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Unit7,LearningaboutEnglish.,PartIPre-ReadingTaskListentotherecordingtwoorthreetimesandthenthinkoverthefollowingquestions:1.Whatisthepassageabout?2.WhatsyourimpressionoftheEnglishlanguage?3.Canyougiveoneortwoexamplestoillustrate（說明）themessinessoftheEnglishlanguage?4.Canyouguesswhatthetextsinthisunitaregoingtobeabout?,Thefollowingwordsintherecordingmaybenewtoyou:eggplantn.茄子pineapplen.菠蘿hamburgern.漢堡牛肉餅，漢堡包,PartIITextASomelanguagesresisttheintroductionofnewwords.Others,likeEnglish,seemtowelcomethem.RobertMacNeillooksatthehistoryofEnglishandcomestotheconclusionthatitstoleranceforchangerepresentsdeeplyrootedideasoffreedom.THEGLORIOUSMESSINESSOFENGLISHRobertMacNeilThestoryofourEnglishlanguageistypicallyoneofmassivestealingfromotherlanguages.ThatiswhyEnglishtodayhasanestimatedvocabularyofoveronemillionwords,whileothermajorlanguageshavefarfewer,French,forexample,hasonlyabout75,000words,andthatincludesEnglishexpressionslikesnackbarandhitparade.TheFrench,however,donotlikeborrowingforeignwordsbecausetheythinkitcorruptstheirlanguage.ThegovernmenttriestobanwordsfromEnglishanddeclaresthatwalkmanisnotdesirable;sotheyinventaword,balladeur,whichFrenchkidsaresupposedtosayinstead—buttheydont.,WalkmanisfascinatingbecauseitisntevenEnglish.Strictlyspeaking,itwasinventedbytheJapanesemanufacturerswhoputtwosimpleEnglishwordstogethertonametheirproduct.Thatdoesntbotherus,butitdoesbothertheFrench.SuchisthegloriousmessinessofEnglish.Thathappytolerance,thatwillingnesstoacceptwordsfromanywhere,explainstherichnessofEnglishandwhyithasbecome,toaveryrealextent,thefirsttrulygloballanguage.,HowdidthelanguageofasmallislandoffthecoastofEuropebecomethelanguageoftheplanet—morewidelyspokenandwrittenthananyotherhaseverbeen?ThehistoryofEnglishispresentinthefirstwordsachildlearnsaboutidentity(I,me,you);possession(mine,yours);thebody(eye,nose,mouth);size(tall,short);andnecessities(food,water).ThesewordsallcomefromOldEnglishorAnglo-SaxonEnglish,thecoreofourlanguage.Usuallyshortanddirect,thesearewordswestillusetodayforthethingsthatreallymattertous.GreatspeakersoftenuseOldEnglishtoarouseouremotions.Forexample,duringWorldWarII,WinstonChurchillmadethisspeech,stirringthecourageofhispeopleagainstHitlersarmiespositionedtocrosstheEnglishChannel:"Weshallfightonthebeaches,weshallfightonthelandinggrounds,weshallfightinthefieldsandinthestreets,weshallfightinthehills.Weshallneversurrender."VirtuallyeveryoneofthosewordscamefromOldEnglish,exceptthelast—surrender,whichcamefromNormanFrench.Churchillcouldhavesaid,"Weshallnevergivein,"butitisoneofthelovely—andpowerful—opportunitiesofEnglishthatawritercanmix,foreffect,differentwordsfromdifferentbackgrounds.Yetthereissomethingdirecttotheheartthatspeakstousfromtheearliestwordsinourlanguage.,WhenJuliusCaesarinvadedBritainin55B.C.,Englishdidnotexist.TheCelts,whoinhabitedtheland,spokelanguagesthatsurvivetodaymainlyasWelsh.Wherethoselanguagescamefromisstillamystery,butthereisatheory.TwocenturiesagoanEnglishjudgeinIndianoticedthatseveralwordsinSanskritcloselyresembledsomewordsinGreekandLatin.Asystematicstudyrevealedthatmanymodernlanguagesdescendedfromacommonparentlanguage,losttousbecausenothingwaswrittendown.Identifyingsimilarwords,linguistshavecomeupwithwhattheycallanIndo-Europeanparentlanguage,spokenuntil3500to2000B.C.Thesepeoplehadcommonwordsforsnow,beeandwolfbutnowordforsea.Sosomescholarsassumetheylivedsomewhereinnorth-centralEurope,whereitwascold.Travelingeast,someestablishedthelanguagesofIndiaandPakistan,andothersdriftedwesttowardthegentlerclimatesofEurope,SomewhomadetheearliestmovewestwardbecameknownastheCelts,whomCaesarsarmiesfoundin,NewwordscamewiththeGermanictribes—theAngles,theSaxons,etc.—thatslippedacrosstheNorthSeatosettleinBritaininthe5thcentury.TogethertheyformedwhatwecallAnglo-Saxonsociety.TheAnglo-Saxonspassedontoustheirfarmingvocabulary,includingsheep,ox,earth,wood,fieldandwork.Theymusthavealsoenjoyedthemselvesbecausetheygaveusthewordlaughter.ThenextbiginfluenceonEnglishwasChristianity.ItenrichedtheAnglo-Saxonvocabularywithsome400to500wordsfromGreekandLatin,includingangel,discipleandmartyr.ThenintothisrelativelypeacefullandcametheVikingsfromScandinavia.TheyalsobroughttoEnglishmanywordsthatbeginwithsk,likeskyandskirt.ButOldNorseandEnglishbothsurvived,andsoyoucanrearachild(English)orraiseachild(Norse).Othersuchpairssurvive:wishandwant,craftandskill,hideandskin.EachsuchadditiongaveEnglishmorerichness,morevariety.Anotherfloodofnewvocabularyoccurredin1066,whentheNormansconqueredEngland.Thecountrynowhadthreelanguages:Frenchforthenobles,LatinforthechurchesandEnglishforthecommonpeople.Withthreelanguagescompeting,thereweresometimesdifferenttermsforthesamething.Forexample,Anglo-Saxonshadthewordkingly,butaftertheNormans,royalandsovereignenteredthelanguageasalternatives.,TheextraordinarythingwasthatFrenchdidnotreplaceEnglish.OverthreecenturiesEnglishgraduallyswallowedFrench,andbytheendofthe15thcenturywhathaddevelopedwasamodified,greatlyenrichedlanguage—MiddleEnglish—withabout10,000"borrowed"Frenchwords.Around1476WilliamCaxtonsetupaprintingpressinEnglandandstartedacommunicationsrevolution.PrintingbroughtintoEnglishthewealthofnewthinkingthatsprangfromtheEuropeanRenaissance.TranslationsofGreekandRomanclassicswerepouredontotheprintedpage,andwiththemthousandsofLatinwordslikecapsuleandhabitual,andGreekwordslikecatastropheandthermometer.TodaywestillborrowfromLatinandGreektonamenewinventions,likevideo,televisionandcyberspace.AssettlerslandedinNorthAmericaandestablishedtheUnitedStates,Englishfounditselfwithtwosources—AmericanandBritish.ScholarsinBritainworriedthatthelanguagewasoutofcontrol,andsomewantedtosetupanacademytodecidewhichwordswereproperandwhichwerenot.Fortunatelytheirideahasneverbeenputintopractice.Thattoleranceforchangealsorepresentsdeeplyrootedideasoffreedom.DanishscholarOttoJespersenwrotein1905,"TheEnglishlanguagewouldnothavebeenwhatitisiftheEnglishhadnotbeenforcenturiesgreatrespectersofthelibertiesofeachindividualandifeverybodyhadnotbeenfreetostrikeoutnewpathsforhimself.",Ilikethatidea.ConsiderthatthesameculturalsoilproducingtheEnglishlanguagealsonourishedthegreatprinciplesoffreedomandrightsofmaninthemodernworld.ThefirstshootssprangupinEngland,andtheygrewstrongerinAmerica.TheEnglish-speakingpeopleshavedefeatedalleffortstobuildfencesaroundtheirlanguage.Indeed,theEnglishlanguageisnotthespecialpreserveofgrammarians,languagepolice,teachers,writersortheintellectualelite.Englishis,andalwayshasbeen,thetongueofthecommonman.(1155words)NewWordsandExpressionsmessinessn.雜亂狀況messya.massivea.largeinscale,amount,ordegree大量的，大規(guī)模的,vocabularyn.詞匯（量）snack▲n.asmallmeal快餐，點(diǎn)心,Britain.snackbar快餐柜，小吃店paraden.游行；閱兵隊(duì)列hitparadeaweeklylistingofthecurrentbest-sellingpoprecords流行唱片目錄corrupt▲vt.causeerrorstoappearin;causetoactdishonestlyinreturnforpersonalgains訛用，使（語(yǔ)言）變得不標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；腐蝕，賄賂banvt.forbid(sth.)officially禁止，取締walkmann.asmallcassetteplayer隨身聽strictlyspeaking嚴(yán)格地講,inventvt.發(fā)明inventionn.fascinatinga.ofgreatinterestorattraction迷人的，有極大吸引力的manufacturern.制造商productn.產(chǎn)品tolerancen.容忍，寬容；忍耐toa(veryreal,certain,etc.)extenttothedegreespecified在（極大，某種）程度上necessityn.必需品；必要（性）,Anglo-Saxonn.盎格魯—薩克遜人arousevt.provoke(aparticularfeelingorattitude)喚起，激起channeln.海峽；渠道；頻道surrenderv.givein投降virtuallyad.forthemostpart,almost差不多，幾乎invadevt.enterwitharmedforces侵入，侵略Celtn.凱爾特人,inhabit▲vt.livein(aplace)居住于Welsha.,n.威爾士語(yǔ)（的），威爾士人的,mysteryn.神秘的事物Sanskritn.梵語(yǔ)resemblevt.belikeorsimilarto與…相似Greekn.希臘語(yǔ)Latinn.拉丁語(yǔ)systematica.doneaccordingtoasystem有系統(tǒng)的,descendedown(fromasource);godown起源于；下來linguistn.apersonwhostudieslanguages語(yǔ)言學(xué)家,Indo-Europeana.印歐語(yǔ)系的wolfn.狼scholarn.學(xué)者establishvt.causetobe,setup建立，確立driftvi.moveorgosomewhereinaslowcasualway漂泊,climaten.(anareaoraregionwith)aregularpatternofweatherconditions氣候（區(qū)）Germanica.日耳曼（人）的，日耳曼語(yǔ)的，德國(guó)（人）的,tribe▲n.部落pass(sth.)onto(sb.)handorgive(sth.)to(sb.)將…傳給…influencen.影響Christianityn.基督教Christiana.基督教的n.基督教徒,disciple,n.信徒，門徒martyrn.殉難者，烈士Norsen.（古）斯堪的納維亞語(yǔ)additionn.apersonorthingadded增加的人（或物）Normann.,a.諾曼人（的），諾曼語(yǔ)（的），諾曼文化的conquerv.takepossessionandcontrolbyforce;defeat征服kinglya.國(guó)王（般）的royala.國(guó)王或女王的；皇家的,sovereign▲a.(ofpower)withoutlimit,highest;(ofanation)fullyindependent擁有最高統(tǒng)治權(quán)的，至高無上的；擁有主權(quán)的alternativen.oneoftwoormorepossibilities供選擇的東西modifyvt.changeslightly修改，更改enrich▲vt.makerichorricher;improve使富裕，使豐富Renaissance▲n.（歐洲14-16世紀(jì)的）文藝復(fù)興translationn.譯本，譯文；翻譯Romana.古羅馬的，拉丁語(yǔ)的,classicn.aworkofartrecognizedashavinglastingvalue經(jīng)典作品capsule▲n.密封小容器；膠囊；航天艙habituala.doneasahabit,regular,usual慣常的catastrophe▲n.asuddengreatdisaster大災(zāi)難thermometern.溫度計(jì)videon.,a.錄像（的）,cyberspacen.thenotionalenvironmentinwhichcommunicationovercomputernetworksoccurs網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間，虛擬空間independenta.notcontrolledbyotherpeopleorthings獨(dú)立的，自主的sourcen.源，來源outofcontrol失去控制，不受約束academyn.學(xué)會(huì)，學(xué)院，研究院fortunatelyad.bygoodluck幸運(yùn)地，幸虧putintopractice將…付諸實(shí)施,Danisha.丹麥（人）的，丹麥語(yǔ)的libertyn.freedom自由strikeoutcreate,produce創(chuàng)造，開創(chuàng)culturala.oforinvolvingculture文化的nourish▲vt.滋養(yǎng)，培育preserven.獨(dú)占的地區(qū)或范圍；禁獵地vt.keepfromharm,damage,etc.,protect;save保護(hù)，保存grammariann.語(yǔ)法學(xué)家,intellectualn.,a.知識(shí)分子（的）elite▲n.thegroupregardedasthebest（總稱）出類拔萃的人，精英ProperNamesRobertMacNeil羅伯特麥克尼爾WinstonChurchill溫斯頓丘吉爾（1874—1965，英國(guó)政治家、首相）Hitler希特勒（1889—1945，納粹德國(guó)元首）JuliusCaesar尤利烏斯凱撒（100—44BC，古羅馬將軍、政治家）Britain英國(guó),India印度Pakistan巴基斯坦Viking（8—10世紀(jì)時(shí)劫掠歐洲西北海岸的）北歐海盜Scandinavia斯堪的納維亞England英格蘭WilliamCaxton威廉卡克斯頓（英國(guó)印刷商、翻譯家）OttoJespersen奧托葉斯柏森（1860—1943）LanguagesenseEnhancement1.Readaloudparagraphs17-19andlearnbyheart.2.Readaloudthefollowingpoem:,LanguagesCarlSandburyTherearenohandlesuponalanguageWherebymentakeholdofitAndmarkitwithsignsforitsremembrance.Itisariver,thislanguage,OnceinathousandyearsBreakinganewcourseChangingitswaytotheocean.ItisamountaineffluviaMovingtovalleysAndfromnationtonationCrossingbordersandmixing.,3.Readthefollowingquotations.Learnthembyheartifyoucan.Youmightneedtolookupnewwordsinadictionary.TheEnglishlanguageistheseawhichreceivestributariesfromeveryregionunderheaven.——RalphWaldoEmersonLanguageoughttobethejointcreationofpoetsandmanualworkers.——GeorqeOrwellEnglandandAmericaaretwocountriesseparatedbythesamelanguage.——GeorqeBernardShaw,4.Readthefollowingjokeandseeifyoucantellwhatcausedthemisunderstandingofthetechnicianswordsbythewoman.Youmightneedtolookupnewwordsinadictionary.Anofficetechniciangotacallfromauser.Theusertoldthetechnicianthathercomputerwasnotworking.Shedescribedtheproblemandthetechnicianconcludedthatthecomputerneededtobebroughtinandserviced.Hetoldherto"UnplugthepowercordandbringituphereandIwillfixit."Aboutfifteenminuteslatersheshowedupathisdoorwiththepowercordinherhand.,,,