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專題三 破繭成蝶 秒殺語(yǔ)法填空 第一節(jié) 高屋建瓴——整體把握 語(yǔ)篇型語(yǔ)法填空題旨在考查考生在閱讀理解的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)的掌握情況,著重考查考生的綜合語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力。其“突出語(yǔ)篇,強(qiáng)調(diào)運(yùn)用”的命題思路,不僅充分體現(xiàn)了語(yǔ)言測(cè)試的交際性原則,也很好地體現(xiàn)了高中英語(yǔ)課程改革的教學(xué)理念,要求考生需對(duì)常用語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目的基本概念、用法等掌握清楚,如:明白什么時(shí)候用冠詞,哪些是從句,要填的詞的詞性是什么,是否是固定搭配,所填的詞是否符合文章的主題、上下文邏輯等。 做語(yǔ)篇型語(yǔ)法填空需具備以下能力:①閱讀理解短文的能力;②分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)的能力;③熟練運(yùn)用語(yǔ)法的能力;④單詞拼寫的能力。語(yǔ)篇型語(yǔ)法填空的考查范圍: 1.語(yǔ)境(上下文); 2.句法、詞法:動(dòng)詞(時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、虛擬語(yǔ)氣、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、主謂一致、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞)、名詞單復(fù)數(shù)、代詞、冠詞、介詞、復(fù)合句、形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)/最高級(jí)及構(gòu)詞法、特殊句式等。 [命題規(guī)律——知趨向] 1.材料字?jǐn)?shù):短文體一般約200詞,對(duì)話體一般約180詞。難度適中,符合高中中等學(xué)生的閱讀水平。 2.考查形式分為給出提示詞和不給提示詞兩種。 ①給出提示詞的包括:詞形的轉(zhuǎn)換(名詞與動(dòng)詞的轉(zhuǎn)換,形容詞與副詞的轉(zhuǎn)換等);形容詞比較級(jí)與最高級(jí)的變化;名詞單復(fù)數(shù)的變化;動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)及詞形的變化等;②不給出提示詞的包括:根據(jù)上下文的語(yǔ)境填入冠詞、連詞、代詞、介詞以及助動(dòng)詞等。 3.挖空一般比較均勻,所要填空的地方不會(huì)影響學(xué)生對(duì)短文的理解。 [解題技巧——明方法] 1.語(yǔ)篇掌控為先:通讀全文、了解大意、弄清文章結(jié)構(gòu)。 篇章層面的理解主要包括文章主旨要義理解、作者觀點(diǎn)、意圖,句與句之間的關(guān)系以及時(shí)態(tài)變換等幾個(gè)方面。 2.句子分析為主:理解句意、分析結(jié)構(gòu)、找出成分、注意聯(lián)系。 分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)是答題過(guò)程中非常關(guān)鍵的一步。做題時(shí),首先確定句子的各個(gè)成分,還要注意各成分之間的聯(lián)系。此時(shí),要借助上下文的暗示或明示,確定需要填入詞語(yǔ)的詞性、形式和功能。 3.充分利用提示:有括號(hào)提示的空格可視作已知條件,要充分利用。 先著手填入有括號(hào)的詞語(yǔ),注意時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)和名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。所剩的空格越少,文章的大意越清晰,語(yǔ)法填空的難度也就相對(duì)降低。 4.注意短語(yǔ)和句型:對(duì)于一些固定短語(yǔ)和句型一定要熟記,這對(duì)于正確解題幫助很大。 5.勿忘復(fù)核檢查。 填空完成后要重讀全篇,仔細(xì)核查全文語(yǔ)法是否正確,語(yǔ)意是否通順,邏輯是否合理等。同時(shí)要注意檢查單詞拼寫是否正確,書寫是否規(guī)范,大小寫有無(wú)疏漏等細(xì)節(jié)。 [失分誤區(qū)——曉缺陷] 1.對(duì)文章結(jié)構(gòu)分析不清楚 2.對(duì)基礎(chǔ)語(yǔ)法掌握不準(zhǔn) 3.對(duì)詞匯的詞性變化反應(yīng)不敏感 4.忽視語(yǔ)篇語(yǔ)境和上下文的邏輯關(guān)系 5.對(duì)固定搭配和固定句型不熟悉 6.對(duì)元音、輔音音素判斷不清 閱讀下面材料,在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容(1個(gè)單詞)或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。 (2016高考全國(guó)乙卷) Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires,Asias biggest building,and fancy new hotels.But for tourists like me,pandas are its top 61 (attract). So it was a great honour to be invited backstage at the notforprofit Panda Base,where ticket money helps pay for research.I 62 (allow) to get up close to these cute animals at the 600acre centre.From tomorrow,I will be their UK ambassador.The title will be 63 (official) given to me at a ceremony in London. But my connection with pandas goes back 64 my days on a TV show in the mid1980s, 65 I was the first Western TV reporter 66 (permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.My ambassadorial duties will include 67 (introduce) British visitors to the 120plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research centre in the misty mountains of Bifengxia. On my recent visit,I held a lively threemonthold twin that had been rejected by 68 (it) mother.The nursery team switches him every few 69 (day) with his sister so that while one is being bottlefed, 70 other is with mum—she never suspects. [語(yǔ)篇解析] 本文是一篇記敘文。成都涌現(xiàn)出很多百萬(wàn)富翁、亞洲最大的建筑以及豪華酒店,但這對(duì)于作者這樣的游客來(lái)說(shuō),熊貓才是那里的魅力所在。作者與熊貓結(jié)下了不解之緣,被邀請(qǐng)擔(dān)任成都熊貓基地在英國(guó)宣傳大熊貓的大使,以前做記者時(shí),還拍攝過(guò)關(guān)愛(ài)熊貓的片子呢。 61.解析:考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換之動(dòng)詞變?yōu)槊~。形容詞top修飾空格處的名詞,attract的名詞形式是attraction,意思是“吸引人之物”。 答案:attraction 62.解析:考查時(shí)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。I與allow是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);又因上一句主句用過(guò)去時(shí),可確定此句也用過(guò)去時(shí)。故填was allowed。 答案:was allowed 63.解析:考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換之形容詞變?yōu)楦痹~??崭裉幮揎椷^(guò)去分詞given,故用副詞修飾。official的副詞形式是officially(官方地)。 答案:officially 64.解析:考查介詞。go back to追溯到,是固定搭配。句意:但是我和熊貓的淵源可以追溯到20世紀(jì)80年代中期我做一個(gè)電視節(jié)目的…… 答案:to 65.解析:考查從屬連詞。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,空格處所在的句子是定語(yǔ)從句。定語(yǔ)從句修飾前面的the mid1980s,且從句缺少時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),故用when引導(dǎo)該定語(yǔ)從句。 答案: when 66.解析:考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之過(guò)去分詞。reporter與permit是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故用過(guò)去分詞表被動(dòng)。過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)permitted to ...作后置定語(yǔ),修飾reporter。 答案:permitted 67.解析:考查動(dòng)名詞。此處用動(dòng)名詞作include的賓語(yǔ)。 答案:introducing 68.解析:考查代詞。mother是名詞,故此處填it的形容詞性物主代詞its。 答案:its 69.解析:考查名詞復(fù)數(shù)?!癳very few+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”意思是“每隔……”。every few days每隔幾天。 答案:days 70.解析:考查冠詞。one ...the other ...一個(gè)……另一個(gè)…… 答案:the A (2016山東省實(shí)驗(yàn)中學(xué)模擬) Id like to talk about the school system in Australia today.The school system in Australia does depend on 1. you go to a private school or a public school.In the state Im from,there are a lot of private schools,and generally they are singlesex high schools.The public high schools are generally 2. (mix).All of the private high schools insist that you should wear their school uniforms,3. that might mean 4. (wear)a school tie and a school jacket.However,the public high schools often give you a 5. (choose)of whether you want to wear a uniform or not.The school classes generally start anywhere 6. 8:30 and 9 oclock in the morning and run 7. 3:30 in the afternoon,and theyre followed by afterschool 8. (active)like sports and music and theater.The school year generally starts in the 9. (begin)of February,after our summer vacation,which lasts about six weeks around the Christmas period. The only thing I dont like about our school system is the idea of the difference in quality of education between the private and the public schools.It remains 10. (see)whether you can get a better education,even if you are in a private high school.Most of our public high schools are quite good. 【解題導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】 本文是一篇說(shuō)明文,主要介紹了澳大利亞目前的學(xué)校教育體制。 1.解析:whether。考查連詞。句意:澳大利亞的學(xué)校體制取決于你去的是私立學(xué)校還是公立學(xué)校。whether...or...意為“是……還是……”,符合語(yǔ)境。故填whether。 2.解析:mixed。考查語(yǔ)態(tài)。句意:公立高中通常是(男女)混合的。schools與mix之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),且空格前已有be動(dòng)詞are。故填mix的過(guò)去分詞mixed。 3.解析:and??疾檫B詞??崭袂昂髢删渲g是并列關(guān)系。故填and。 4.解析:wearing??疾榉侵^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。mean doing表示“意味著做”;mean to do表示“打算做”。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知,此處表示“意味著”的含義。故填wearing。 5.解析:choice。考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。冠詞后面常常接名詞,且此處指公立高中常常會(huì)給你一個(gè)選擇。故填choose的名詞形式choice。 6.解析:between。考查介詞。此處表示在8:30和9:00之間的某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)。between...and...為固定搭配,意為“在……與……之間”,符合語(yǔ)境。故填between。 7.解析:until/till??疾榻樵~。句意:學(xué)校通常在上午8:30到9:00之間開(kāi)始上課,一直上到下午3:30。根據(jù)句意可知,應(yīng)填until/till。 8.解析:activities。考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。根據(jù)空格后的“l(fā)ike sports and music and theater”可知,空格處應(yīng)用所給詞的名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式。故填activities。 9.解析:beginning。考查固定用法。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知,此處表示“二月初”。in the beginning of為固定用法,意為“在……開(kāi)始”。故填所給詞的名詞形式beginning。 10.解析:to be seen??疾榉侵^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句意:即使你在私立高中學(xué)習(xí),你是否就可以受到更好的教育,這還有待證實(shí)。remain to be seen意為“有待證實(shí)”,符合語(yǔ)境。故填to be seen。 B I am a student and parttime waitress in Chicago. 11. (grow) up,I was used to words such as “Dont talk to strangers”. As 12. result,I dont talk to unknown people at work except taking orders. One night,a little old man,probably in his eighties,came in. I took his order and went on my way. But I noticed that he came in week after week. Slowly,I began having short conversations with my new guest,13. name was Mr. Rodgers,but he insisted that I 14. him Don.I learned that he and his wife 15. (go) to dinner and a movie every Saturday. Since she had died,he carried on the tradition alone. I began looking forward to him 16. (come) in and telling me his movie reviews. As the 17. (week) went on I began to sit and really talk with Don. We talked about his wife,his days and his son. 18. (eventual),we began to talk about my dreams and studies. Since meeting Don,I have learned that strangers can become friends and that life can be 19. (much) enjoyable if I make friendly conversations. After all,I became more than just his waitress.I became 20. (he) friend,too. 【解題導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】 作者認(rèn)為我們應(yīng)該和陌生人說(shuō)話。通過(guò)與陌生人之間進(jìn)行意外的友好談話,我們的人生將會(huì)受到非比尋常的影響。 11.解析:Growing。考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句中邏輯主語(yǔ)為I,與grow up為主動(dòng)關(guān)系,故用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)。句意:從小到大,我一直習(xí)慣了諸如“別和陌生人說(shuō)話”這樣的話。 12.解析:a。考查冠詞。as a result“結(jié)果”,為固定短語(yǔ)。句意:結(jié)果,我不會(huì)和不認(rèn)識(shí)的人說(shuō)話。 13.解析:whose??疾槎ㄕZ(yǔ)從句。先行詞為new guest,在從句中作定語(yǔ),故用關(guān)系代詞whose。句意:我與我的新客人開(kāi)始了一些簡(jiǎn)短的對(duì)話,他叫羅杰斯。 14.解析:call/should call??疾樘摂M語(yǔ)氣。句中insist“堅(jiān)持要求”,后接從句用should+v.原形的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,should可以省略。句意:但他堅(jiān)持讓我稱他為唐。 15.解析:had gone??疾闀r(shí)態(tài)。根據(jù)前句可知這里用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。句意:我了解到他和妻子以前每個(gè)周六都會(huì)在外共進(jìn)晚餐,并且一起去看電影。 16.解析:coming??疾槎陶Z(yǔ)。look forward to“盼望”,為固定搭配,to為介詞。句意:我開(kāi)始盼望著他來(lái)就餐,告訴我他的電影觀后感。 17.解析:weeks??疾槊~。名詞week為可數(shù)名詞,故用復(fù)數(shù)形式。句意:時(shí)間一周一周地過(guò)去,我開(kāi)始坐下來(lái)認(rèn)真地和唐聊天。 18.解析:Eventually。考查副詞。eventually “最后”,注意首字母大寫。句意:后來(lái),我們開(kāi)始談我的宏圖大志,上學(xué)以及我對(duì)未來(lái)的期望。 19.解析:more??疾楸容^級(jí)。這里用比較級(jí)。句意:變得更快樂(lè)。 20.解析:his??疾榇~。名詞之前用代詞的所有格。句意:我可不只是他的服務(wù)員,我成了他的朋友。 C Plovdiv is situated in southcentral Bulgaria on the two banks of the Maritsa River. The city has historically developed on seven hills,some of 21. are 250m (820.21 ft) high. Because of these hills,Plovdiv is 22. (typical) referred to in Bulgaria as “The City of the Seven Hills”. Plovdivs history 23. (date) back to 6000 BC. Though originally it was 24. Thracian city,Plovdiv has been ruled by many empires over centuries. Later it 25. (conquer) by the Romans. Only in 1885 did the city become part of Bulgaria. Nowadays its the second 26. (large) city in Bulgaria and its a significant economic,educational and cultural centre. Plovdiv remains a popular 27. (choose) for vacation travel. I have been obsessed with the city 28. years.Last summer I was lucky 29. (spend) a couple of days in this city and I just fell in love with its narrow paved streets and neat beautiful houses! The Old Town is definitely worth 30. (see). It is overwhelmed with restaurants,workshops and museums that were previously famous houses. 【解題導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】 本文是說(shuō)明文。作者主要介紹了保加利亞的城市普羅夫迪夫的位置、歷史等信息,并提到了自己去這個(gè)城市旅游的經(jīng)歷。 21.解析:which??疾槎ㄕZ(yǔ)從句。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,這里是“不定代詞+介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,先行詞是hills,故用which。 22.解析:typically??疾楦痹~。通常普羅夫迪夫在保加利亞被稱為“七丘之城”。修飾動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該用副詞。typically意為“通常,典型地”。 23.解析:dates??疾闀r(shí)態(tài)。普羅夫迪夫的歷史可追溯到公元前6000年。date back to“追溯到,開(kāi)始于”,只用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),且不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 24.解析:a??疾楣谠~。盡管起初是一個(gè)色雷斯人的城市,但幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)普羅夫迪夫被很多帝國(guó)統(tǒng)治。根據(jù)句意可知,此處用不定冠詞表示泛指。 25.解析:was conquered??疾闀r(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)。后來(lái)普羅夫迪夫被羅馬人征服了。根據(jù)“Later”和下句用的一般過(guò)去時(shí)可知,此處也應(yīng)用一般過(guò)去時(shí),表示發(fā)生在過(guò)去的動(dòng)作,且it(指代Plovdiv)與conquer“征服”之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,所以用一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 26.解析:largest??疾樾稳菰~的最高級(jí)?,F(xiàn)在普羅夫迪夫是保加利亞的第二大城市。根據(jù)空前的“the second”可知,此處應(yīng)用形容詞large的最高級(jí)形式。 27.解析:choice??疾槊~。普羅夫迪夫仍然是一個(gè)受歡迎的度假旅游的選擇。由空前的“a popular”和空后的“for”可知,此處應(yīng)用名詞。choice“選擇”。 28.解析:for??疾榻樵~。由句中的“have been obsessed”以及“years”可知,此處用介詞for,表示一段時(shí)間。 29.解析:to spend??疾榉侵^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。去年夏天,我很幸運(yùn)在這個(gè)城市度過(guò)了幾天。本句是sb.be+adj.+to do sth.句型,故用不定式。 30.解析:seeing。考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。be worth doing“某事值得做”,此處動(dòng)名詞只能用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。 第二節(jié) 有根可尋——攻克提示類 1.括號(hào)內(nèi)提供的是動(dòng)詞 首先,判斷要填的動(dòng)詞是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞還是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。然后根據(jù)以下兩點(diǎn)進(jìn)行思考。 (1)若句中沒(méi)有別的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,或者雖然已有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,但需填的動(dòng)詞與之是并列關(guān)系時(shí),所給動(dòng)詞就是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞;若是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,就要考慮時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)。 【典例1】 (2016高考全國(guó)甲卷) Then,handle the most important tasks first so youll feel a real sense of 42 (achieve).Leaving the less important things until tomorrow 43 (be) often acceptable. 答案及剖析:42.achievement 考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換之動(dòng)詞變?yōu)槊~。介詞of后要用名詞形式,achieve的名詞形式是achievement。 43.is 考查時(shí)態(tài)和主謂一致。單個(gè)的動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)leaving ...作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式,又因?yàn)槲恼轮黧w時(shí)態(tài)是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),故填is。 (2)若句中已有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,但不是并列謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí),所給動(dòng)詞就是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞;若是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就要確定是v.ing形式,v.ed形式,還是不定式。確定的方法主要有:①作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí),通常用v.ing形式表示習(xí)慣或一般情況,用不定式表示具體情況;②作伴隨狀語(yǔ)時(shí),通常用分詞,若與邏輯主語(yǔ)之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,用現(xiàn)在分詞(v.ing);若是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,用過(guò)去分詞(v.ed);③作目的狀語(yǔ)、形容詞后的狀語(yǔ)時(shí),一般用不定式。 【典例2】 (2015高考全國(guó)卷Ⅱ) The adobe dwellings(土坯房) 41 (build)by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by ... 答案及剖析:built 1.由謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞are admired可知此處填非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞;2.adobe dwellings與build是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故用過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)。 【典例3】 (2015高考全國(guó)卷Ⅱ) ...a house without 44 (use) electric equipment. 答案及剖析:using 由空格前的介詞without可知空格處應(yīng)該使用動(dòng)名詞形式。 【典例4】 (2016高考全國(guó)甲卷) If you find something you love doing outside of the office,youll be less likely 49 (bring) your work home. 答案及剖析:to bring 考查動(dòng)詞不定式。be likely to do sth.可能做某事。句意:如果你發(fā)現(xiàn)在辦公室之外有喜歡做的事情,你把工作帶回家的可能性就小了。 【典例5】 (2016黑龍江哈爾濱模擬) My first football (compete)was in Nagoya,Japan several years ago. 答案及剖析:competition 提示詞雖是動(dòng)詞compete,但分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,句中缺少的是主語(yǔ),由名詞football修飾,故空處需用名詞形式,依據(jù)語(yǔ)意可知,此處表示“自己的第一次足球比賽”。 2.括號(hào)內(nèi)提供的是形容詞或副詞 (1)如果括號(hào)內(nèi)提供的是形容詞,一般是考查副詞,即要變成副詞形式;如果括號(hào)內(nèi)提供的是副詞,一般是考查形容詞,即要變成形容詞形式。 【典例1】 (2014高考全國(guó)卷Ⅰ) The river was so polluted that it 62 (actual)caught fire and burned. 答案及剖析:actually 提示詞為形容詞actual,分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,空處在句中修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞caught,故應(yīng)該用其副詞形式actually。 (2)有時(shí)也要根據(jù)語(yǔ)境判斷是否要變成名詞形式或否定含義。 【典例2】 (2016吉林長(zhǎng)春模擬) At last,her courage and (wise)impressed both the CEO and Princeton University. 答案及剖析:wisdom 提示詞為形容詞wise,分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,空處與前面的名詞courage是并列成分,一起在句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ),故要用其名詞形式wisdom。 (3)比較等級(jí) 通常有表示范圍的in/of介詞短語(yǔ)或形容詞前有the時(shí),一般要用最高級(jí);than的前面一定要用比較級(jí)。 【典例3】 (2016高考全國(guó)甲卷) If you feel stressed by responsibilities at work,you should take a step back and identify (識(shí)別) those of 41 (great) and less importance. 答案及剖析:greater 考查形容詞比較等級(jí)。and連接并列成分,由and后的less可知,空格處也要用形容詞的比較級(jí)。great的比較級(jí)是greater。 【典例4】 (2016貴州貴陽(yáng)模擬) One of the (bad)gift choices I ever made was for my high school English teacher ... 答案及剖析:worst 提示詞為形容詞bad,空處為one of the+名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式,表示“……其中之一”,范圍是三者或三者以上,因此形容詞需要用最高級(jí)形式worst。 3.括號(hào)內(nèi)提供的是名詞 (1)如果空格是在冠詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、不定代詞、名詞所有格或形容詞之后,則應(yīng)考慮填名詞。但不要忘記考慮名詞是否變復(fù)數(shù)。 【典例1】 (2014高考全國(guó)卷Ⅰ) While there are amazing stories of instant transformation,for most of us the 69 (change)are gradual and require a lot of effort and work,like cleaning up a polluted river. 答案及剖析:changes 提示詞為名詞change,根據(jù)本句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞部分是系動(dòng)詞are,說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)應(yīng)該是一個(gè)復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞,所以使用changes。 (2)當(dāng)括號(hào)內(nèi)提供的是名詞時(shí),還可能考查形容詞、副詞、動(dòng)詞等。 【典例2】 (2014高考全國(guó)卷Ⅰ) Just be 70 (patience). 答案及剖析:patient 提示詞為名詞patience,但空格前為系動(dòng)詞be,故應(yīng)用其形容詞形式在句中作表語(yǔ)。 【典例3】 (2015高考全國(guó)卷Ⅱ) As 49 (nature)architects,the Pueblo Indians figured out ... 答案及剖析:natural 結(jié)合空格后的architects可知應(yīng)該用形容詞作定語(yǔ),修飾名詞,因此填natural。 【典例4】 (2016河北唐山模擬) A certain man planted a rose and watered it (faith)and before it blossomed,he examined it. 答案及剖析:faithfully 提示詞為名詞faith,但空處在句中作狀語(yǔ),修飾動(dòng)詞watered,故應(yīng)用其副詞形式。注意:先將名詞faith變成形容詞faithful,然后再變成副詞faithfully。 4.詞性轉(zhuǎn)換題 詞性的判斷主要是通過(guò)分析句子的成分來(lái)確定。一般情況下可以作如下分析: (1)表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)一般由形容詞充當(dāng),有時(shí)也可以是動(dòng)名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞等。 【典例1】 (2014高考全國(guó)卷樣題) I made some sandwiches earlier and left them on the table when I went to answer the phone.But someone must have taken them because they’re (go). 答案及剖析:gone 提示詞為動(dòng)詞go,因空處在句中作表語(yǔ),故應(yīng)用其形容詞形式:gone adj.“離去的,不見(jiàn)的”。句意:因?yàn)槿髦尾灰?jiàn)了,所以肯定有人把它們拿走了。 (2)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子,作狀語(yǔ),用副詞形式。 【典例2】 Walls made of adobe take in the heat from the sun on hot days and give out that heat 45 (slow)during cool nights,thus warming the house. 答案及剖析:slowly 根據(jù)空格前的give out that heat可知,這里應(yīng)使用副詞修飾動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ),指緩慢地(slowly)釋放白天吸收的熱量。 (3)作主語(yǔ),或在及物動(dòng)詞或介詞后作賓語(yǔ),用名詞形式。 【典例3】 (2016寧夏銀川模擬) A new opera,written by a secondgeneration NigerianAmerican,tells the story of Harriet Tubman,who escaped from slavery and led others to (free)a century and a half ago. 答案及剖析:freedom 提示詞為形容詞free,因空處位于介詞to之后,故應(yīng)用其名詞形式在句中作賓語(yǔ)。注意:lead to中的to為介詞。 (4)在形容詞性物主代詞后,或者在“冠詞(+形容詞)”后,用名詞形式。 【典例4】 (2015高考全國(guó)卷Ⅱ) In addition to their simple beauty,what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their 43 (able)to “air condition”a house without using (use)electric equipment. 答案及剖析:ability 空格前的their是形容詞性物主代詞,其后應(yīng)該接名詞。 【典例5】 (2016海南??谀M) What came out of his mouth surprised me.I’d never heard a more comforting (explain). 答案及剖析:explanation 提示詞為動(dòng)詞explain,因空格前有不定冠詞a,故此處應(yīng)用其名詞形式,意為“我從來(lái)沒(méi)有聽(tīng)過(guò)比這更安慰人心的解釋”。 Ⅰ.用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空 1.The other day he wrote a letter to me to express his (thank)for my invitation. 2.Their unexpected (arrive)threw our plan into confusion. 3.(2015高考全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)A few hours (before/earlier) ,Id been at home in Hong Kong,with (it)choking smog. 4.The reporter said that the UFO (travel)east to west when he saw it. 5.He was unhappy when he sold his guitar.After all,he (play)it for a very long time. 6.Jim (watch)a film at home when,right in the middle of a thrilling scene,the television went blank. 7.The airport (complete) next year will help promote tourism in this area. 8.When Chinese aid groups arrived in Japanese disaster area,they did their best (help)the sick and the wounded. 9.I think watching TV every evening is a waste of time-there are (much)meaningful things to do. 10.How this happened (remain)unclear now. 11.Back from his twoyear medical service in Africa,Dr.Lee was very happy to see his mother (take)good care of at home. 12.In the near future,more advances in the robot technology (make)by scientists. 13.Tsinghua University, (found)in 1911,is home to a great number of outstanding figures. 14.He must be (mental)disabled. 15.People stepped on your feet or (push)you with their elbows,hurrying ahead to get to a bargain. 16.I got on the bus and found a seat near the back and then I noticed a man sitting at the front.He (pretend)that a tiger toy was real and giving it a voice. 17.He walked in as if he (buy)the school. 18.The water was simply the container for an act of kindness and love.Nothing could be (sweet). 19.The higher you stand,the (far)you will see. 20.Despite Crabtrees professional and family success,those around her had noted her (satisfy)with not finishing school. 1.解析:thanks。句意:那天他寫信給我表達(dá)他對(duì)我的邀請(qǐng)的感謝。thank用作名詞表示“感謝”時(shí),只用復(fù)數(shù)形式,不用單數(shù)形式,類似的還有wishes,regards等。 2.解析:arrival??崭袂懊媸切稳菰~,且此空格處在句中作主語(yǔ),所以這里要用名詞形式。動(dòng)詞arrive的名詞形式為arrival,類似的還有survive(survival)。句意:他們的突然到來(lái)打亂了我們的計(jì)劃。 3.解析:its。這里指香港的令人窒息的煙霧,因此填物主代詞its“它的”,指香港的。 4.解析:was travelling。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,賓語(yǔ)從句中含有一個(gè)when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,強(qiáng)調(diào)他看見(jiàn)時(shí)“the UFO”正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。再根據(jù)句子時(shí)態(tài)可知應(yīng)用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。 5.解析:had played。根據(jù)題意可知,他演奏吉他的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在他賣(sold)吉他之前,故用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。 6.解析:was watching。此處考查固定句型“was/were doing sth. when ...”,意為“正在做某事的時(shí)候,這時(shí)(突然)……”。 7.解析:to be completed。首先可判斷出此處需要填上一個(gè)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作“The airport”的后置定語(yǔ);根據(jù)句中的“next year”可知此處表示“明年將竣工的機(jī)場(chǎng)”,且airport與complete之間為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,故用動(dòng)詞不定式to be done結(jié)構(gòu)。 8.解析:to help。考查不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)的用法。此處表示“他們盡最大努力去幫助病人和傷員”。 9.解析:more??疾樾稳菰~的比較級(jí)。根據(jù)句意“我認(rèn)為每晚看電視是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間,因?yàn)橛?比看電視)更有意義的事情可以做”可知,此處應(yīng)用形容詞的比較級(jí)。 10.解析:remains。當(dāng)從句用作主語(yǔ)時(shí),主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)。根據(jù)句中的now可知應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。句意:這件事怎樣發(fā)生的現(xiàn)在還不清楚。 11.解析:taken。句意:在非洲提供了兩年的醫(yī)療服務(wù),李醫(yī)生回來(lái)后十分高興地看到母親在家得到了很好的照顧。本題考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作賓補(bǔ)。賓語(yǔ)his mother與動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)take good care of之間為邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系且表示完成,故用過(guò)去分詞形式。 12.解析:will be made。根據(jù)句意和空格后的介詞by可知,空格處應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);再根據(jù)句中的in the near future可知,應(yīng)用一般將來(lái)時(shí)。 13.解析:founded。由于Tsinghua University(清華大學(xué))與found(成立)之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系,即清華大學(xué)被成立于1911年,故用過(guò)去分詞。 14.解析:mentally。修飾分詞形容詞disabled,作狀語(yǔ),用副詞形式,故填mentally。 15.解析:pushed??仗幨侵髡Z(yǔ)people的謂語(yǔ),它的并列謂語(yǔ)是stepped,可知時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)與主謂一致。故填pushed。 16.解析:was pretending。該空是主語(yǔ)He的謂語(yǔ),上句謂語(yǔ)是got,found和noticed,本句后有并列謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞giving,可知本句謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)為主動(dòng)關(guān)系,主語(yǔ)也是單數(shù)。故填was pretending。 17.解析:had bought。在主格人稱代詞he后,顯然是作謂語(yǔ);又因作為一個(gè)學(xué)生,他不可能是買下了這個(gè)學(xué)校,故應(yīng)當(dāng)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反,故填had bought。 18.解析:sweeter。用nothing與an act of kindness and love相對(duì)比,這里是用比較級(jí)的否定形式表示最高級(jí),因此答案是sweeter。 19.解析:farther??疾椤皌he+比較級(jí)...,the+比較級(jí)...”句式,故設(shè)空處需用far的比較級(jí)形式,即farther。 20.解析:dissatisfaction。由上文的her和下文的with分析,此處該用satisfy的名詞形式satisfaction,而后文的not finishing school則進(jìn)一步暗示,Crabtree對(duì)此耿耿于懷而并不滿意,故用否定含義的名詞dissatisfaction。 Ⅱ.語(yǔ)法填空 閱讀下面材料,在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容(1個(gè)單詞)或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。 A During the American Civil War,a young man 1. (name) Roswell McIntyre was drafted into the army. The war was not going well. The army needed 2. (soldier) so much that he was sent into battle without being trained. Roswell became frightened and ran. Later he 3. (sentence) to be shot for desertion. Roswells mother appealed to President Lincoln, 4. (beg) that he was young and inexperienced,and that he needed 5. second chance. Lincoln thought and prayed. Then he wrote an 6. (admiration) statement. “I have noticed,” he said,“that it never does a boy much good to shoot him.” He wrote this letter in his own handwriting: “Roswell McIntyre 7. (be)to be readmitted into the army. When he serves out his required enlistment(服兵役期),he will be freed of any charges of desertion.” That letter,signed by President Lincoln,is 8. display in the Library of Congress. Beside it there is a note,9. reads,“This letter was taken from the body of Roswell McIntyre,who died respectably at the Battle of Five Forks in Virginia.” Now you might be 10. (vast) surprised at the power of forgiveness. 【解題導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】 本文通過(guò)美國(guó)南北戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中林肯赦免一個(gè)年輕逃兵的故事告訴我們寬恕的力量。 1.解析:named??疾榉侵^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。name sb.(as)sth.“將某人命名為……”,a young man與name之間為邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故用過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)。 2.解析:soldiers??疾槊~的數(shù)。軍隊(duì)需要的士兵不止一個(gè),所以用可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。 3.解析:was sentenced??疾閯?dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)。這里講述的是過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情,應(yīng)該用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。sentence是“判決”的意思,與he之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故用一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 4.解析:begging。考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句子中已經(jīng)有appealed作謂語(yǔ),故此處不需要謂語(yǔ),而是用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ),Roswells mother與beg之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的主動(dòng)關(guān)系,故用現(xiàn)在分詞。注意以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞要雙寫結(jié)尾的輔音字母。 5.解析:a??疾楣谠~的用法。a+序數(shù)詞=another。 6.解析:admirable??疾樾稳菰~。然后他寫了一句令人欽佩的話。修飾名詞statement應(yīng)該用形容詞。admirable意為“令人欽佩的”。 7.解析:is。考查時(shí)態(tài)和主謂一致。由后面的“serves”可知此處用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),主語(yǔ)是第三人稱單數(shù),故用is。 8.解析:on??疾榻樵~。on display“在展出中”,為固定短語(yǔ)。 9.解析:which。考查關(guān)系代詞。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,空處引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,修飾先行詞a note,且在從句中作主語(yǔ),故只能用which引導(dǎo)該定語(yǔ)從句。注意:that不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。 10.解析:vastly??疾楦痹~。現(xiàn)在你可能會(huì)對(duì)寬恕的力量感到非常驚訝。應(yīng)用副詞修飾形容詞surprised。vastly“非常”。 B The power of writing Sometimes,a persons whole life is easily changed by something unexpected. 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