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黃河科技學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（文獻(xiàn)翻譯） 第 12 頁(yè)
Multi-purpose aggregate machine-tool time
Timothy and Jacobs, Denis' A receives then then,
outstanding Philip U.S.A. Michigan university
Summary: The aggregate machine-tool machining center may cause the demand which the processing manufacturing industry adapts changes unceasingly, uses the pool of labor power effectively, and has the competitive power in global scale's market.
Key word: Aggregate machine-tool
Aggregate machine-tool is based on general parts, according to the specific shape and workpiece machining process of the special components and fixture design, semi-automatic or automatic special machine.
Aggregate machine-tool machining
Aggregate machine-tool usually adopts the multiaxial, knife, more processes, and multi-faceted or multistage and processing, production efficiency than general machine high several times or more. Due to the standardization and serialization general parts have, can according to need flexible configuration, can shorten the cycle of design and manufacture. Therefore, the combination machine has the advantages of low cost and high efficiency, in large, large production is widely used, and the automatic production line can be used to composition.
Aggregate machine-tool generally used for for processing general box or special shape of parts. Processing, workpiece rotate, generally by the tool and workpiece rotate movement and tools for the relative motion, to realize in drilling, reaming, economic hole, reaming, boring, cutting and milling, and the processing thread and fiber-end surface etc. Some combination machine adopts clamping workpiece machining head to rotate, feeding movement by the tool for, also can achieve some axisymmetrical parts (such as the flywheel, automobile rear half axle, etc.) of the circle and the process.
Combination machine parts classification
General parts according to the function can be divided into power components and parts, transmission parts, supporting the control and auxiliary parts. Power components are provided for aggregate machine-tool in the movement and moving parts. Main motivation, cutting head and dynamic slide.
Supporting components are installed power to slide into to institutions, cutting head or fixture, have side base, base, support, adjustable bracket, column and column base, etc.
Transmission parts is used to transport or spindle box to the processing of the main parts, workstation dividing rotating table, the annular dividing rotating table, drum and to-and-fro moving workbench, etc.
Control components are used to control the machine parts, automatic working cycle is hydraulic pressure station and electrical cabinets and control console, etc. Auxiliary parts are lubrication device and cooling device and scraps discharge device etc.
The development of modular machine tool
In order to make the aggregate machine-tool in small batch production, often applied to the structure, the application of group technology and craft of similar parts in a centralized modular machine tool, in order to improve the machining efficiency. This machine has two kinds of common, spindle box aggregate machine-tool and turn tower aggregate machine-tool.
Regarding the multi-purpose aggregate machine-tools, in the industrial field has many names to describe it, like “the multitasking installment”, “the multi-purpose engine beds”, “the multi-procedure production system” and so on, it may be called the processing domain truly the nova, may reduce the cost, the simplified disposition, and has maintained in the US territory produces. In the past only then used the duty which many machine operations could complete, now may concentrate to an engine bed on processes completes.
As a result of market demand's unceasing change, the product life cycle is reducing unceasingly, today's market more intense demand multitasking installment concept. Carries out the fine profit management when the entire production environment, compared to having not concentrated the components processing to a machine on completes a finer profit.
Some tradition's manufacturing industry manufacturer thought that the multi-purpose aggregate machine-tools are too complex, very difficult to find the appropriate operators also the difficult problem innovates on the spot on the insufficiency for the metal working basic principle and in the Production workshop related new engine bed use solution aspect training.
Intuition type technical control
The equipment use “carries off the quantity of heat” the type design, has different material which the lathe bed, the steeliness straight line rolling guide, on the steeliness revolving tool box saddle, the equipment uses, all these combine make an engine bed together. These with the thermal conductivity, the volume expansion are related. All different size's thing can by the different speed growth.
As a result of this reason, needs to make the hot friendly engine bed, with the aim of knowing gives off heat the weak point in where, can compensate through the reasonable engine bed design. The part is the entire journey movement. The engine bed glide produces rubs and transform hotly. The machining produces the hot filings fall to the different place, the refrigerant can mix in the entire process in which. Will present the different temperature province continually on the cutting tool, will therefore also have many things to have the influence to the thermostability. The cutting tool technology turned the multi-purpose aggregate machine-tools has had the milling and cutting power “the versatile machine”.
According to the material introduced that the most remarkable characteristic is in these engine bed whole has the intuition. The anti-collision preservation technology was already mature, in certain circumstances, even if uses the manual operation pattern, can also avoid the occurrence which collides. Because the control software has the very good intuition, the user operation friendly degree unceasingly is also enhancing. Believe the multi-purpose aggregate machine-tools by its survivability world-wide in the more different processing scenes.
The off-line programming optimization and the NC automatic control system's formation already made this technology to be easier to accept, when therefore uses the procedure when the engine bed, does not need to spend many time tune-up procedure and confirmed that some part does not have the question. If components need to provide the high and low two revolving tool box saddle simultaneously to carry on the rough machining, in this kind of situation the programming is quite difficult, because it needs two revolving tool box saddles also to feed. The AdMac system may realize tool rest's automatic programming which simultaneously feeds to these, and can cause the correct main axle speed, the correct feed rate and so on all parameters to realize the synchronization.
Okuma Corporation's collision avoidance system design based on actual processing operating mode anti-collision simulation, therefore, if the operator has installed the wrong cutting tool or has established the wrong parameter, the control system will examine and prevents the engine bed to enter the processing condition. Through cooperates with the Siemens, INDEX Corporation may provide the 3D pattern now “the hypothesized engine bed”, has custom-made according to some specific model's engine bed. The result indicated that the simulation processes not only the fabricated parts and the actual end product is similar, is the one-to-one copy simply.
The intuition type control interface, the simulation as well as other software technique are progressive, the more Production workshops have opened wide the front door to the multi-purpose aggregate machine-tools, but if does not have the corresponding knowledge to train and to solve the question creativity, the manufacturer is also very difficult to realize and the full use advanced engine bed flexibility aspect superiority. The work which does to the machine are more, the machine will be more complex, also needs to have the stronger skill person correspondingly to be able to operate it.
If machinist past one day operated 3 engine beds, then he has this kind of multi-purpose engine bed now, might produce more components. More importantly, he may draw support from software's help to cause the production efficiency to be higher, regarding transformation processing components preparation, may also establish the processing craft plan. Because the replacement components need to lower 3 main axles, therefore before replacing the components, the workshop should process as far as possible many components. Regarding the multi-purpose engine beds, the transformation components speed is quick, the production batch of time interval is shorter, the stock is lower, the production efficiency is higher. Can use multi-purpose engine bed's some workshops fully, very quick will discover the post function the unification. Now, a workshop may only use an operator, an adjuster and a programming teacher, in the future these 3 work definitely may do by a person.
In the traditional post description the machinist will transit becomes one to adjust engineer, if this engineer the familiar components processing programming, that were also more ideal. Regarding such transformation, training has been simple, so long as trains 1 individual line, but is not 3 individuals. Looking from the long views, this will provide to the people the higher post degree of satisfaction. When adjusts engineer to be responsible to process the programming, and pays attention to the components processing personally time the entire process, he completely has become this components control. In addition, but should also makes more effort in the cutting tool choice and the programming aspect, must make any model the multi-purpose aggregate machine-tool to succeed, the workshop needs to provide the skilled machinist, has ability and completes many kinds of operations nimbly. Therefore, crosswise training was at any time in the past more important. Regarded as the milling and the lathe work the different discipline the viewpoint never to return. Regarding the programmers, this belongs to their time. Regarding personnel who will program, will understand the engine bed and controls it, this will be their ability manifestation.
The cutting tool will choose most people not to install the passenger vehicle tire to the race car on, but processed the cutting tool to have such situation. The cutting tool should match with the new engine bed, is conceivably redundant on the new engine bed uses the old cutting tool to the production efficiency influence. In order to match the multi-purpose aggregate machine-tools, the new cutting tool and the cutting tool adapter technology was already developed. At present the industrial field is developing the development the processing cutting tool, may complete the turning on the identical tool rest, boring and drills truncates the processing, is only processes the phase to differ from regarding the work piece angle. The processing operates the difference even confuses is unclear. The new processing cutting tool may complete the milling and the turning.
Since has moved the technology (engine bed) is this century develops is extremely rapid and one of influence enormous science and technology. The modern automation technology is one kind of completely new productive forces, is one of direct creation public wealth principal means that is playing the enormous promotion effect to humanity's production activity and the material civilization. Therefore, the automated technology receives various countries widely to take seriously with more and more applications. The machinery automation (engine bed), mainly refers to the machine-building industry applies the automated technology, realizes the processing object continuously the automatic production, realizes the optimized effective automatic production process, the increase production investment processing transformation and the flow rate. The machinery automation technology's application and the development, are the machine-building industry technological transformations, the technology advancement principal means and the technological development main direction. Machinery automation technical standards, not only affects the entire machine-building industry the development, and has the very tremendous immediate influence to the national economy various departments' technology advancement. Therefore, develops our country's machine-building industry automation technology, conforms to our country socialism basic principle, conforms to our country modern production law of development. How to develop our country's machinery automation technology (engine bed), here has the technical policy question, should be realistic, all embark from our country's concrete national condition, do each foundation work, takes the China's road of machinery automation technological development. The domestic and foreign industry history tells us, realizes the machinery automation is from to high-level, from simply to complex, from is preliminarily imperfect the consummation the developing process. After machine's operation uses the automatic regulator, the production method only then gradually transits from the mechanization to the mechanism control (tradition) automated, the numerical control automation, the computer control automation. Only then after having established the Automated factory, the production process can overall automate, can make the productivity to enhance comprehensively, achieves automated the high-level ideal stage.
The machinery automation technology first starts from the 1920s in the machine manufacture cold finishing production in enormous quantities process to develop the application, after in the 60s, to adapt the market demand and the change, for the enhancement machine-building industry to the market nimble rapid reaction's ability, starts to establish the variable automation production system, namely revolves the computer technology the flexible automation. It is in the manufacture system invariable or in the change small situation, the machinery equipment either production management process through the automatic detection, the information processing, the analysis judgment realizes the anticipated operation or some kind of process automatically, and can from make one kind of components to transform automatically to makes another kind of different components. The social practice proved that under this kind of definition's manufacture system automation and the contemporary majority enterprises are not actually accommodating. The contemporary society also not in the science and technology, the material and the personnel aspect prepares to realize this automated condition, insists such to do only meets the wasted effort. This kind of situation is not exceptional regarding the separate production method's machine-building industry, the difficulty can bigger.
In the 80s internationally appeared started to use computer integration manufacture system CIMS (Computer Integrated Manufacturing System), the flexible automation production pattern also had this kind of situation. The initial period take the information integration as a key point, take the high automaticity as the characteristic, but in realized in the process to encounter the difficulty. In view of the fact that realizes the large amount investment which the computer integration manufacture system's automation overall needs (an overall Automated factory to spend several hundred hundred million US dollars, flexible manufacture system regular price is 600 ~ 25,000,000 US dollars), undertakes the huge risk, in addition questions and so on technical difficulty and reliability, the world industrially advanced country started “to run into a wall produces a different product”, transfers pays great attention the information integration the effect, pursues low cost automation LCA (Low Cost Automation) enterprise organizational structure and movement way.
In order to make the aggregate machine-tool in small batch production, often applied to the structure, the application of group technology and craft of similar parts in a centralized modular machine tool, in order to improve the machining efficiency. This machine has two kinds of common, spindle box aggregate machine-tool and turn tower aggregate machine-tool.
The aggregate machine-tool future development more use transmissions and so on variable speed motor and ball bearing guide screw, will simplify structure, the reduction production metre; Uses the numerical control system and the headstock, the jig automatic replacement system, enhances the craft controllability; As well as integrates the flexible manufacture system and so on.
多功能組合機(jī)床時(shí)代
蒂莫西雅各布斯，丹尼斯阿斯納斯，
卓越飛利浦
美國(guó)密西根大學(xué)
摘要：組合機(jī)床加工中心可使加工制造業(yè)適應(yīng)不斷變化的需求，有效利用勞動(dòng)力資源，并在全球范圍的市場(chǎng)上更具競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。
關(guān)鍵字：組合機(jī)床
組合機(jī)床是以通用部件為基礎(chǔ)，配以按工件特定形狀和加工工藝設(shè)計(jì)的專用部件和夾具，組成的半自動(dòng)或自動(dòng)專用機(jī)床。
組合機(jī)床加工方式
組合機(jī)床一般采用多軸、多刀、多工序、多面或多工位同時(shí)加工的方式，生產(chǎn)效率比通用機(jī)床高幾倍至幾十倍。由于通用部件已經(jīng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化和系列化，可根據(jù)需要靈活配置，能縮短設(shè)計(jì)和制造周期。因此，組合機(jī)床兼有低成本和高效率的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，在大批、大量生產(chǎn)中得到廣泛應(yīng)用，并可用以組成自動(dòng)生產(chǎn)線。
組合機(jī)床一般用于加工箱體類或特殊形狀的零件。加工時(shí)，工件一般不旋轉(zhuǎn)，由刀具的旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)和刀具與工件的相對(duì)進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)，來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)鉆孔、擴(kuò)孔、锪孔、鉸孔、鏜孔、銑削平面、切削內(nèi)外螺紋以及加工外圓和端面等。有的組合機(jī)床采用車削頭夾持工件使之旋轉(zhuǎn)，由刀具作進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)，也可實(shí)現(xiàn)某些回轉(zhuǎn)體類零件(如飛輪、汽車后橋半軸等)的外圓和端面加工。
組合機(jī)床部件分類
通用部件按功能可分為動(dòng)力部件、支承部件、輸送部件、控制部件和輔助部件五類。動(dòng)力部件是為組合機(jī)床提供主運(yùn)動(dòng)和進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)的部件。主要有動(dòng)力箱、切削頭和動(dòng)力滑臺(tái)。
支承部件是用以安裝動(dòng)力滑臺(tái)、帶有進(jìn)給機(jī)構(gòu)的切削頭或夾具等的部件，有側(cè)底座、中間底座、支架、可調(diào)支架、立柱和立柱底座等。
輸送部件是用以輸送工件或主軸箱至加工工位的部件，主要有分度回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺(tái)、環(huán)形分度回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺(tái)、分度鼓輪和往復(fù)移動(dòng)工作臺(tái)等。
控制部件是用以控制機(jī)床的自動(dòng)工作循環(huán)的部件，有液壓站、電氣柜和操縱臺(tái)等。輔助部件有潤(rùn)滑裝置、冷卻裝置和排屑裝置等。
對(duì)于多功能組合機(jī)床，工業(yè)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)有很多稱呼來(lái)形容它，如“多任務(wù)處理裝置”、“多功能機(jī)床”、“多程序生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)”等，他確實(shí)可稱為加工領(lǐng)域的新星，可降低成本，簡(jiǎn)化配置，并一直在美國(guó)本土生產(chǎn)。過(guò)去只有使用多機(jī)操作才能完成的任務(wù)，現(xiàn)在可以集中到一臺(tái)機(jī)床上加工完成。
由于市場(chǎng)需求的不斷變化，產(chǎn)品的生命周期在不斷縮小，今天的市場(chǎng)更加強(qiáng)烈需求多任務(wù)處理裝置概念。在整個(gè)生產(chǎn)環(huán)境中推行精益管理時(shí)，沒(méi)有比把零件加工集中到一臺(tái)機(jī)器上完成更精一些傳統(tǒng)的制造業(yè)廠商認(rèn)為多功能組合機(jī)床過(guò)于復(fù)雜，很難找到合適的操作人員也就不足為奇了。在一些勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)，要找到能夠?qū)Χ噍S組合機(jī)床加工中心進(jìn)行手工編程的人事不太可能的事。但資料顯示，解決方案可有兩個(gè)，一個(gè)是現(xiàn)代多功能組合機(jī)床的直覺式技術(shù)，另一個(gè)是針對(duì)金屬加工基本原理及在生產(chǎn)車間現(xiàn)場(chǎng)有關(guān)新機(jī)床使用中難題創(chuàng)新解決方面的培訓(xùn)。
直覺式技術(shù)控制
設(shè)備采用“帶走熱量”式設(shè)計(jì)，有床身、鋼制直線滾動(dòng)導(dǎo)軌、鋼制轉(zhuǎn)塔刀架、設(shè)備上使用的不同材料，所有這些組合到一起建造成一臺(tái)機(jī)床。這些都與導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)、體積膨脹相關(guān)。所有不同尺寸的東西都會(huì)以不同的速度生長(zhǎng)。
據(jù)資料介紹，最顯著的特點(diǎn)是這些機(jī)床整體上更具直覺性。防撞保護(hù)技術(shù)已經(jīng)非常成熟，在某些情況下，即使采用手動(dòng)操作模式，也能避免碰撞的發(fā)生。由于控制軟件有很好的直覺性，用戶操作友好程度也在不斷提高。相信多功能組合機(jī)床會(huì)以其生存能力遍布于更多不同的加工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)。離線編程優(yōu)化和NC自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)的形成已經(jīng)使這一技術(shù)更容易接受，因此當(dāng)將程序用在機(jī)床上時(shí)，不必花很多時(shí)間去調(diào)整程序和確認(rèn)某一元件沒(méi)有問(wèn)題。如果一個(gè)零件需要配備上下兩個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)塔刀架同時(shí)進(jìn)刀。AdMac系統(tǒng)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)這些同時(shí)進(jìn)刀的刀架的自動(dòng)編程，并能使正確的主軸速度、正確地進(jìn)給速度等所有參數(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)同步。
Okuma公司的防撞系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)基于實(shí)際加工工況的防撞模擬，因此，如果操作者安裝了錯(cuò)誤的道具或設(shè)定了錯(cuò)誤的參數(shù)，控制系統(tǒng)會(huì)檢測(cè)出來(lái)并阻止機(jī)床進(jìn)入加工狀態(tài)，通過(guò)與西門子公司合作，INDEX公司現(xiàn)在可以提供3D模式的“虛擬機(jī)床”，按照某一特定型號(hào)的機(jī)床定制。結(jié)果表明，模擬加工出來(lái)的成品零件不只是與實(shí)際成品相似，簡(jiǎn)直就是一對(duì)一的拷貝。直覺式控制界面、模擬以及其他軟件技術(shù)進(jìn)步，更多的生產(chǎn)車間向多功能組合機(jī)床敞開了大門，但如果沒(méi)有相應(yīng)的知識(shí)培訓(xùn)和解決問(wèn)題的創(chuàng)造力，制造商也很難體會(huì)到和充分利用先進(jìn)機(jī)床柔順性方面的優(yōu)勢(shì)。對(duì)機(jī)器所做的工作越多，機(jī)器就會(huì)越復(fù)雜，也相應(yīng)地需要具備更強(qiáng)技能的人才能操縱它。
假如一個(gè)機(jī)械師過(guò)去一天操作3臺(tái)機(jī)床，那么現(xiàn)在他有這樣一臺(tái)多功能的機(jī)床，就可以生產(chǎn)出更多的零件。更為重要的是，他可以借助軟件的幫助使生產(chǎn)效率更高，對(duì)于轉(zhuǎn)換加工零件的準(zhǔn)備，也可以編制加工工藝計(jì)劃。因?yàn)楦鼡Q零件需要降下3個(gè)主軸，因此在更換零件之前，車間應(yīng)加工盡可能多的零件。對(duì)于多功能機(jī)床，轉(zhuǎn)換零件速度非?？?，生產(chǎn)批次間隔時(shí)間更短，庫(kù)存更低，生產(chǎn)效率更高。能夠充分利用多功能機(jī)床的一些車間，很快就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)崗位功能的統(tǒng)一?，F(xiàn)在，一個(gè)車間可以只用一個(gè)操作人員、一個(gè)調(diào)整工和一個(gè)編程師，將來(lái)這3項(xiàng)工作完全可以由一個(gè)人來(lái)做。傳統(tǒng)崗位描述中機(jī)械師將過(guò)渡成為一個(gè)調(diào)整工程師，如果該工程師還熟悉零件加工編程，那就更理想了。對(duì)于這樣的轉(zhuǎn)換，培訓(xùn)就比較簡(jiǎn)單了，只要培訓(xùn)1個(gè)人就行，而不是3個(gè)人。從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)觀點(diǎn)來(lái)看，這將提供給人們更高的崗位滿意度。當(dāng)調(diào)整工程師負(fù)責(zé)加工編程并且親自關(guān)注零件加工的整個(gè)過(guò)程時(shí)，他就完全成了這個(gè)零件的主宰者。除此之外，還應(yīng)該在刀具選擇和編程方面做更多的努力，要使任何型號(hào)的多功能組合機(jī)床都成功，車間需要配備熟悉的機(jī)械師，有能力并靈活地完成多種操作。因此，橫向培訓(xùn)比過(guò)去任何時(shí)候都重要了。把銑削和車削加工視為不同學(xué)科的觀點(diǎn)一去不復(fù)返了。對(duì)于編程人員來(lái)說(shuō)，這是屬于他們的時(shí)代。對(duì)于會(huì)編程的人員，懂機(jī)床并控制它，這是他們能力的體現(xiàn)。
刀具選擇
大多數(shù)人不會(huì)將轎車輪胎裝到跑車上，但加工刀具就發(fā)生了這樣的情況。刀具應(yīng)與新機(jī)床相匹配，可以想像在新機(jī)床上重復(fù)使用舊對(duì)局對(duì)生產(chǎn)效率的影響。為匹配多功能組合機(jī)床，新刀具和刀具適配器技術(shù)已經(jīng)被開發(fā)出來(lái)。目前工業(yè)領(lǐng)域正在研制開發(fā)的加工刀具，可以在同一刀架上完成車削、鏜削和鉆削加工，只是加工時(shí)相對(duì)于工件的角度有所不同而已。加工操作上的差別甚至都混淆不清了。新的加工刀具可以完成銑削和車削。
自動(dòng)化技術(shù)（機(jī)床）是本世紀(jì)以來(lái)發(fā)展極迅速和影響極大的科學(xué)技術(shù)之一?，F(xiàn)代自動(dòng)化技術(shù)是一種完全新型的生產(chǎn)力，是直接創(chuàng)造社會(huì)財(cái)富的主要手段之一，對(duì)人類的生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)和物質(zhì)文明起著極大的推動(dòng)作用。因此，自動(dòng)化技術(shù)受到世界各國(guó)的廣泛重視和越來(lái)越多的應(yīng)用。
機(jī)械自動(dòng)化（機(jī)床），主要指在機(jī)械制造業(yè)中應(yīng)用自動(dòng)化技術(shù)，實(shí)現(xiàn)加工對(duì)象的連續(xù)自動(dòng)生成，實(shí)現(xiàn)優(yōu)化有效的自動(dòng)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程，加快生產(chǎn)投入物的加工變換和流動(dòng)速度。機(jī)械自動(dòng)化技術(shù)的應(yīng)用于發(fā)展，是機(jī)械制造業(yè)技術(shù)改造、技術(shù)進(jìn)步的主要手段和技術(shù)發(fā)展的主要方向。機(jī)械自動(dòng)化的技術(shù)水準(zhǔn)，不僅影響整個(gè)機(jī)械制造業(yè)的發(fā)展，而且對(duì)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)各部門的技術(shù)進(jìn)步有很大的直接影響。因此，發(fā)展我國(guó)的機(jī)械制造業(yè)自動(dòng)化技術(shù)，符合我國(guó)社會(huì)主義的基本原則，符合我國(guó)現(xiàn)代化生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展規(guī)律。如何發(fā)展我國(guó)的機(jī)械自動(dòng)化技術(shù)（機(jī)床），這里有個(gè)技術(shù)政策問(wèn)題，應(yīng)實(shí)事求是，一切從我國(guó)的具體國(guó)情出發(fā)，做好各項(xiàng)基礎(chǔ)工作，走中國(guó)的機(jī)械自動(dòng)化技術(shù)發(fā)展之路。國(guó)內(nèi)外的工業(yè)發(fā)展史告訴我們，實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)械自動(dòng)化是一個(gè)由低級(jí)到高級(jí)、由簡(jiǎn)單到復(fù)