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湖 南 科 技 大 學(xué) 英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯 學(xué) 生 姓 名： 周 武 學(xué) 院： 機 電 工 程 學(xué) 院 專業(yè)及班級： 機 設(shè) 三 班 學(xué) 號： 1103010305 指 導(dǎo) 教 師： 鄧 朝 暉 2015 年 5 月 20 日 中文譯文 數(shù)控系統(tǒng)在平面磨床上應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展趨勢 現(xiàn)代工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中，中、小批量零件的生產(chǎn)占產(chǎn)品數(shù)量的比例越來越高，零件的復(fù)雜性和精度要求迅速提高，傳統(tǒng)的普通機床已經(jīng)越來越難以適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代化生產(chǎn)的要求，而數(shù)控機床具有高精度、高效率、一機多用，可以完成復(fù)雜型面加工過程的特點，特別是計算機技術(shù)的迅猛發(fā)展并廣泛應(yīng)用于數(shù)控系統(tǒng)中，數(shù)控裝置的主要功能幾乎全有軟件來實現(xiàn)，硬件幾乎能通用，從而使其更具加工柔性，功能更加強大。 制造業(yè)的競爭已從早期降低勞動力成本、產(chǎn)品成本，提高企業(yè)整體效率和質(zhì)量的競爭，發(fā)展到全面滿足顧客要求，積極開發(fā)新產(chǎn)品的競爭，將面臨知識—技術(shù)—產(chǎn)品的更新周期越來越短，產(chǎn)品批量越來越小，而對質(zhì)量、性能的要求更高，同時社會對環(huán)境保護(hù)、綠色制造的意識不斷加強。因此敏捷先進(jìn)的制造技術(shù)將成為企業(yè)贏得競爭和生存、發(fā)展的主要手段。計算機信息技術(shù)和制造自動化技術(shù)的結(jié)合越來越緊密，作為自動化柔性生產(chǎn)重要基礎(chǔ)的數(shù)控機床 .在生產(chǎn)機床中所占比例將越來越多。 數(shù)控平磨現(xiàn)狀及主要數(shù)控系統(tǒng) 平面磨床相對于機床、銑床等采用數(shù)控系統(tǒng)較晚，因為他對數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的特殊要求。近十幾年來，借助CNC技術(shù)，磨床上砂輪的連續(xù)休整，自動補償，自動交換砂輪，多工作臺，自動傳送和裝夾工件等操作工程得以實現(xiàn)，數(shù)控技術(shù)在平面磨床上的逐步普及。在今年漢諾威、東京、芝加哥、及國內(nèi)等大型機床展覽會上，CNC磨床在整個磨床展品已占大多數(shù)，如德國BLOHM公司，ELB公司等著名磨床制造廠已經(jīng)不再生產(chǎn)普通磨床，日本的岡本，日興等公司也成批生產(chǎn)全功能CNC平磨，在開發(fā)高檔數(shù)控平磨的同時，積極發(fā)漢中、低檔數(shù)控平磨。 前幾年德國ELB公司生產(chǎn)的BRILLIANT系列二坐標(biāo)CNC成型磨床，其垂直和橫向為數(shù)控軸，縱向為液壓控制，砂輪修整采用安裝在工作臺上的金剛石滾輪，適用范圍較廣；SUPER-BRILLIANT系列是三坐標(biāo)CNC平面和成型磨床，床身用天然花崗巖制成，幾何精度較高，導(dǎo)軌用直線滾動導(dǎo)軌，機械驅(qū)動無反沖，從而保證工件有較好的表面光潔度；BRILLIANT-FUTURE為以上二個系列的改進(jìn)產(chǎn)品，床身用人造花崗巖制成，縱向用靜壓導(dǎo)軌，齒形帶傳動，垂直和橫向都貴為預(yù)加荷直線滾動導(dǎo)軌，滾珠絲杠傳動，三軸CNC控制AC伺服電機，0.5um的測量分辨率。同時ELB公司開發(fā)了具有當(dāng)代最新技術(shù)的磨床產(chǎn)品，即以機電一體化和計算機技術(shù)為基礎(chǔ)的CAM-MASTER系列柔性加工單元，CAD-MASTER系列和COMPACT-MASTER系列磨削加工中心，控制軸最多可達(dá)24軸，另外由于全面推行模塊化設(shè)計，使專用磨床制造周期縮短，ELB公司還開發(fā)了多種高效專用磨床，如SFVGA100/2專用磨床，具有可傾斜磨頭，連續(xù)休整，緩進(jìn)給，斜切入磨削功能，用十一根CNC控制軸，如同一臺磨加工中心。同時還可以配用其他型號的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)，以滿足不同用戶的需求。 目前，隨著半導(dǎo)體集成度的不斷提高，新推出的系統(tǒng)在外形上越來越小，結(jié)構(gòu)上越來越緊湊，功能上增加了遠(yuǎn)程通訊，遠(yuǎn)程診斷，多機聯(lián)網(wǎng)等等；操作界面向WINDOWS系統(tǒng)靠近，增加鼠標(biāo)，遙控器等操作件，F(xiàn)ANUC公司今年主要推出18I,16I,.20I，21I系統(tǒng)，SIEMENS是840D、810D、803D均為結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊型系統(tǒng)。還有一些廠商如：臺灣精密機械研究發(fā)展中心開發(fā)的PA800NT系列CNC控制器，就使用了WINDOWS NC操作系統(tǒng)，和NT及時多工處理核心，單節(jié)程序處理速度達(dá)2000塊/秒，單節(jié)預(yù)讀處理數(shù)可達(dá)1000塊，具有AART（預(yù)適應(yīng)調(diào)節(jié)技術(shù)）及參數(shù)最佳化學(xué)習(xí)功能，可使跟隨誤差趨近于零，軟件加工路徑濾波器可降低切削過程中，因加速度變化過大所產(chǎn)生的機械共振，從而改善表面粗超度；配用伺服靈活，具備+，- 10V類比伺服界面，同時提供國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的SERCOS數(shù)字伺服通訊界面；PLC程序設(shè)計有梯形圖，結(jié)構(gòu)語句、功能塊、指令碼、流程圖等五種語法，便于設(shè)計、溝通和維護(hù)；具有計算機遠(yuǎn)程通訊，即時遠(yuǎn)程維護(hù)功能；控制軸和主軸最多可擴展到64軸，I/O可擴展到792/528點，采用奔騰處理器，高度PLC處理速度達(dá)到25K。 還有的平磨制造廠雖然采用數(shù)控主機廠的系統(tǒng)，但自行開發(fā)軟件，使用之更適合平面和成型磨削，如德國JUNG公司以西門子SINUMERIK810為基礎(chǔ)，采用該公司專用軟件，用JUNG KONTUR編程語言對砂輪進(jìn)行成型修整，并有圖形輔助操作功能。日本岡本公司在FANUC公司數(shù)控系統(tǒng)硬件上，開發(fā)了OPL語言用于磨削加工，等等。 當(dāng)今直線電機、動平衡技術(shù)、工藝的日益發(fā)展應(yīng)有，又大大提高了機床的工效，適宜的測量技術(shù)應(yīng)用對數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)利用，增強機床的電器自動化控制功能如虎添翼。 一種替代無心磨床技術(shù)，即通過進(jìn)給使用平面磨床無心磨床。在新的方法，一個緊湊的無心磨床單位，導(dǎo)板，超聲波履帶，一個刀片，其各自持有人組成，安裝在一個平面磨床工作臺，并通過進(jìn)給的無心磨床操作執(zhí)行導(dǎo)板位于工件被送入空間之間的砂輪和超聲波履帶。超聲波履帶，粘接到金屬彈性體的壓電陶瓷器件生產(chǎn)，在小角度傾斜，以便提供足夠的力量來控制工件的旋轉(zhuǎn)運動，并沿其軸線養(yǎng)活超聲波橢圓振動的工件。在本文中，工件的運動控制測試進(jìn)行首先要確保工件轉(zhuǎn)速和通過進(jìn)給率可以完全控制超聲波履帶，這是進(jìn)行高精度磨削操作是必不可少的。然后，主要工藝參數(shù)，如工件的偏心角，切削，超聲波履帶傾斜角度的加工精度（即工件的圓柱和工件的圓度）施加電壓幅度的影響進(jìn)行了澄清實驗。所獲得的結(jié)果表明：（1）工件轉(zhuǎn)速可以通過改變外加電壓幅度調(diào)整，而其通過進(jìn)給率可以通過改變施加電壓的幅度和超聲波履帶傾斜角度調(diào)整;（2）最佳偏心角為6°，一個更大的切削，一個較小的傾斜角度，或更高的外加電壓是更好地為更高的加工精度;（3）工件的圓柱度和圓度從初始值16.63μm和14.86μm的改善最后的最佳磨削條件下的1.49微米和0.74微米。? 另一方面，履帶型無心磨床也有吸引了來自工業(yè)和學(xué)術(shù)界的關(guān)注。設(shè)計了一個平面真空靜水履帶增加高精度應(yīng)用的負(fù)載能力和剛度履帶無心磨床。楊等人。提出了動態(tài)模型展示靜水的成效為提高穩(wěn)定性的履帶。調(diào)查履帶無心磨床的基礎(chǔ)夾具機制系統(tǒng)，并提出了一個理論模型來預(yù)測駕駛粉磨系統(tǒng)解決夾具穩(wěn)定的能力。開發(fā)的2-D幾何模型預(yù)測履帶無心磨床的凸角的生成和與模型分析了磨削過程。? 從生產(chǎn)成本角度來看，兩種類型的無心磨床是非常適合為小品種和largevolume的生產(chǎn)，因為裝載/卸載工件是非常容易和快速。然而，無心磨床一種特殊用途的機器和比較昂貴的，把它在缺點為大品種和小批量的生產(chǎn)，近年來迅速增加的需求。作為一種解決方案這個問題。?（2005年）提出一個新的無心磨床技術(shù)，可以在執(zhí)行平面磨床，以前。這種方法是基于概念超聲波履帶無心磨床由吳等人開發(fā)的。?（2003年，2004年）。的方法，一個緊湊的單元為主的超聲波橢圓振動履帶，一個刀片，其各自持有人安裝在一個平面磨床工作臺。該函數(shù)超聲波履帶是結(jié)合舉行的圓柱形工件與刀片，并控制工件轉(zhuǎn)速其上端面的橢圓運動。? 根據(jù)磨削工件的相對運動車輪，三種類型無心磨床操作執(zhí)行中所提出的方法：切線，進(jìn)給類型，進(jìn)給類型，并通過進(jìn)給類型。切向進(jìn)給類型（2010年）創(chuàng)建的，考慮到模型2-D磨床加工系統(tǒng)，以澄清工件的彈性變形四舍五入的過程和工藝參數(shù)的影響工件的圓度，模擬實驗證實結(jié)果。進(jìn)一步，吳某和徐某（2010）提出了一個實際為增加材料去除率，而最終的工件圓度保持在切向進(jìn)料型的高層次的方法。在進(jìn)給類型，徐和吳（2011）實驗證實它的性能提出了一個模擬的方法預(yù)測工件四舍五入過程。得到的仿真和實驗結(jié)果表明，在偏心角時為6°，高加工精度可以得到下一個較低的砂輪進(jìn)給速度，更大的切削和更快的工件旋轉(zhuǎn)速度。本文件的目的是驗證進(jìn)給型無心磨床平面磨床上進(jìn)行。為此，首先相應(yīng)的實驗裝置通過進(jìn)給類型無心磨床是構(gòu)建通過修改其次是現(xiàn)有相切的進(jìn)給類型工件運動控制測試，以確保工件轉(zhuǎn)速和進(jìn)給通過率可以完全控制超聲波的履帶，以實現(xiàn)高精度研磨作業(yè)。一旦工件的干涉順時針旋轉(zhuǎn)砂輪磨的實際行動開始，在軸向送入工件轉(zhuǎn)速的NW砂輪的方向，在一個的VFA通過進(jìn)給率。一旦工件通過修整面積，所需的股票去除率達(dá)到和火花的過程開始，直到它失去與砂輪的接觸。此外，刀片是楔形頂角（通常稱為葉片角度）和價值60度一般設(shè)置在最佳的工件上哈里森和皮爾斯（2004）四舍五入狀況證明。? 英文原文 Digital system in the horizontal grinder application of the status quo and development Modern industrial production,small and large parts for the production of products of the increasing proportion of parts complexity and precision requirements rapidy increase , the traditional general machine tools has become increasingly difficult to met the requirements of modern production ,and a high-precision CNC machine tools,high-efficiency,the use of a manchine can complete comple type face processing characteristics ,in particular the rapid development of computer technology and the widespread use of digital systems,digital devices from almost all major software functions to achieve ,almost to a hardware ,thereby making it more flexible processing ,functional stronger. Manufacturing competition from lower labour costs early, product cost and improve their overall efficiency and qualitiy of competition ,to meet customer demands comprehensive ,actively develop new products competitive ,will face knowledge—technical—updated products has become shorter and shorter, an increasing number of small products, and the quality ,performance requirements are higher ,Meanwhile community to environmental protection ,the growing awareness of green manufacturing .therefore advanced manufacturing technology will be quickly won the competition and survival of the enterprise ,the principal means of development .Computer information technology and manufacturing automation tas an important foundation for digital machine in the production of machine tools to share more. First digital Ping finds the status quo and digital systems primaril 3First, digital ping finds the status quo and digital systems primarily . Horizontal grinder compared to the lathe,milling machine,using digital systems later,the special requirements because of its digital sustems.In the past decade,with the technical facility,grinder,the grinding wheel for repair,automatic compensation,automatic exchange grinding wheel,and more workstations,such as automatic transmission and Zhuangjia working inoperable realized,and digital technology in the horizontal grinder ,gradually spread.In recent Hanover,Tokyo,Chicago,and other large domestic machine tool exhibition,CNC grinder throughout the grinder,for the majority of the exhibits,such as Germany Blohm company ELB conpanies such famous grinder factories no longer proudce ordinary grinder Japanese Forces,Japan,low digital ping himself. German production company a few years ago ELB brilliant series two Coordinates facility shaped grinder,the vertical and horizontal axis for digital,vertical for hydraulic control,grinding wheel repair work platform installed in a roller diamonds,the application of brodader;SUPER-BRILLIANT series is one-dimensional and shaped grinder Ssnzuobiao facility,the beds are manufactured using natural granite,high geometric accuracy,slide away from straight rolling guide,driving without recoiling machinery,thus ensuring a better working surface smoothness;BRILIANT-FUTURE series of improvements to the above two products,using artificial granite bed was produced by static pressure vertical guide,Chixing belt transmission,vertical and horizontal guide for pre reinforced straight rolling guide,Gunzhusigang transmission,three-axis CNC control AC servo electrical,measuring 0.5m 16ug image.ELB company has also developed the latest Technology grinder contemporary products,and integration with computer and technology-based series of soft skills CAM-MASTER processing modules CAD-MASTER series and COMPACT-MASTER series grinding processing center,a maximum of up to 24 axis control axis,As the full implementation of modular Design and anufacture of dedicated grinder cycle shortened ELB company has also developed a variety of highly efficient dedicated grinder ,such as SFVG100/2 dedicated grinder ,which will tilt Motou ,continuous improvements, toease into ,processing center . British and Amrrican companies JONES&SHIPMAN A-B company developed A-B8600 digital systems for igital FORMAT5 type ping himself form the facility hydraulic control valves ,driven vertical movement can be governor, to the use of horizontal and Motou into Gunzhusigang deputy ,Electrical DC servo –driven, intermittent style grinding wheel repair ,CRT graphics simulation showed .Also be used with other types of digital systems to meet different user requirements. Currently ,the semiconductor master degrees continual incrase in the newly introduced system in the appearance of smaller ,more compact strccture functions increased distance ommuications ,remote diagnosis ,multiple plane networking etc ;Interface to the Window operating system to increase the mouse .remote operation of vehicles .Fanuc major company this year launched 18,16I,20I,21Isystem Siemens is 840D,810D,802D are tight structure type system .There are a number of manufacturers such as : Taiwan Precision CNC controls on the use of the window operating system of NC ,and NT immediate multi-processing core ,single-section procedures for processing speed 2000 pieces /s,single-section pre-1000 time to deal with a few pieces ,with Aart (pre –adaptation technologies) and the parameters of the best learing function would follow error convergence to zero , the software processing path filter to reduce maching process generated by the acceleration changes excessive mechanical resonance ,thereby improving surface roughness ; with the use of servo flexible ,with+, -10v analogy servo interface It also provides international standards SERCOS digital servo communications interface design Tixingtu ；PLC procedures ,structure expressions, functional pieces ,instructions code ,flowcharts , five facilitate design, communication and maintenance; long-range communications with the computer, instant remote maintenance functions; control can be extended to a maximum axle and spindle axis 64. I/O points which can be expanded to 792/528 point, the introduction of Pentium processors, high-speed Plc processing speed to 25K.There grinding factory CNC system OEMs, but self-developed software, use it more suitable for flat and profile grinding, such as the German the JUNG company Siemens SINUMERIK810, based on using the company's proprietary software, programming Jung KONTUR Language molding trim wheel and graphics auxiliary operation. Okamoto, Japan FANUC CNC system hardware development the OPL language for grinding, and so on. Today's linear motor, balancing the increasing development of technology, process should greatly improve the ergonomics of the machine, the development and utilization of appropriate measurement techniques the application of numerical control system, enhance the machine's electrical automation control functions even more powerful. This paper presents an alternative centerless grinding machine technology, that is, through feed surface grinder centerless grinder. In the new method, a compact centerless grinder units, guides, ultrasonic crawler, a blade of their respective holders, mounted in a surface grinder table at the workpiece is fed into and through feed centerless grinding machine operation is performed guides the space between the grinding wheel and the ultrasonic crawler. Ultrasonic crawler, the metal elastic body is bonded to the piezoelectric ceramic production, inclined at a small angle in order to provide sufficient strength to control the rotational movement of the workpiece, and feed the ultrasonic elliptical vibration of the workpiece along its axis. In this article, the movement of the workpiece control we must first ensure that the workpiece speed and feed rate can completely control the ultrasonic crawler, which is a high-precision grinding operation is essential. Then, the main process parameters, such as the eccentric angle of the workpiece, the cutting, the ultrasonic crawler inclination angle of the machining accuracy of the applied voltage amplitude (i.e., the roundness of the cylindrical workpiece and the workpiece) were clarified experiment. The results obtained show that: (1) the workpiece rotational speed can be adjusted by changing the amplitude of the applied voltage, by feedrate can be changed by applying a voltage magnitude and the ultrasonic crawler inclination angle of adjustment; (2) the top of the eccentric angle of 6 °, a larger cutting a smaller inclination angle, or the higher the applied voltage is better for higher machining accuracy; (3) and roundness of cylindrical workpiece from the initial value 16.63μm 14.86μm improvement Finally, the optimum grinding conditions under 1.49 microns and 0.74 microns. On the other hand, crawler-type centerless grinder also attracted the attention from industry and academia. designed the vacuum of hydrostatic crawler increase load capacity and stiffness of the track centerless grinding machine for high-precision applications in a plane. proposed the effectiveness of the dynamic model display hydrostatic crawler improve stability. survey tracked the basis of centerless grinder fixture mechanism system, and presents a theoretical model to predict driving grinding system the ability to resolve the fixture stable. In addition, developed a 2-D geometric model forecast track centerless grinder lobe generation and model analysis of the grinding process. From the production cost point of view, the two types of the centerless grinding machine is very suitable for the production of small species and largevolume the loading / unloading of the workpiece is very easy and fast. However, the centerless grinding machine a special-purpose machines and more expensive, it disadvantages a large variety and small batch production, in recent years, the rapid increase in demand. As a solution to this problem, the authors propose a new centerless grinding machine technology, you can perform surface grinder before. This method is based on the concept of ultrasonic crawler centerless grinding machine developed by Wu et al. (2003, 2004). Method, a compact unit based ultrasonic elliptical vibration crawler, a blade of their respective holders installed on a surface grinder table. This function ultrasonic crawler cylindrical workpiece is held in conjunction with the blade and control the workpiece speed on the end face of the elliptical motion. According to the relative movement of the workpiece grinding wheel, three types of centerless grinding operation is performed in the proposed method type: tangent feed type, feed type, and through the feed. The tangential feed type, Xu. (2010) created, taking into account the model 2-D grinding machine, in order to clarify the elastic deformation of the workpiece rounding process and process parameters workpiece roundness, simulation experiments confirm the results. Further, Wu and Xu (2010) proposed an actual increase in the material removal rate, and the final roundness maintained in the tangential feed of the high-level method. Feed type, Xu and Wu (2011) experiments confirmed its performance a simulated forecastWorkpiece rounding process. The simulation and experimental results obtained show that the eccentric angle 6 °, high machining accuracy can be obtained under a lower grinding wheel feed rate, the greater the cutting and faster workpiece rotation speed. The purpose of this document is to verify that feed type centerless grinder surface grinder. To do this, first the corresponding experimental device through the feed type centerless grinding machine is constructed by modifying the second is the existing tangent to feed type workpiece motion control tests to ensure that the speed of the workpiece and into the pass rate can completely control ultrasonic crawler, achieve high-precision grinding operations. Then grinding the actual operation carried out to clarify the effects of the main process parameters, such as the eccentric workpiece stock removal, ultrasonic crawler tilt angle and perspective applied voltage, the amplitude of the machining accuracy, i.e. the cylindrical workpiece round. 2. Surface grinder feed centerless grinding operation principles. Figure 1 illustrates the principle of operation through feed centerless grinding method and detailed experimental device construction. Establish the instrument by installing the grinding unit, composed of an ultrasonic elliptical vibration, the holders of the track, blades and holders, guide plate and the bottom plate to a surface grinder table. Grinding units, the crawler sub-structure bonding the piezoelectric device ceramic (PZT) separated the two electrodes (a and b) to the metal elastomer stainless steel (SUS 304). When both A (AC) signal phase difference (VA = the VP-PSIN (2 feet), VB = VP-PSIN (2 ft +), wherein (more than 20 kHz frequency f and VP-P) and the amplitude AC voltage) application of piezoelectric ceramics, bending and longitudinal ultrasonic vibration is very pleased to ultrasonic crawler. The synthetic vibration displacement in both directions, create an oval face metal elastomer (2005) motion. Therefore, the friction between the ultrasonic track the movement of the workpiece, the elliptical motion can be controlled through the workpiece. Constraints between the workpiece, the grinding wheel, the relative position of the blade and ultrasonic crawler wheel To determine ? eccentric angle (see Figure 1 (a)). When the ultrasonic crawler is parallel to the grinding wheel axis, i.e. gamma = 0 ° (hereinafter referred to as the tilt angle), the crawler generated by the frictional force FF between the workpiece and the ultrasonic elliptical motion in the x direction only, and is used to control the rotational movement of the workpiece, In the tangential feed type (Wu et al, 2005; Xu et al, 2010), and the feed type (2011) centerless grinder, so that the circumferential speed of the workpiece the same as the track surface of the end face of the bending vibration velocity. However, through the feed type centerless grinding the workpiece need not only rotational movement, but also through the feed motion along the z-direction, and therefore the ultrasonic crawler is, in a small angle of inclination, i.e. gamma ≠ 0 (see Figure 1 (a)), to provide adequate components FFA, friction, to control the workpiece through the feed motion. As can be seen, in traditional feed centerless grinder small taper lead size grinding wheel across a greater area of ??the wheel major stock removal shown in FIG. 1 (b), wherein the the trimming depth and HD trimming length. After the wheel, set at a given distance from the ultrasonic crawler track on the end face, the workpiece is located in the space between the grinding wheel and the ultrasonic crawler guides and Fed. Once the interference with the workpiece clockwise rotation of the actual action of the grinding wheel in the axial direction into the NW direction of the wheel speed of the workpiece in a VFA feed rate. Once the workpiece through the trimming area, the desired stock removal rate and the spark process begins, until it loses contact with the grinding wheel. In addition, the blade is wedge angle (often referred to as the blade angle) and the value of 60 degrees is generally set in the best workpiece Harrison and Pierce (2004) rounded prove. Experimental apparatus and the workpiece motion control test. - 10 -