建模,分析其關(guān)鍵零部件的力學(xué)性能。
2.畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)課題的具體工作內(nèi)容(包括原始數(shù)據(jù)、技術(shù)要求、工作要求等):
1 掌握三維設(shè)計(jì)軟件及分析軟件的使用技術(shù);
2根據(jù)相關(guān)參數(shù),熟悉墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)計(jì)算;
3根據(jù)相應(yīng)計(jì)算結(jié)果對(duì)墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)進(jìn)行三維建模,繪出(或打印出)部分相關(guān)工程圖;
4 對(duì)所建模型進(jìn)行分析;
5 撰寫設(shè)計(jì)說明書:
(1)設(shè)計(jì)合理,語句通順,格式規(guī)范,圖表正確,表述清晰;
(2)打印成冊(cè)。
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) 任 務(wù) 書
3.對(duì)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)課題成果的要求〔包括畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)、圖紙、實(shí)物樣品等):
1 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)開題報(bào)告一份;
2 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說明書一本,要求思路清晰,語句通順,無錯(cuò)別字;
3 圖紙一套,要求結(jié)構(gòu)合理,表達(dá)正確、清晰。
4.畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)課題工作進(jìn)度計(jì)劃:
起 迄 日 期
工 作 內(nèi) 容
2016年
2月29日 ~ 3月 20 日
3月 21日 ~ 4月 20 日
4月 20日 ~ 5月10日
5月 11日 ~ 6月5日
學(xué)習(xí)相關(guān)軟件,查閱資料,撰寫開題報(bào)告;
熟悉開發(fā)環(huán)境,詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì);
撰寫說明書;
畢業(yè)答辯。
學(xué)生所在系審查意見:
同意下發(fā)任務(wù)書
系主任:
2016 年 2月 29日
Thus facings of rockfill and blast-formed dams of rock covered with poured asphalt are simple, are easily programmed with respect to properties and design, and are easily made by commercial equipment, which opens broad opportunities for their use. LITERATURE CITED i. S.N. Popchenko, Yu. N. Kasatkin, and G. V. Borisov, Asphaltic Concrete Facings of HYdraulic Structures in Russian, Energiya, Leningrad (1970). 2. I.V. Korolev, Ways to Save Bitumen in Road Construction in Russian, Transport, Moscow (1986). 3. Recommendations on the Design of Reversed Filters of Hydraulic Structures: II-92-80/ VNIIG in Russian, Leningrad (1984). 4. Yu. N. Kasatkin, Design of the composition of transition layers of asphalt concrete diaphragms in earth dams, Gidrotekh. Stroit., No. 6 (1981). 5. V.F. Van Asbek, Use of Bitumens in Hydrotechnical Construction in Russian, Energiya, Leningrad (1975). DESIGN OF CRANES FOR OPERATING GATES I. Kh. Kaplan As is known, when lifting a gate its wedging in the guideways of the groove is possible, as a result of which both overloading of the hoisting device and transmission of an increased pulling force from the hoisting device to the gate, trash rack, grab, etc., being raised oc- cur. During lowering of the gate its jamming in the guideways of the groove is possible. In this case, the hoisting device continues to operate and unwinds the cable from the drum, i.e. slackening and sagging of the cable occur. After this a sudden spontaneous movement (drop) of the gate occurs and a dynamic load (jerk) considerably exceeding the design load often Occurs. To limit overloading of the crane during lifting and to limit slackening of the cables during lowering of a gate, load relays are installed on cranes, which should provide during lifting an overload of not more than 25% of the rated load and during lowering should provide a maximum slackening of the cables equal to the tension in the cable from half of the mass of the suspension. At the same time, one and the same crane can operate different gates or racks. In this case, different pulling forces are required for raising each of the gates or racks. In the case of wedging of the gate or rack in the grooves, the rated pulling force of the crane plus 25% of the overload is transmitted to the restrained load (gate, rack, etc.). As a result of the large difference in the required pulling forces for operating different gates, the pulling force of the crane in the event of wedging of a restrained load can damage or destroy it. Often in such cases there are different hoisting mechanisms on the crane carriage for different restrained loads, which leads to an increase of the overall dimensions both of the crane carriage and of the crane itself. It is clear from the aforesaid that a crane and the restrained load which it operates are a single system and a device performing functions of protection both of the crane and of the restrained load under various necessary pulling forces is needed for such systems. In order not to install additional mechanisms of different capacity on the crane, it was nec- essary to create a special device which could change (or assign) the required nominal capacity of the crane and protect the crane and restrained load from overload and slackening of the cables for various capacities. Furthermore, there has long been the need to replace the un- reliably operating spring and eccentric type load limiters. The Moscow Special Design Department for Steel Hydraulic Structures (Mosgidrostal) de- veloped a device for controlling the hoisting mechanism I for a gantry crane of the water intake and outlets of the Kambarata No. 2 hydroelectric station. The device for controlling Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitelstvo, No. i0, pp. 37-38, October, 1989. 0018-8220/89/2310-0605512.50 ?9 1990 Plenum Publishing Corporation 605 ili II 8 Fig. i. Hydromechanical diagram of the device for controlling the hoisting mechanism: i) hydraulic cylinder; 2) frame of the crane carriage; 3) rod; 4) equalizing tackle block; 5) block and tackle; 6) load-lifting drum; 7) limit switch; 8) pressure relay; 9) choke with check valve; i0) distributor; Ii) supporting valve; 12) manom- eter; 13) safety valve; 14) filter; 15) check valve; 16) electric motor; 17) pump; 18) tank; 19) rule. the hoisting mechanism of the crane is located on the crane carriage, which makes it possible to change (in the given case, toward a decrease) of its capacity from i00 to 30 tons and to protect the crane and restrained load from overloading and slackening of the cables for each capacity, respectively. The developed design of the device for controlling the hoisting mechanism has as the main actuators of hydraulic cylinder, hydraulic apparatus, and electrical apparatus, which make it possible to easily determine the extent of overloading of the crane or the value of slckening of the cables, as well as to hack-up the control system (pressure relays and limit switches). Furthermore, it became possible to select (assign) the capacity of the crane, and it is accomplished by the crane operator directly from the operating cabin. The device (Fig. I) consists of: a hydraulic piston cylinder, on the rod of which is fastened an equalizing tackle block. The hydraulic cylinder is made in the body of a crossbeam installed in rolling contact bearings, which makes it possible to arrange the hydraulic cylinder at the required angle and thereby to eliminate the transmission to the rod of the horizontal forces occurring from tension of the cables at an angle to the equalizing block; an oil-pressure system for delivering the working fluid under pressure to the hydrau- lic cylinder in order to create the necessary force. The oil-pressure system consists of a welded tank, pumping plant with a gear pump submerged in oil, pipelines, panel with hydraulic apparatus, electric heaters heating the system at negative temperatures, thermal relay check- ing the temperature of the oil in the tank; housing with a jacket for heat-insulating and waterproofing the system. The device can be adjusted for a capacity of i00 and 30 tons (other capacities were not required). During raising or lowering of the restrained load (gate, racks), the crane operator sets the switch of the capacity to the position corresponding to a capacity of 30 or 100 tons. The oil-pressure system is turned on and the oil goes to the lower cavity of the hydraulic cylinder under pressure; the piston moves upward, moving the equalizing block with the rule. The rule closes the limit switch. The piston continues to move up to the stop in the cover, the pressure increases in the hydraulic system and operates the pressure relay The load hoisting mechanism is turned on. When an overload occurs on the crane suspension the piston tries to descend, in which case the pressure begins to increase in the lower cavity. As soon as the increase of pressure becomes equivalent to the prescribed overload of the mech- anism, the pressure relay operates and the hoisting mechanism and electric motor of the pump are turned off. During lowering of the restrained load the oil-pressure system is also turned on and the oil goes from the pump into the upper cavity of the hydraulic cylinder. The piston 606 with the equalizing block and rule descend. The rule closes the contacts of the limit switch. The direction of the oil flow changes. The oil begins to enter the lower cavity of the hydraulic cylinder. The pressure in the lower Cavity begins to increase, the pressure relay operates, and the hoisting mechanism is turned on for lowering the load. A rise of the piston does not occur, since the oil under a pressure equivalent to the force on the rod, equal to 0.5 of the mass of the suspension, drains through the supporting valve into the tank. When the load on the rod decreases (owing to the fact that slackening of the cable occurs), the piston begins to rise and the pressure in the system falls. Opening of the contacts of the pressure relay and then of the limit switch occurs. The crane hoisting mechanism and electric motor of the pump are switched off. Heating of the oil in the tank is provided for in the device. At an air temperature below 5 heating of the device is turned on. The electric heaters begin to heat the oil and upon reaching an air temperature of 5 under the housing, heating is turned off. The temperature regime of the oil in the tank is regulated by a thermal relay. To check the performance of the device, Mosgidrostal developed and manufactured a device for controlling the hoisting mechanism. The device is made on the basis of hydraulic and electrical apparatus being produced by industry and in design is anal- ogous to the prototype. Tests confirmed the performance of the device and the results were published for adjusting and regulating the device after its insulation on the crane for the Kambarata No. 2 hydrostation. The technical and economic indices of the device are: the possibility of changing (assigning) the capacity of the hoisting mechanism makes it possible to reduce the number of hoisting mechanisms on the crane, which in turn made it possible to reduce the size and weight of the crane carriage and crane itself; the accuracy of limiting overloading of the crane increases, i.e., overloading of the crane decreases due to using electrical and hydraulic apparatus instead of mechanical compo- nents used in the spring or eccentric type load limiters; operating safety on the crane increases, since the control apparatus is backed up in the device; the possibility of changing the capacity makes it possible to protect the tzash racks, gates, grabs, etc., from damage as a result of wedging. Thus the operating reliabil- ity of the mechanical equipment increases and the probability of failures decreases; if necessary, the device can be made as an independent drive of increased capacity with a small stroke for lifting the gate from the sill and with a reduced load lifting or lowering speed. LITERATURE CITED i. I. Kh. Kaplan, Device for controlling the hoisting mechanism of cranes, Inventors Certificate No. 1428681 in Russian. 607
收藏