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專題二 定語(yǔ)從句 一．三個(gè)概念 1. 定義：用來(lái)修飾某個(gè)名詞、代詞或整個(gè)句子的從句就叫做定語(yǔ)從句。如： The man you talked about is our headmaster. 你們剛才所談?wù)摰哪莻€(gè)人是我們的校長(zhǎng) This is the bike my father gave me as my birthday present. 這是我父親送給我作為生日禮物的自行車。 The tree whose leaves are red was planted last year. 那棵紅色葉子的樹是去年栽的 2. 先行詞：定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的詞就叫做先行詞，它一般是由名詞、代詞或句子充當(dāng)。如： The boy who is singing at the stage is only nine years old. 在舞臺(tái)上唱歌的那個(gè)男孩今年才九歲。 Anyone who is willing to help others is welcome to our group. 歡迎任何愿意幫助他人的人參加我們的組織。 His mother is out of danger,which excites their family very much. 他母親脫離了危險(xiǎn)，這件事情使他們家興奮不已。 3. 關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞就叫做關(guān)系詞。根據(jù)關(guān)系詞的用法不同，關(guān)系詞又分關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞，其中關(guān)系代詞有that, which, who, whom, whose, as, but等，關(guān)系副詞有where, when, why等。關(guān)系詞既起連接先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句的作用，又在從句中作某個(gè)成分。如： Lee is one of the students who are working very hard. 李是一個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)非常努力的學(xué)生。 There is nobody but knows you here. 這兒沒(méi)有不認(rèn)識(shí)你的人。(but=who...not) He led us to a place where we have never been before. 他把我們帶到以前從未去過(guò)的地方。 二．如何把兩個(gè)句子合為含有定從的復(fù)合句。 1.The students are working hard. 2. Lee is one of the students. 步驟 1.兩個(gè)句中相同的詞（the students）； 2.把用作定語(yǔ)從句的句中的那個(gè)詞變?yōu)殛P(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞，不管它在句中擔(dān)當(dāng)什么成分都要用在句首； 3.把這個(gè)含有關(guān)系詞的從句放到另一句中相同的詞后，定語(yǔ)從句是后置定語(yǔ)。 Lee is one of the students who are working hard. 再看兩個(gè)句子: This is the factory. I once worked in the factory. This is the factory (which) I once worked in. 也可以是：This is the factory where/in which I once worked. 三．關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞基本用法 根據(jù)關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中的不同用法，可分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞主要有who, whom, which, that, whose等，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等；關(guān)系副詞主要有when, where, why等，在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)。具體用法如下： 當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，若它在從句中作主語(yǔ)，則用who；若它在從句作賓語(yǔ)，則用whom或who；若它在從句中作定語(yǔ)，則用whose。如： The man who told me this refused to tell me his name.告訴我這事的人不肯告訴我他的名字。 The woman whose umbrella you took is very angry about it.你拿了那個(gè)女人的傘，她非常生氣。 有時(shí)關(guān)系代詞用that不用which，大致有如下幾種情況： 1.當(dāng)先行詞本身是all, everything, anything, nothing, none, little, few等代詞時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞原則上用that，不用which，例如： InChina, parents always do everythingthatthey can to support their children.在中國(guó)，父母總是盡他們所能來(lái)?yè)狃B(yǎng)孩子。 I did nothingthatmight hurt you.我沒(méi)有做任何可能傷害你的事。 Allthatglitters is not gold.閃光的東西并非都是金子。 2.當(dāng)先行詞被all, every, no, little, few, the only, the very, the right（恰當(dāng)?shù)模? the last, the same等修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞原則上用that，不用which，例如： Chatting is the only thingthatinterests her most.聊天是她唯一感興趣的事情。 These messages are the very onesthatI have been looking for.這些就是我一直在尋找的信息。 This is the last thingthatI want to do.這是我最不愿意做的事情。 3.當(dāng)先行詞本身是序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)，以及被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞原則上用that，不用which，例如： It was the largest mapthatI ever saw.那是我見過(guò)的最大的地圖。 When it comes toJinan, the firstthatcomes to mind is the spring water.談到濟(jì)南時(shí)，首先想到的就是泉水。 有時(shí)定語(yǔ)從句只能用which引導(dǎo)。 1.非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。如： The river, which flows throughLondon, is called theThames.這條流經(jīng)倫敦的河叫泰晤士河。 2.which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，它在從句中主要用作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，但有時(shí)也可用作定語(yǔ)，在意義上大致相當(dāng)于this或that。如： We told him to consult the doctor, which advice he took.我們叫他去看醫(yī)生，他聽取了我們的勸告。 He is studying economics, which knowledge is very important today.他學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)，這種知識(shí)現(xiàn)今很重要。 3. 介詞后只能用which Water is the natural medium in which fish live.水是魚類賴以生存的自然環(huán)境。(注意搭配live in) This is our classroom, in the front of which there is a teacher’s desk.這是我們的教室，前面有老師的講臺(tái)。(注意搭配in the front of our classroom) 注意: 有時(shí)可以見到“介詞+關(guān)系代詞+不定式”這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)（可視為一種緊縮的定語(yǔ)從句）。比較： She must have time in which to grow calm.=She must have time in which she can grow calm.她必須有冷靜下來(lái)時(shí)的時(shí)間。 She had some money in the bank, with which to help her mother.=She had some money in the bank, with which she could help her mother.她銀行里有些錢用來(lái)幫助她的母親。 關(guān)系代詞as用于引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句，必須與such, as, the same，so連用，其意為“像……的”“凡是……的”“……一類的人(物)”。如： He is not such a man as would leave his work half done.他并不是一個(gè)做事半途而廢的人。 You must show my wife the same respect as you show me.你必須對(duì)我妻子表現(xiàn)出與對(duì)我同樣的敬重。 He smokes as expensive a cigarette as he can afford.他抽一種他買得起的最貴的煙。 也可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，根據(jù)情況可位于主句之前或之后，有時(shí)也可插在主句中間，其意為“這件事”“這一點(diǎn)”。如： He is late, as is often the case.他遲到了，這是經(jīng)常的事。 As is usual with children, they soon got tired.孩子們一貫如此，他們很快就厭倦了。 關(guān)系副詞主要有when, where, why等，在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)，分別表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和原因。when主要放在time, day, years, season, age, occasion等時(shí)間的名詞后；where主要放在place, city, town, village, house等地點(diǎn)名詞后；why則通常只放在reason后。如： Wednesday is the day when the shops are not open in the afternoon.星期三下午商店不開門。 Give me one reason why we should help you.給我舉出一個(gè)我們應(yīng)當(dāng)幫助你的理由。 要特別注意，activity,case, point, even, situation, job, organization, position等抽象名詞后接where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的用法(這是近幾年高考的一個(gè)新熱點(diǎn))。如： I don’t want a job where I’m chained to a desk all day.我不想找一份整天坐辦公桌前的工作。 Today, we’ll discuss a number of cases where beginners of English fail to use the language properly.今天，我們將討論一些英語(yǔ)初學(xué)者對(duì)英語(yǔ)使用不當(dāng)?shù)膯?wèn)題。 The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point where he can walk correctly and safely.治療將會(huì)持續(xù)到病人可以正常且安全地行走。 If you risk something important, you cause it to be in a dangerous situation where you might lose it.你如果拿重要的東西去冒險(xiǎn)，那你就是將它置于一種可能會(huì)失去它的危險(xiǎn)境地。 一. 用定語(yǔ)從句改寫下列句子： The freezing Northeast hasn’t been a terribly fun place to spend time this winter The freezing Northeast hasn’t been a terribly fun place________ this winter. The market, founded in 1979, sets up its tents every Saturday from 7:00 am to 1 p.m. --- The market, _______ in 1979, sets up its tents every Saturday from 7:00 am to 1 p.m 3. The treatment will continue until the patient can walk correctly and safely. ---The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point___________ walk correctly and safely. 4. The airs for us to breathe is getting dirtier and dirtier. --- The airs ______ is getting dirtier and dirtier. 5. We must find ways to protect our environment -- We must find ways______ protect our environment 6. It is well known that the moon moves around the earth. -- ________, the moon moves around the earth. 7. Football is played in more than 100 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world. --Football is played in more than 100 countries, ___________ the most popular sport in the world. 8. I know these people. They are all very friendly. --Such people ________ are all very friendly. 9. He wouldn’t give the reason for his decision. --He wouldn’t give the reason ______ made the decision. 10. Do you still remember the day? We first met in a park on the day. ----Do you still remember the day ____? 二．翻譯下列句子，必須用定語(yǔ)從句。 1. 他把他寫的文章拿給我看。 2. 星期日是沒(méi)什么人上班的日子。 3. 我想找到一個(gè)可以和我談書和音樂(lè)的人。 4. 這是一座島，名字我忘了?！　? 5. 我碰到一個(gè)人，他說(shuō)認(rèn)識(shí)你。 6. 他改變了主意，這使我很生氣。 7. 這故事跟我昨天從她那兒聽到的一樣。 8. 眾所周知，月球每月繞地球轉(zhuǎn)一周。 9. 在那兒，孩子們有個(gè)可以玩耍的花園。 10. 她寫過(guò)許多書，但沒(méi)有一本是受歡迎的。 感受背景文化 Noahs Ark and the Flood - Story Summary: God saw how great evil had become and decided to wipe mankind from the face of the earth. However, one righteous (正直的) man among all the people of that time, Noah, found favor in Gods eyes. With very specific instructions, God told Noah to build an ark for him and his family in preparation for a catastrophic（毀滅性的）flood that would destroy every living thing on earth. God also instructed Noah to bring into the ark two of all living creatures, both male and female, and seven pairs of all the clean animals, along with every kind of food to be stored for the animals and his family while on the ark. Noah obeyed everything God commanded him to do. After they entered the ark, rain fell on the earth for a period of forty days and nights. The waters flooded the earth for a hundred and fifty days, and every living thing on the face of the earth was wiped out. As the waters drew back, the ark came to rest on the mountains of Ararat. Noah and his family continued to wait for almost eight more months while the surface of the earth dried out. Finally after an entire year, God invited Noah to come out of the ark. Immediately, he built an altar（祭壇） and worshiped the Lord with burnt offerings from some of the clean animals. God was pleased with the offerings and promised never again to destroy all the living creatures as he had just done. Later God established a covenant（圣約）with Noah: "Never again will there be a flood to destroy the earth." As a sign of this everlasting covenant God set a rainbow in the clouds. Points of Interest from the Story: ? Gods purpose in the flood was not to destroy people, but to destroy wickedness and sin. ? With more detail in Genesis（起源）7:2-3, God instructed Noah to take seven pairs of every kind of clean animal, and two of every kind of unclean animal. Bible scholars have calculated that approximately 45,000 animals might have fit on the ark. ? Genesis 7:16 interestingly points out that God shut them in the ark, or "closed the door," so to speak. ? The ark was exactly six times longer than it was wide. According to the Life Application Bible study notes, this is the same ratio（比率）used by modern ship builders. ? In modern times researchers continue to look for evidence of Noahs Ark. Check out this article by Joe Kovacs from WorldNetDaily.com on the "Ararat Anomaly." Question for Reflection: Noah was righteous and blameless, but he was not sinless (see Genesis 9:20-21). Noah pleased God and found favor because he loved and obeyed God with his whole heart. As a result, Noahs life was an example to his entire generation. Although everyone around him followed the evil in their hearts, Noah followed God. Does your life set an example, or are you negatively influenced by the people around you?  專題二 定語(yǔ)從句 一．1. where we/you/people can spend time 2. which was founded 3. where he can 4. (that/which) we breathe 5. in which we can 6. As is well known, 7. which makes it 8. as I know 9. why he had 10. when/on which we first met in a park 二．翻譯 1. He showed me the article that he had written. 2. Sunday is the day when very few people go to work. 3. I wanted to find someone with whom I could discuss books and music. 4. It was an island whose name I have forgotten. 5. I met someone who said he knew you. 6. He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 7. It’s the same story as I heard from her yesterday. 8. As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. 9. There the children have a garden in which they can play.(There the children have a garden in which to play.) 10. She wrote a lot of novels, none of which were popular.