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存檔編碼：無無錫錫太太湖湖學學院院 2013 屆屆畢畢業(yè)業(yè)作作業(yè)業(yè)周周次次進進度度計計劃劃、檢檢查查落落實實表表 系別：信機系 班級：機械97 學生姓名：孫皓 課題（設計）名稱：基于液壓夾緊的專用夾具設計支架 零件的工藝工裝設計 開始日期：2013.11.12周次起止日期工作計劃、進度每周主要完成內(nèi)容存在問題、改進方法指導教師意見并簽字備 注1-42012年11月12日-2012年12月10日教師下達畢業(yè)設計任務，學生初步閱讀資料，完成畢業(yè)設計開題報告。按照任務書要求查閱論文相關參考資料，填寫畢業(yè)設計開題報告書存在問題：對于實際操作不是很了解。改進方法：參與工作，逐漸了解，參與其中。5-102012年12月11日-2013年1月24日指導專業(yè)實訓掌握基本數(shù)控機床的操作存在問題：發(fā)現(xiàn)自己欠缺很多動手操作能力。改進方法：多學，多問，多動手。10-112012年1月25日-3月4日指導畢業(yè)實習在企業(yè)里實習電氣檢測存在問題：作為新手，一切都要從頭開始學。改進方法：多學，多問，多動手。122013年3月5日-3月9日填寫畢業(yè)設計開題報告填寫畢業(yè)設計開題報告存在問題：對課題難易程度理解不夠，難點分析不足，分析能力欠缺，許多問題不是很明白。改進方法：在指導老師的幫助下，進一步消化本課題。132013年3月10日-3月14日檢查畢業(yè)設計準備情況修改完善畢業(yè)設計開題報告存在問題：對課題難點分析不足，分析能力欠缺，對課題理解不深，頭腦里沒設計的東西的概念改進方法：在指導老師的幫助下，整改開題報告。142012年2月27日-3月10日查閱參考資料查閱與設計有關的參考資料不少于10本，其中外文不少于2本存在問題：由于工作原因，空閑時間很少，查閱資料太少。改進方法：利用一切時間，去圖書館和網(wǎng)上查找相關資料152012年3月11日-3月15日工藝規(guī)程設計確定幾種工藝路線根據(jù)零件的功用分析，零件的幾何形狀、尺寸精度及位置精度等技術要求確定工藝路線存在問題：缺乏實際操作經(jīng)驗，制定的工藝方案不合理。改進方法：多去咨詢老師了解實際生產(chǎn)過程，重新確立合理的工藝方案。162012年3月16日-3月20日整理、分析資料，比較各種設計方案查閱多種參考資料，結合課題比較設計方案存在問題：夾具結構設計不合理，尺寸計算有誤差公式運用錯誤。對夾具設計數(shù)據(jù)不了解改進方法：查閱多種參考資料，改進夾具結構，提高計算正確率。172012年3月21日-3月25日改進工藝路線在指導老師的幫助下，結合自己的實際完善工藝路線存在問題：缺乏生產(chǎn)經(jīng)驗，對夾具在實際中應用改進方法：多了解實際生產(chǎn)過程，重新確立合理的工藝方案。182013年3月26日-3月30日確定工藝路線進行計算進行參數(shù)計算及結構分析存在問題：對公式不熟悉改進方法：查找相關資料書籍，回顧以前所有知識192013年4月2日-4月6日裝配圖初步繪制夾具裝配圖存在問題：對CAD運用不熟悉，畫圖速度較慢改進方法：重新確定合理的表達視圖，多加運用繪圖軟件，提高畫圖速度202013年4月9日-4月13日裝配圖修改夾具裝配圖存在問題：2D裝配圖中部分標準件畫法不正確，尺寸不精確。改進方法：按機械制圖要求改正不正確的畫法，修改尺寸。212013年4月16日-4月20日完成零件圖繪制模具零件圖，不少于5個存在問題：零件圖的表達方案不合理，尺寸不符合實際需要，技術要求不規(guī)范。改進方法：修改零件圖的表達方案，完善尺寸標注和技術要求。222013年4月23日-4月30日說明書完成設計說明書存在問題：說明書的格式不規(guī)范，摘要不合理，關鍵詞不恰當。改進方法：根據(jù)說明書規(guī)范要求更改，重新按要求編寫摘要。232013年5月1日-5月7日摘要、小結完成摘要和小結存在問題：說明書的格式不規(guī)范，摘要不合理，關鍵詞不恰當。改進方法：根據(jù)說明書規(guī)范要求更改，重新按要求編寫摘要。242013年5月8日-5月19日檢查、指導設計說明書、摘要和小結編寫完成設計說明書、摘要和小結存在問題：說明書的格式不規(guī)范，摘要不合理，關鍵詞不恰當。改進方法：根據(jù)說明書規(guī)范要求更改，重新按要求編寫摘要。252013年5月20日-5月25日上交資料、答辯整理所有資料上交指導教師，答辯資料整理欠合理，按學院要求整理并裝訂，進行答辯 說明：1、“工作計劃、進度”、“指導教師意見并簽字”由指導教師填寫，“每周主要完成內(nèi)容”，“存在問題、改進方法”由學生填寫。2、本表由各系妥善歸檔，保存?zhèn)洳?。周次起止日期工作計劃、進度每周主要完成內(nèi)容存在問題、改進方法指導教師意見并簽字備 注編號 無錫太湖學院 畢業(yè)設計（論文） 相關資料 題目： 基于液壓夾緊的專用夾具設計 ——支架零件的工藝工裝設計 信機 系 機械工程及自動化專業(yè) 學 號： 　　　 0923816　　　　 學生姓名： 孫　 皓 指導教師： 韓邦華 （職稱：副教授 ） （職稱： ） 2013年5月25日 目 錄 一、畢業(yè)設計（論文）開題報告 二、畢業(yè)設計（論文）外文資料翻譯及原文 三、學生“畢業(yè)論文（論文）計劃、進度、檢查及落實表” 四、實習鑒定表 無錫太湖學院 畢業(yè)設計（論文） 開題報告 題目： 基于液壓夾緊的專用夾具設計 ——支架零件的工藝工裝設計 信機 系 機械工程及自動化 專業(yè) 學 號： 0923816 學生姓名： 孫 皓 指導教師： 韓邦華 （職稱：副教授 ） （職稱： ） 2012年11月24日 課題來源 無錫某企業(yè)生產(chǎn)實際 科學依據(jù)（包括課題的科學意義；國內(nèi)外研究概況、水平和發(fā)展趨勢；應用前景等） 1、課題科學意義 本課題是為了培養(yǎng)學生開發(fā)和創(chuàng)新機械產(chǎn)品的能力，要求學生能夠結合零件加工工藝與常規(guī)普通銑床，針對在實際使用過程中存在的金屬加工機床的工件夾緊及驅(qū)動問題，綜合所學的機械理論設計與方法、氣動與液壓傳動等理論知識，對快速、高效夾緊裝置進行改進設計，進而實現(xiàn)金屬加工機床的工件夾緊與驅(qū)動的半自動化控制。 2、國內(nèi)外研究概況及發(fā)展前景 夾具從產(chǎn)生到現(xiàn)在，大約可以分為三個階段：第一個階段主要表現(xiàn)在夾具與人的結合上，這是夾具主要是作為人的單純的輔助工具，是加工過程加速和趨于完善；第二階段，夾具成為人與機床之間的橋梁，夾具的機能發(fā)生變化，它主要用于工件的定位和夾緊。人們越來越認識到，夾具與操作人員改進工作及機床性能的提高有著密切的關系，所以對夾具引起了重視；第三階段表現(xiàn)為夾具與機床的結合，夾具作為機床的一部分，成為機械加工中不可缺少的工藝裝備。 在夾具設計過程中，對于被加工零件的定位、夾緊等主要問題,設計人員一般都會考慮的比較周全，但是，夾具設計還經(jīng)常會遇到一些小問題，這些小問題如果處理不好，也會給夾具的使用造成許多不便，甚至會影響到工件的加工精度。我們把多年來在夾具設計中遇到的一些小問題歸納如下：清根問題在設計端面和內(nèi)孔定位的夾具時，會遇到夾具體定位端面和定位外圓交界處清根問題。端面和定位外圓分為兩體時無此問題,。夾具要不要清根，應根據(jù)工件的結構而定。如果零件定位內(nèi)孔孔口倒角較小或無倒角，則必須清根,如果零件定位孔孔口倒角較大或孔口是空位，則不需要清根，而且交界處可以倒為圓角R。端面與外圓定位時，與上述相同。讓刀問題在設計圓盤類刀具(如銑刀、砂輪等)加工的夾具時，會存在讓刀問題。設計這類夾具時，應考慮銑刀或砂輪完成切削或磨削后，銑刀或砂輪的退刀位置，其位置大小應根據(jù)所使用的銑刀或砂輪的直徑大小，留出超過刀具半徑的尺寸位置即可。更換問題在設計加工結構相同或相似，尺寸不同的系列產(chǎn)品零件夾具時，為了降低生產(chǎn)成本,提高夾具的利用率，往往會把夾具設計為只更換某一個或幾個零件的通用型夾具。 由于現(xiàn)代加工的高速發(fā)展，對傳統(tǒng)的夾具提出了較高要求，如快速、高效、安全等?；谝簤簥A緊的專用夾具設計，必須計算加工工序所受的切削力及切削力矩，按照夾緊方式進行夾緊力的計算，進而可以確定液壓缸的負載，通過選定整個液壓系統(tǒng)的壓力，最終可以確定液壓缸的各參數(shù)。 隨著機械工業(yè)的迅速發(fā)展，對產(chǎn)品的品種和生產(chǎn)率提出了愈來愈高的要求，使多品種，中小批生產(chǎn)作為機械生產(chǎn)的主流，為了適應機械生產(chǎn)的這種發(fā)展趨勢，必然對機床夾具提出更高的要求。特別像后鋼板彈簧吊耳類不規(guī)則零件的加工還處于落后階段。在今后的發(fā)展過程中，應大力推廣使用組合夾具、半組合夾具、可調(diào)夾具，尤其是成組夾具。在機床技術向高速、高效、精密、復合、智能、環(huán)保方向發(fā)展的帶動下，夾具技術正朝著高精高效模塊組合通用經(jīng)濟方向發(fā)展。 研究內(nèi)容 通過實際調(diào)研和采集相對應的設計數(shù)據(jù)，分析金屬切削加工過程中的機床工作臺工件夾緊、驅(qū)動等方面的有關數(shù)據(jù)，再結合氣動與液壓傳動的相關理論知識，完成液壓夾緊傳動方案分析及氣壓原理圖的擬定，并進行主要功能元件的設計與選擇及傳動系統(tǒng)的驗算校核等。 擬采取的研究方法、技術路線、實驗方案及可行性分析 通過實踐與大量搜集、閱讀相關資料相結合，在對金屬切削機床、金屬切削加工、機械設計與理論及氣動與液壓傳動等相關知識充分掌握后，對普通銑床的夾緊、驅(qū)動裝置進行數(shù)學建模，并通過模擬實驗分析建立普通銑床的驅(qū)動、夾緊裝置的實體模型，設計液壓專用夾具的驅(qū)動、夾緊裝置，進行現(xiàn)場實驗，以達到產(chǎn)品的最優(yōu)化設計。 研究計劃及預期成果 研究計劃： 2013年1月12日-2013年02月25日：按照任務書要求查閱論文相關參考資料，填寫畢業(yè)設計開題報告書。 2013年1月30日-2013年03月05日：填寫畢業(yè)實習報告。 2013年3月08日-2013年03月14日：按照要求修改畢業(yè)設計開題報告。 2013年3月15日-2013年03月21日：學習并翻譯一篇與畢業(yè)設計相關的英文材料。 2013年3月22日-2013年04月28日：液壓夾具設計。 2013年4月29日-2013年05月21日：畢業(yè)論文撰寫和修改工作。 預期成果： 通過現(xiàn)場調(diào)研、模擬、建模、實驗、機器調(diào)試，達到產(chǎn)品的最優(yōu)化設計，大大降低勞動強度和提高生產(chǎn)效率。 在設計液壓系統(tǒng)裝置時，在滿足產(chǎn)品工作要求的情況下，應盡可能多的采用標準件，提高其互換性要求，以減少產(chǎn)品的設計生產(chǎn)成本。 特色或創(chuàng)新之處 適用于現(xiàn)代加工企業(yè)安全、高效的液壓夾具設計、夾緊裝置的優(yōu)化設計，可減少工人的勞動強度、降低機械加工工藝時間和機械零件的生產(chǎn)成本。 已具備的條件和尚需解決的問題 針對實際使用過程中存在的金屬加工工藝文件編制、工件夾緊及快速、高效夾具設計問題，綜合所學的機械理論設計與方法與液壓與氣動傳動等方面的知識，實現(xiàn)適合于現(xiàn)代加工制造業(yè)、夾緊裝置的優(yōu)化設計，進而提高學生開發(fā)和創(chuàng)新機械產(chǎn)品的能力。 指導教師意見 指導教師簽名： 年 月 日 教研室（學科組、研究所）意見 教研室主任簽名： 年 月 日 系意見 主管領導簽名： 年 月 日 英文原文 Basic Machining Operations and Cutting Technology Machine tools have evolved from the early foot-powered lathes of the Egyptians and John Wilkinson's boring mill. They are designed to provide rigid support for both the workpiece and the cutting tool and can precisely control their relative positions and the velocity of the tool with respect to the workpiece. Basically, in metal cutting, a sharpened wedge-shaped tool removes a rather narrow strip of metal from the surface of a ductile workpiece in the form of a severely deformed chip. The chip is a waste product that is considerably shorter than the workpiece from which it came but with a corresponding increase in thickness of the uncut chip. The geometrical shape of workpiece depends on the shape of the tool and its path during the machining operation. Most machining operations produce parts of differing geometry. If a rough cylindrical workpiece revolves about a central axis and the tool penetrates beneath its surface and travels parallel to the center of rotation, a surface of revolution is produced, and the operation is called turning. If a hollow tube is machined on the inside in a similar manner, the operation is called boring. Producing an external conical surface uniformly varying diameter is called taper turning. If the tool point travels in a path of varying radius, a contoured surface like that of a bowling pin can be produced; or, if the piece is short enough and the support is sufficiently rigid, a contoured surface could be produced by feeding a shaped tool normal to the axis of rotation. Short tapered or cylindrical surfaces could also be contour formed. Multiple-edged tools can also be used. Drilling uses a twin-edged fluted tool for holes with depths up to 5 to 10 times the drill diameter. Whether the drill turns or the workpiece rotates, relative motion between the cutting edge and the workpiece is the important factor. In milling operations a rotary cutter with a number of cutting edges engages the workpiece, which moves slowly with respect to the cutter. Plane or contoured surfaces may be produced, depending on the geometry of the cutter and the type of feed. Horizontal or vertical axes of rotation may be used, and the feed of the workpiece may be in any of the three coordinate directions. Introduction of Machining Machining as a shape-producing method is the most universally used and the most important of all manufacturing processes. Machining is a shape-producing process in which a power-driven device causes material to be removed in chip form. Most machining is done with equipment that supports both the work piece and cutting tool although in some cases portable equipment is used with unsupported workpiece. Low setup cost for small Quantities. Machining has two applications in manufacturing. For casting, forging, and press working, each specific shape to be produced, even one part, nearly always has a high tooling cost. The shapes that may be produced by welding depend to a large degree on the shapes of raw material that are available. By making use of generally high cost equipment but without special tooling, it is possible, by machining; to start with nearly any form of raw material, so long as the exterior dimensions are great enough, and produce any desired shape from any material. Therefore .machining is usually the preferred method for producing one or a few parts, even when the design of the part would logically lead to casting, forging or press working if a high quantity were to be produced. Close accuracies, good finishes. The second application for machining is based on the high accuracies and surface finishes possible. Many of the parts machined in low quantities would be produced with lower but acceptable tolerances if produced in high quantities by some other process. On the other hand, many parts are given their general shapes by some high quantity deformation process and machined only on selected surfaces where high accuracies are needed. Internal threads, for example, are seldom produced by any means other than machining and small holes in press worked parts may be machined following the press working operations. Primary Cutting Parameters The basic tool-work relationship in cutting is adequately described by means of four factors: tool geometry, cutting speed, feed, and depth of cut. The cutting tool must be made of an appropriate material; it must be strong, tough, hard, and wear resistant. The tool s geometry characterized by planes and angles, must be correct for each cutting operation. Cutting speed is the rate at which the work surface passes by the cutting edge. It may be expressed in feet per minute. For efficient machining the cutting speed must be of a magnitude appropriate to the particular work-tool combination. In general, the harder the work material, the slower the speed. Feed is the rate at which the cutting tool advances into the workpiece. Where the workpiece or the tool rotates, feed is measured in inches per revolution. When the tool or the work reciprocates, feed is measured in inches per stroke, Generally, feed varies inversely with cutting speed for otherwise similar conditions. The depth of cut, measured inches is the distance the tool is set into the work. It is the width of the chip in turning or the thickness of the chip in a rectilinear cut. In roughing operations, the depth of cut can be larger than for finishing operations. The Effect of Changes in Cutting Parameters on Cutting Temperatures In metal cutting operations heat is generated in the primary and secondary deformation zones and these results in a complex temperature distribution throughout the tool, workpiece and chip. A typical set of isotherms is shown in figure where it can be seen that, as could be expected, there is a very large temperature gradient throughout the width of the chip as the workpiece material is sheared in primary deformation and there is a further large temperature in the chip adjacent to the face as the chip is sheared in secondary deformation. This leads to a maximum cutting temperature a short distance up the face from the cutting edge and a small distance into the chip. Since virtually all the work done in metal cutting is converted into heat, it could be expected that factors which increase the power consumed per unit volume of metal removed will increase the cutting temperature. Thus an increase in the rake angle, all other parameters remaining constant, will reduce the power per unit volume of metal removed and the cutting temperatures will reduce. When considering increase in unreformed chip thickness and cutting speed the situation is more complex. An increase in undeformed chip thickness tends to be a scale effect where the amounts of heat which pass to the workpiece, the tool and chip remain in fixed proportions and the changes in cutting temperature tend to be small. Increase in cutting speed; however, reduce the amount of heat which passes into the workpiece and this increase the temperature rise of the chip m primary deformation. Further, the secondary deformation zone tends to be smaller and this has the effect of increasing the temperatures in this zone. Other changes in cutting parameters have virtually no effect on the power consumed per unit volume of metal removed and consequently have virtually no effect on the cutting temperatures. Since it has been shown that even small changes in cutting temperature have a significant effect on tool wear rate it is appropriate to indicate how cutting temperatures can be assessed from cutting data. The most direct and accurate method for measuring temperatures in high -speed-steel cutting tools is that of Wright & Trent, which also yields detailed information on temperature distributions in high-speed-steel cutting tools. The technique is based on the metallographic examination of sectioned high-speed-steel tools which relates microstructure changes to thermal history. Trent has described measurements of cutting temperatures and temperature ?distributions for high-speed-steel tools when machining a wide range of workpiece materials. This technique has been further developed by using scanning electron ?microscopy to study fine-scale microstructure changes arising from over tempering of the tempered martens tic matrix of various high-speed-steels. This technique has also been used to study temperature distributions in both high-speed -steel single point turning tools and twist drills. Wears of Cutting Tool Discounting brittle fracture and edge chipping, which have already been dealt with, tool wear is basically of three types. Flank wear, crater wear, and notch wear. Flank wear occurs on both the major and the minor cutting edges. On the major cutting edge, which is responsible for bulk metal removal, these results in increased cutting forces and higher temperatures which if left unchecked can lead to vibration of the tool and workpiece and a condition where efficient cutting can no longer take place. On the minor cutting edge, which determines workpiece size and surface finish, flank wear can result in an oversized product which has poor surface finish. Under most practical cutting conditions, the tool will fail due to major flank wear before the minor flank wear is sufficiently large to result in the manufacture of an unacceptable component. Because of the stress distribution on the tool face, the frictional stress in the region of sliding contact between the chip and the face is at a maximum at the start of the sliding contact region and is zero at the end. Thus abrasive wear takes place in this region with more wear taking place adjacent to the seizure region than adjacent to the point at which the chip loses contact with the face. This result in localized pitting of the tool face some distance up the face which is usually referred to as catering and which normally has a section in the form of a circular arc. In many respects and for practical cutting conditions, crater wear is a less severe form of wear than flank wear and consequently flank wear is a more common tool failure criterion. However, since various authors have shown that the temperature on the face increases more rapidly with increasing cutting speed than the temperature on the flank, and since the rate of wear of any type is significantly affected by changes in temperature, crater wear usually occurs at high cutting speeds. At the end of the major flank wear land where the tool is in contact with the uncut workpiece surface it is common for the flank wear to be more pronounced than along the rest of the wear land. This is because of localised effects such as a hardened layer on the uncut surface caused by work hardening introduced by a previous cut, an oxide scale, and localised high temperatures resulting from the edge effect. This localised wear is usually referred to as notch wear and occasionally is very severe. Although the presence of the notch will not significantly affect the cutting properties of the tool, the notch is often relatively deep and if cutting were to continue there would be a good chance that the tool would fracture. If any form of progressive wear allowed to continue, dramatically and the tool would fail catastrophically, i. e. the tool would be no longer capable of cutting and, at best, the workpiece would be scrapped whilst, at worst, damage could be caused to the machine tool. For carbide cutting tools and for all types of wear, the tool is said to have reached the end of its useful life long before the onset of catastrophic failure. For high-speed-steel cutting tools, however, where the wear tends to be non-uniform it has been found that the most meaningful and reproducible results can be obtained when the wear is allowed to continue to the onset of catastrophic failure even though, of course, in practice a cutting time far less than that to failure would be used. The onset of catastrophic failure is characterized by one of several phenomena, the most common being a sudden increase in cutting force, the presence of burnished rings on the workpiece, and a significant increase in the noise level. Mechanism of Surface Finish Production There are basically five mechanisms which contribute to the production of a surface which have been machined. These are: (l) The basic geometry of the cutting process. In, for example, single point turning the tool will advance a constant distance axially per revolution of the workpiecc and the resultant surface will have on it, when viewed perpendicularly to the direction of tool feed motion, a series of cusps which will have a basic form which replicates the shape of the tool in cut. (2) The efficiency of the cutting operation. It has already been mentioned that cutting with unstable built-up-edges will produce a surface which contains hard built-up-edge fragments which will result in a degradation of the surface finish. It can also be demonstrated that cutting under adverse conditions such as apply when using large feeds small rake angles and low cutting speeds, besides producing conditions which lead to unstable built-up-edge production, the cutting process itself can become unstable and instead of continuous shear occurring in the shear zone, tearing takes place, discontinuous chips of uneven thickness are produced, and the resultant surface is poor. This situation is particularly noticeable when machining very ductile materials such as copper and aluminum. (3) The stability of the machine tool. Under some combinations of cutting conditions; workpiece size, method of clamping ,and cutting tool rigidity relative to the machine tool structure, instability can be set up in the tool which causes it to vibrate. Under some conditions this vibration will reach and maintain steady amplitude whilst under other conditions the vibration will built up and unless cutting is stopped considerable damage to both the cutting tool and workpiece may occur. This phenomenon is known as chatter and in axial turning is characterized by long pitch helical bands on the workpiece surface and short pitch undulations on the transient machined surface. (4)The effectiveness of removing swarf. In discontinuous chip production machining, such as milling or turning of brittle materials, it is expected that the chip (swarf) will leave the cutting zone either under gravity or with the assistance of a jet of cutting fluid and that they will not influence the cut surface in any way. However, when continuous chip production is evident, unless steps are taken to control the swarf it is likely that it will impinge on the cut surface and mark it. Inevitably, this marking besides looking. (5)The effective clearance angle on the cutting tool. For certain geometries of minor cutting edge relief and clearance angles it is possible to cut on the major cutting edge and burnish on the minor cutting edge. This can produce a good surface finish but, of course, it is strictly a combination of metal cutting and metal forming and is not to be recommended as a practical cutting method. However, due to cutting tool wear, these conditions occasionally arise and lead to a marked change in the surface characteristics. Surface Finishing and Dimensional Control Products that have been completed to their proper shape and size frequently require some type of surface finishing to enable them to satisfactorily fulfill their function. In some cases, it is necessary to improve the physical properties of the surface material for resistance to penetration or abrasion. In many manufacturing processes, the product surface is left with dirt .chips, grease, or other harmful material upon it. Assemblies that are made of different materials, or from the same materials processed in different manners, may require some special surface treatment to provide uniformity of appearance. Surface finishing may sometimes become an intermediate step processing. For instance, cleaning and polishing are usually essential before any kind of plating process. Some of the cleaning procedures are also used for improving surface smoothness on mating parts and for removing burrs and sharp corners, which might be harmful in later use. Another important need for surface finishing is for corrosion protection in a variety of: environments. The type of protection procedure will depend largely upon the anticipated exposure, with due consideration to the material being protected and the economic factors involved. Satisfying the above objectives necessitates the use of main surface-finishing methods that involve chemical change of the surface mechanical work affecting surface properties, cleaning by a variety of methods, and the application