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Unit4TheNo-childFamily:GoingAgainst100,000YearsofBiology,BackgroundInformation,IntroductiontotheauthorRitaKramergrewupintheMidwest.AftergraduationwithhonorsfromTheUniversityofChicagoshestudiedEnglishliteratureatColumbiaUniversityandbeganacareerasafree-lanceeditorforseveralNewYorkpublishingfirms.HerwritingcareerhascombinedtopicaljournalismwithbooksonsubjectsrangingfromthecrisisinAmerica’sschoolstothedramaofresistanceintheSecondWorldWar.HerarticleshaveappearedintheNewYorkTimesMagazine,theWallStreetJournal,Newsday,theInternationalHeraldTribune,AmericanHeritage,Commentary,ThePublicInterest,CityJournalandothernewspapersandmagazinesintheU.S.andabroad.Shehasalsopublishedshortstoriesinvariousliterarymagazines.,,PictureofRitaKramer,,IntroductiontotheTextWiththecontinuedadvancementofsociety,manytraditionalideaswhichhavebeentakenforgrantedarebeingchallengednow.Justthreeorfourdecadesago,itwasneverheardofthatmarriedcoupleswouldnothaveachild,unlesstheycouldnot.Thingsaretotallydifferentnow.Moreandmoremarriedcouplestendtoremainchildless.“Whatliesbehindthisdecisionwhichseemstoflyinthefaceofbiologyandsociety?”Thereasonsarevarious.Inthistext,theauthorhaselaboratedsomereasonsgivenbyanumberofspecialistsinthefieldofhumanbehavior.Generally,theyfallintotwocategories.Oneisthatsomewomenareawareofthedangersofoverpopulation,crowding,pollutionandnuclearwar,whichmakesthemfeelreluctanttobearchildren.Theotheristhatthosewhowanttoremainchildlessarenarcissistic—theyhavebeenusedtobeingcaredfor.Theyaremoreconcernedabouttheirownfutureanddon’twanttoworryaboutthefutureofchildreninaworldfullofproblems.Toconclude,theauthorthinksthatitdoesnotmatterwhetheronechoosestohavechildrenornot.Whatmattersisthatoneiscomfortableaboutwhatheorshedoes.,,StructurePart1:thereasonsforthechangethatmoreandmoreyoungmarriedcouplesaredecidingnottohavechildren(para.1topara.2)Part2:Ideasofchildlesscouple(para.3topara.6.)part3:Opinionsofexpertsonhumanbehavior(para.7topara.14)Part4:ConclusionofRitaKramer.(para.15topara.17),LanguagePoints,Para.1Startafamily(line3,para.1):Haveorbearachild,Para.22.Arecentsurveyshowedthatinthelastfiveyearsthepercentageofwivesaged25to29whodidnotwantchildrenhadalmostdoubledandamongthose18to24ithadalmosttripled.(lines2-5,para.2):Arecentsurveyshowedthatinthepastfiveyearsthewivesbetweentheagesof25and29whodidnotwanttohavechildrenhadincreasedbyalmosttwotimesandthosebetweentheagesof18and24whodidnotwantchildrenhadgrownbyalmostthreetimes.,3.Whatliesbehindthisdecisionwhichseemstoflyinthefaceofbiologyandsociety?(line5-6,para.2):Whatistherealreasonforsuchadecisionwhichseemstogoagainstbiologyandsocialdevelopment?liebehind:bethecauseofe.g.Whatliesbehindtheoldman’sdeterminationtolearnEnglish?Theparentsaretryingtofindoutwhatliesbehindthechild’stellingliesagainandagain.flyinthefaceof:goagainst;beoppositetowhatmostpeoplewouldexpecte.g.Doingthismeansthatyou’reflyinginthefaceofthelocalauthority.Youcan’tflyinthefaceofgoodbusinessrulesandexpecttobesuccessful.,Questionstopara.1and2,Whatdothefirsttwoparagraphsplayinthewholeessay?Thefirsttwoparagraphsaretopicparagraphs,showingachangingaspectofhumanbehavior---moreandmoreyoungmarriedcouples,likeCathyandWayneN.,aredecidingnottohavechildren.AttheSametime,themaintopicoftheessayisraised:thereasonforthischange.,Para.34.PerhapsthemostpubliclyoutspokenchildlesscoupleareEllenPeck…andherhusbandWilliam…(lines1-2,para.3):MaybeEllenPeckandherhusbandWilliam,achildlesscouple,expresstheiropinionsmoreopenlyinpublicthananyotherchildlesscouple.,5.ThePecks(line4,para.3):WilliamPeckandEllenPeck,6.Ourgrandchildrenmayhavetobuyticketstoseethelastredwoodsorlineuptogettheiroxygenration.(lines5-7,para.4):Ourgrandchildrenmayhavetopayforticketstoseethelastredwoodsorstandinalinetoobtaintheirlimitedamountofoxygen.Thisimpliesthatthecontinuityoflifeonearthisthreatenedandthequalityoflifeisbecomingworse.lineup:beinaline;getintoalinee.g.Thesoldiersquicklylinedup.Thepolicemanlinedupthesuspects.,7.…butcan’tmaketheassociationbetweenthechildrenandthetrafficjam.(lines8-9,para.4):…butcan’tseethecausalrelationshipbetweenthechildrenandthetrafficjam.,8.Toomanychildrenarebornasaresultofculturalcoercion.(lines12-13,para.4):Toomanychildrenarebornbecauseofsocialpressure.Culturalcoercionreferstosociallyacceptedideas,beliefsandcustomsthatmarriedcouplesshouldhavechildren.,9.Andtheresultsshowupinthestatisticsondivorceandchild-abuse.(lines13-14,para.4):Andtheresultsofhavingchildrenbecauseofsocialexpectationsratherthanpersonaldesireareshownclearlyinthenumberofdivorcesandthefrequencyofchild-abuse.,Para.510.Everyfriend,relativeandbusinessassociateispressuringyoutohavekids‘a(chǎn)ndfindoutwhatyou’remissing.’(lines1-2,para.5):Allyourfriends,relativesandcolleaguesaretryinghardtopersuadeyoutohavechildrensothatyoucanrealizewhatyouaremissing.Everyisadeterminerusedwhenreferringtoallthemembersofagroupofthreeormore.,11.Toomanypeoplediscovertoolatethatwhattheyweremissingwassomethingtheyweretotallyunsuitedfor.(lines2-4,para.5):Toolate,manypeoplefindoutthatwhattheydidn’thavewassomethingthatwasreallynotsuitableforthematall.,Para.612.Fromthefirstdolltosoapoperastococktailparties,thepressureisalwaystheretobeparents.(lines1-2,para.6):Fromthetimechildrenbegintoplaywiththeirfirstdoll,tothetimetheywatchtelevisiondramasorchatatcocktailparties,thereisalwayspressureonthemtohavechildren.,Questiontopara.3,4,5,and6,TheoutspokencoupleWilliamPeeckandEllenPeckbringforwardtheirreasonsfordecidingtoremainchildless.Whatarethereasons?a.Theyattachmoreimportancetofreedom,spontaneity,privacyandleisure.b.Theywanttogiveeffortstothecommunity.c.Theyfearthattheyoungergenerationwillsuferfromoverpopulationastheydonow.d.Theyareafraidofdivorceandchildabuse.e.theyarenotsurewhethertheycanbecomegoodparents.,Para.713.Menoftendriftintofatherhoodwithoutevermakingadeliberatechoice.(lines2-3,para.7):Menoftenbecomefatherswithoutcarefulconsiderationandmentalpreparation.,14.Formanywomenpregnancycanbeawaytoescapefromunresolvedconflicts,toachieveinstantidentityorstrengthenapoorselfimage,togratifyaneedfortheattentionandaffectiontheyfeeltheyneverhadaschildren.(lines3-7,para.7):Manywomenregardbeingpregnantasameanstoavoidunsolvedconflicts,toachieveimmediaterecognitionoftheirstatusorimprovetheirselfimages,tosatisfytheirneedfortheattentionandlovetheyfeeltheyneverhadwhentheywerechildren.,,Theyoungcouplewithpregnancy,Questiontopara.7,Professionalobserversusefactstobackuptheirargumentinpara.7.whatistheargument?Whatarethefacts?Argument:Manyyoungpeoplehavechildrenforthewrongreasons,sometimesfornoreasonsatall.Facts:a.Manymenattainedfatherhoodwithoutknowingiftheyreallywanttobecomefathersb.Manywomenhavepregnanciestoescapefromconflicts,toachieveinstantidentity,toimproveselfimage,orgainattentionandaffection.,Para.815.Familytherapist(line3,para.8):Someonespecializingingivingcounselonfamilyproblems,16.…implyingthatsomethingliketheherdinstinctinanimalswasoperatingasaresponsetothedangersofoverpopulation,crowding,pollutionandnuclearwar,causingwomentofeelareluctancetoreproduceandleadingthemtoseeknewwaysofrealizingthemselvesoutsideoffamilylife.(lines5-9,para.8):…suggestingthatsomethingliketheanimalinstinctoffollowingtheherdwasfunctioningasareactiontothedangersoftoolargeapopulation,crowding,pollutionandnuclearwar.Asaresult,womenfeelunwillingtohavechildrenandtheyaremoreinclinedtoseeknewwaystorealizetheirvalueoutsidethefamily.,Questiontopara.8,Why,accordingtofamilytherapist,dopeopledecidenottohavechildren?Accordingtohim,peopledecidenottohavechildrenasareactiontothedangersofoverpopulation,crowding,pollutionandnuclearwar.,Para.9…thosewhowanttoremainchildlessarenarcissistic–makingavirtueoutofnecessitybyrationalizingtheirinnerconflictsaboutgivingcarevs.beingtakencareof.(lines1-4,para.9):…thosewhodonotwanttohavechildrenonlycareaboutthemselves-makingsomethingadmirableoutoftheirunwillingnesstomovefrombeingtakencareoftogivingcaresbygivingarationalexplanationfortheirinneropposingthoughts.(InGreekmythology,ahandsomeyoungmanscornedallwomen.Consequently,hewasmadetofallinlovewithhisownreflectioninapoolbythegoddessoflove,Aphrodite.LaterheturneddownEcho’sproposalandthussufferedpunishment.Whenhedied,heturnedintothenarcissusflower.Soifpeoplehaveexcessiveconcernonlyforthemselves,theyaresometimescallednarcissisticornarcissists.),Makeavirtueoutofnecessity:makesomethingpraiseworthyoutofasituationyoucannotchange/makethebestoutofagivensituatione.g.AfterMr.Wilsonlostallhismoney,hemadeavirtueoutofnecessityandfoundanewandinterestinglifeasateacher.Vs.:awrittenabbreviationoftheprepositionversususedwhencomparingtheadvantagesoftwodifferentthings,ideas,etc.e.g.TheFinanceMinistermustweighthebenefitsofataxcutvs.thoseofincreasedpublicspending.,18.Thesearepeoplewhocan’ttoleratetheideaofcaringforchildren,whohavenomarginoflovetosparethem.(lines4-5,para.9):Thesepeoplecan’tputupwiththeideaoftakingcareofchildren;beingtooself-loving,theyhavenoextralovetogivethem.,19.You’regoingagainstsomethingwith100,000yearsofbiologybehindit.(lines6-7,para.9):Youareopposingsomethingthathasahistoryof100,000yearsofbiologicalreproduction.,20.“Well,weallrationalizeourdeficits,andthesepeopleprobablyshouldn’thavechildrenwhatevertheirrealmotivesare,forthesamereasonthereoughttobeliberalabortionlaws.”(lines7-10,para.9):Well,wealltrytogiveproperreasonsforourshortcomings,andthesepeopleprobablyshouldn’thavechildrennomatterwhatreasontheyhavefortheirchoice.Becauseofthis,thereshouldbefreeandgenerousabortionlaws.,Questiontopara.9,Somepsychiatristssaythatthosewhowanttoremainchildlessarenacissitic.Whyarethesepeoplecallednacissitic?Becausetheylovethemselvessomuchthattheyareunwillingtotakecareofchildren,muchlesslovethem.,Para.1021.…whilesomepeoplehavealwaysoptednottohavechildren,theincreasedfrequencyweareseeingisinthosechildrenofthenineteen-fortiesandfifties…(lines1-3,para.10):…thoughtherehavealwaysbeensomepeoplewhohavechosennottohavechildren,weareseeingmoreandmorepeopleborninthe1940sand1950smakethedecisionnottohavechildren…,22.DavidRiesman(line5,para.10):anAmericansocialscientist(1909-).HeoncetaughtasaprofessorinsociologyatChicagoUniversity(1946-1958)andHarvardUniversity(1958-1981).Since1967,hehasbeenamemberofCarnegieCommitteeonFutureAdvancedEducation.,23.inner-directedadj.(line5,para.10):Directedinthoughtandactionbyone’sownvalues,24.other-directedadj.(line5,para.10):Directedinthoughtandactionprimarilybyexternalnormsratherthanbyone’sownvalues,25.Onewastogivethemagreaterfeelingof“narcissisticentitlement”–whatoneexpectsfromlife.(lines7-8,para.10):Onewastoletthemfeelmorecertainthattheyhavetherighttofocusonthemselves–togetwhattheydesirefromlife.,26.Theotherwasthelossofasenseofcertainty.Theyaremoreopentoself-doubt,hesays,morepreoccupiedwiththeirbodies,theirlife-styles,lessabletomaintainstableattachmentstoothers.(lines8-11,para.10):Theothereffectthattheseparentshadontheirchildrenwasthelossofself-confidence.Theyaremorelikelytodoubtthemselves,hesays,moreconcernedabouttheirbodies,theirlife-stylesandlesscapableofmaintainingfirmrelationships(esp.maritalrelationships)withothers.,27.Itcan’tbemodified,can’tbeundone.(line13,para.10):Theconditioncan’tbechanged/improved/madebetteranditcan’tberestoredtohowitwasoriginally.,Para.1128.Manyoftheyoungadultsareambivalentaboutrelinquishingtheroleoftheonewhoiscaredforandtakingonthatoftheonewhodoesthecaring…(lines1-3,para.11):Manyoftheseyoungmarriedcouplesarenotsurewhethertheywanttogiveupbeingtheonewhoistakencareofandshoulder/assumetheresponsibilityoflookingafterothers…,Qestionstopara.10and11,Inparagraph10and11,thecharacteristicsoftheyoungadultsbornin1940sand1950sarementioned.Whataretheircharacteristics?a.theyaremoreopentoself-doubt.b.theyaremoreoccupiedwiththeirbodiesandlife-style.c.theyarelessabletohavestablerelationshipswithothersd.theyareambivalentaboutmakingthetransitionfrombeingcaredfortocaringforothers.,Para.1229.co-authorn.(line2,para.12):Apersonwhosharesthewritingofabook,30.Inthepasttherewasalwaysafeelingimplicitintheculturethatparenthoodwassomethingverysignificant,attractive,enriching,creative.(lines6-8,para.12):Inthepastpeopleacceptedandsharedtheopinionthatbeingparentswasverymeaningful,attractive,enrichingandcreative.,31.Nowitseemstobegoingbytheboard.(line8,para.12):Nowadayspeopleseemtohavegivenuptheidea.Gobytheboard:begivenuporabandonede.g.Hisproposalthateveryemployeeshouldreceivefurthertrainingwentbytheboard.Itisdefinitethatsuchahopecan’tgobytheboard.,32.Thereseemtobesomanyotheropportunitiesforwomentoexpressthemselvescreativelyandfamilyliferequiresthemtogiveupsomanythingsthattheemphasisonfamilylifeasagoodandcreativething,awaytocontributetothefutureoftheworlddoesn’treallyringabellwithmanyyoungpeople.(lines8-13,para.12):Womenseemtohavemanyotherchancestoshowtheircreativity,whereasfamilylifedemandsthattheyabandonsomanythings.Consequently,thestressonfamilylifeasagoodandcreativething,awaytomakecontributionforthefutureoftheworld,doesn’tarousearesponseinmanyyoundpeople.,Questiontopara.12,Accordingtoaprofessorofchildpsychiatry,therearethreereasonswhymanyyoungpeoplearenotinterestedinfamilylifeasparents?a.Parenthoodliferequiresthemtogiveupmanythings.b.Therearemanyopportunitiesforwomentofindmeaningintheirlifes.c.Theyareconcernedabouttheirfutureandthefutureoftheirchildren.,Para.1333.apainintheneck(line4,para.13):somebodyorsomethingthatisveryannoyinge.g.Readingsomanyphilosophybooksisapainintheneck.Thatmanisreallyapainintheneck.,QuestiontoPara.13,Inparagraph13,RitaKramerquoteswhatDr.Antonysaidinarecentconversation,“childrenareagreatoftrouble,and….allloomproblems.”IsthisopinionheldonlybyDr.Anthony?Howdoyouknow?No,thisistheopinionheldbymany.Ifnotmostparents.Weknowfromthecontent,thatthepronoun”they”inthesentence“Theyoungpeoplefeel,‘Iftheydon’treallywantus,whyshouldwehavechildren?’”referstoparents.,Para.1434.Feelstrangelyempty(line3,para.14):Feelunexpectedlyunhappyandunfulfilled.,Para.1635.Butwhatifthatiswhatwouldmakethemhappiest?(lines4-5,para.16):Butwhatifthat(innerdesiretheyhavetotravel)isthehappiestthingtothem?,Para.1736.Buttherearealsopeopleforwhomlivingafulllifeandrealizingthemselvestakeotherroutes.(lines4-6,para.17):However,forsomepeople,thereareotherwaysoflivinganinterestingandcolorfullifeandachievingsatisfaction.,37.Andweliveinatimeinwhichattitudesseemtobefreeingupinawaywhichenablesincreasingnumbersofmenandwomentoquestiontheway“everybody”livesifthatisnotthewaythatisrightforthem.(lines6-9,para.17):Andweliveinanageinwhichwehavethefreedomtodetermineourattitudessothatggrowingnumberofmenandwomenquestionthewaymostpeopleliveifitisnotsuitableforthem.,Questiontothelastpart,DoesRitaKramercriticizeinthelastpartoftheessaythe“nochild”decisionthatmanyyoungcoupleshavemade?Ifyes,whatcriticismisit?Ifno,whatpointhasshemade?No,shedoesn’tcriticizethe“nochild”decision.Instead,shemakesapointthatpeopleshouldmakechoicesofwhichwillbebestforindividuallifesiftheyknowthemselves,recognizeandaccepttheirdeeplyheldfeelings,anddaretoquestionsocietalconventions.,,WritinganddebatingForsideItisselfishtostaychildlessaftermarriageAgainstsideItisnotselfishtostaychildlessaftermarriage,