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Understanding each other 課 題 Grammar & usage M6U3 Understanding each other 本節(jié)（課）三維目標(biāo)與教學(xué)重難點(diǎn) 知識(shí)與技能 1. Enable students to use unreal conditionals of the present, past or future time; 2. Improve students’ reading abilities and the ability of using unreal conditionals; 過(guò)程與方法 Generalization, explanation and practice. 情感態(tài)度與價(jià)值觀 To inspire students’ grammatical awareness while using language 教學(xué)重點(diǎn) Enable students to use unreal conditionals of the present, past or future time. 教學(xué)難點(diǎn) Improve students’ reading abilities and thinking ability and the ability of using unreal conditionals. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣 一、語(yǔ)氣的定義和種類 l、語(yǔ)氣：語(yǔ)氣是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，它表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)某一行為或事情的看法和態(tài)度。 2、語(yǔ)氣的種類： (1) 陳述語(yǔ)氣: 表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)是現(xiàn)實(shí)的、確定的或符合事實(shí)的，用于陳述句、疑問(wèn)句和某些感嘆句。 e.g. Beijing is the capital of China. What a clever boy he is! (2) 祈使語(yǔ)氣：表示說(shuō)話人的建議、請(qǐng)求、邀請(qǐng)、命令等。 e.g. Make yourself at home. Don’t be late for school. (3) 虛擬語(yǔ)氣: 表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)不是客觀存在的事實(shí)，而是說(shuō)話人的主觀愿望、假設(shè)或推測(cè)等。 e.g. If I were you, I should study English. May you succeed! 祝您成功！ 二、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在條件從句中的用法 條件句有兩類，一類是真實(shí)條件句，一類是虛擬條件句。如果假設(shè)的情況是有可能發(fā)生的，就是真實(shí)條件句。在這種真實(shí)條件句中的謂語(yǔ)用陳述語(yǔ)氣。e.g. If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go to the park. 如果假設(shè)的情況是過(guò)去或現(xiàn)在都不存在的，或?qū)?lái)不大可能發(fā)生的，則是虛擬條件句。 如: If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it. 如果他昨天見(jiàn)到你，他會(huì)問(wèn)你這件事的。(事實(shí)上他昨天沒(méi)見(jiàn)到你，因此也未能問(wèn)你這件事。) 在含有虛擬條件句的復(fù)合句中，主句和從句的謂語(yǔ)都要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。現(xiàn)將虛擬條件從句和主句的動(dòng)詞形式列表如下: 虛擬語(yǔ)氣在條件從句中的用法 從句 主句 與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反 If+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式 (be用were) S+would / could / might / should +do 與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反 If+主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去完成式(had +done) S+would / could / might / should +have +done 與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反 1）If+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式 (be用were) 2）If+主語(yǔ)+should + do 3）If+主語(yǔ)+ were to do S+would / could / might / should +do 注: 主句中的should只用于I、we，但在美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中，should常被would代替；從句中的should 可用于各種人稱。 l. 表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)和結(jié)果。如: If my brother were here, everything would be all right. 要是我哥哥在這兒, 一切都沒(méi)問(wèn)題了。 If I had the chance, I might want to be a translator. If she knew as much about music as you do, my daughter would play the piano much better. 2. 表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)和結(jié)果。如: If you had taken my advice，you wouldnt / couldn’t have failed in the exam. 如果你按照我的建議去做，你一定不會(huì)(不可能)考試不及格。 3. 表示與將來(lái)事實(shí)可能相反的假設(shè)和結(jié)果。如: If it were Sunday tomorrow, I should / would/could/might go to see my grandmother. 如果明天是星期天，我就 (可能)去看望我奶奶。 If it were to snow this evening, they would not go out. 如果今晚下雪，他們將不出去了。 If it should rain, the crops would be saved. 三、if省略句 在條件句中如果出現(xiàn)were, had, should可省去if，把were, had或 should提至句首，構(gòu)成倒裝句，例如： Had the doctor come last night, the boy would have saved. Were I to go to the moon one day, I would see it with my own eyes. Should it rain tomorrow, we would stay at home. 四、含蓄條件句 有時(shí)為了表達(dá)的需要，在虛擬語(yǔ)氣中并不總是出現(xiàn)If引導(dǎo)的條件句，而通過(guò)其他手段來(lái)代替條件句。 1.用介詞短語(yǔ)代替條件狀語(yǔ)從句。常用介詞(短語(yǔ))有:with, without, but for等。 e.g. 1）But for your help (If it hadn’t been for your help), I couldn’t have done it. 要是沒(méi)有你的幫助，我就不可能完成這件事。 2). Without air, there would be no life on the earth. 3).What would you do with a million dollars? (=if you had a million dollars) 2. I was ill that day, otherwise, I would have taken part in the sports meeting. (副詞) 3. He telephoned to inform me of your birthday, or I would have known nothing about it.（連詞） 五、錯(cuò)綜虛擬語(yǔ)氣（也叫混合時(shí)間虛擬語(yǔ)氣） 當(dāng)條件狀語(yǔ)從句表示的行為和主句表示的行為所發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致時(shí)，動(dòng)詞的形式要根據(jù)它所表示的時(shí)間來(lái)調(diào)整。 1．主句和從句表示的時(shí)間不一致 e.g.1) If you worked hard now, you would get a good job in the future. 如果你現(xiàn)在努力，將來(lái)會(huì)有好的工作。（從句說(shuō)的是現(xiàn)在，主句指的是將來(lái)。） 2) If he had not been caught in the rain yesterday, he wouldn’t be ill now. 要是他昨天不淋雨的話，現(xiàn)在就不會(huì)生病了。（從句指過(guò)去，主句則指現(xiàn)在。） 2．從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，主句不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。 e.g. If she should come this afternoon, ask her to wait. Step 4 Practice 教學(xué)后記