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黑龍江工程學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計
附 錄A 外文文獻
Brake testing equipment functions and operations
ABSTRACT
Flat-plate brake testing units, is by far the best most most popular brake testing equipment. Bench work surface for the correction system a real sense of the platform. It can provide accurate positioning for the car. Clamping system, drawing system, measuring system, repair of vehicles and platforms are composed of an organic whole. And can be attached devices such as the second lift. This form of correction system with its comprehensive features are becoming standard calibration system.
Currently, flat on the market is rich brake testing equipment, imported products such as Karl Rahner have Car-O-Iiner, CAR-BENCH to force too, and Shibinnisi brands, general science and technology was relatively advanced, but easy to use price higher than domestic equipment, special maintenance station and the general strength of the manufacturers will choose this high-end equipment. And like the Pentium, excellence, Legacy, and domestic equipment such as special kind of after-sales service, reliable, relatively low price, is the product of choice and medium-sized testing station.
INTRODUCTION
A) We have to understand automotive braking system of detection of structural feature.
Car brake testing system is used in experimental research and development of new cars, new car delivery inspection and road traffic management department of the regular inspection of the vehicle braking system performance evaluation parameters for quantitative detection and diagnosis of test equipment.
B) The brake testing units on the market for a variety of styles, the more prominent are two types: roller peace panel.
Whatever the style must have the following in common:
1. With high-intensity fixtures;
2. With more sensors;
3. Capable of more, a full range of inspection work;
4. Capable of accurate measurement and accurate detection of braking performance is good or bad.
Flat-plate brake test bench equipment to solve the shortcomings of drum. Flat out not only to test the car's maximum braking force at each wheel, blocking force and axle load, but also provide the braking force, axle load in the testing process over time curve. Drum-type detection units to overcome the inherent deficiencies. The inspection system speed, high precision, the results intuitive, and easy to install and move, low energy consumption (due to no need to install the motor, power roller is only 1 / 100), small footprint, simple operation and maintenance and so on.
C) regardless of the equipment, its operation can be divided into the following four steps:
1. On the train: for inspection of vehicles driving on the test stand by hand.
2. Axle load measurement: measuring axle load is a subsidiary of braking performance test equipment items, as long as the stage set of four axle braking sensors to measure the axle load of vehicles tested, while the axle is the braking force further analysis based on the credibility of test results, it is essential.
3. Step on the brake pedal: all four wheels until the vehicle brake on the board, depresses the brake pedal, the braking force measurement.
4. Braking force measurement. Measurement of braking performance braking force is the most important testing equipment testing, mainly through the braking force sensor to measure, braking force sensors are generally installed on the test board below.
Through the above four steps, the vehicle braking performance test has basically completed the work.
In short, the advent of brake testing equipment, reduce labor intensity of the test staff, improve efficiency, making the car testing industry embarked on the standardization and modernization of the road.
D) The brake testing solution for classification and their characteristics
Automobile Brake Tester is a performance car's brake testing equipment, testing the main parameters include: the braking force, braking force balance, wheel blocking force, braking coordination time. According to the test works differently, brake inspection station can be divided into anti-and inertial forces; supported by the examination sets the wheels in different forms, automobile brake drum inspection station can be divided into the peace panel; by testing different parameters, brake inspection Taiwan can be divided into the braking force measurement type, the measured braking distance and overall parameters of three kinds; the number of axles detected by the examination table can be divided into single-axis type, two-axis and multi-axis categories. At present, widely used in automobile brake drum-type reaction plate brake test station test platform of peace.
1. Road test: the flat by the driver to accelerate to a certain speed on the road when the emergency brake pedal, by observing the imprint on the road and braking distance and the experience of their own experience to determine whether the normal vehicle braking performance.
2. Roller brake tester: the measured vehicle wheel sticky sand to release the two pairs of rollers, the drag roller by the motor, when the drum line speed up to 2 km / h - 5 km / h when the brake pedal, through the installed in the drum side of the force torque sensor size. This detection method requires a vehicle detection were measured before and after the axis of the brake, does not reflect the dynamic brake front and rear axles when the load changes, can not measure the braking vehicle braking coordination of time, can not fully reflect the braking energy, and the braking effect of other factors, such as leaf spring suspension or the rigidity of the braking performance. This detection method is a static test.
3. Flat-plate brake tester: road conditions simulated by the four steel plate sticky sand arranged in a certain way to ensure that a vehicle driving wheels when braking plate at 4, car to 5 km / h for a 10 km / h speed onto plate brake tester. When the emergency brake pedal, through the plate under the dozens of sensors and computer control systems to measure vehicle braking performance of the braking, suspension performance, leaf spring stiffness (carts) and other indicators, and can measure test speed value.
CONCLUSIONS
Automotive technology, automotive testing technology to promote the development of the automobile industry, a higher test requirements. Brake testing is far from easy work of braking distance measurements, more than the traditional testing equipment can achieve. It requires a scientific measurement of vehicle braking and find the problem. To achieve this function, is inseparable from the body correction system.
Accessibility is also an increase in the development of brake testing equipment is a major trend. The design of more clever, more sophisticated technology, increased use of test panels sliding more and more. Equipment more and more complete.
In short, the development of brake testing equipment is moving in automation, digital and multi-functional direction.
附 錄B外文文獻的中文譯文
制動檢測設(shè)備的功能與操作
一、摘要：
平板式制動檢測臺，是迄今為止最為優(yōu)秀的也是最流行的制動檢測設(shè)備。臺架式校正系統(tǒng)的工作臺面為一個真正意義上的平臺．它可以為汽車提供精確的定位。夾緊系統(tǒng)、拉伸系統(tǒng)、測量系統(tǒng)、被修車輛與平臺組成一個有機整體．并可附掛二次舉升等裝置。這種形式的校正系統(tǒng)以其完備的功能正成為校正系統(tǒng)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)配置。
目前，市場上的平板式制動檢測設(shè)備比較豐富，進口產(chǎn)品像卡爾拉得Car-O-Iiner, CAR-BENCH使力得和史賓尼斯等品牌，一般科技含量相對先進、使用方便但是價格也比國產(chǎn)設(shè)備要高，一般特約維修站和實力雄厚的廠家會選擇這種高端設(shè)備。而像奔騰、卓越、力獅和特樣等國產(chǎn)設(shè)備售后服務(wù)可靠、相對價格偏低，是大中型檢測站的首選產(chǎn)品。
二、介紹
一） 我們要了解汽車制動系統(tǒng)檢測及其構(gòu)造特征。
汽車制動檢測系統(tǒng)就是應(yīng)用于新車研究開發(fā)的實驗、新車的出廠檢驗和交通管理部門對上路車輛定期檢驗的對制動系統(tǒng)的性能評價參數(shù)進行定量檢測診斷的試驗裝置。
二） 市場上的制動檢測臺為各種款式， 較為突出的分為兩種：滾筒式和平板式。
無論何種款式都必須具備以下共同點：
1. 具有高強度的固定裝置；
2. 具有較多的傳感器；
3. 能進行多點、全方位的檢測工作；
4. 能夠進行精確的測量，準(zhǔn)確檢測出制動性能的好壞。
平板式制動檢測試驗臺就解決了滾筒式設(shè)備的缺點。平板式不僅能測試出汽車每個車輪的最大制動力、阻滯力及軸重，還能提供制動力、軸重在檢測過程中隨時間變化的曲線。克服了滾筒式檢測臺本身固有的不足。該檢測系統(tǒng)測試速度快、精度高、結(jié)果直觀，并有安裝和移動方便、耗能少(因不需安裝電機，耗電僅為滾筒式的1/100)、占地面積小、操作維護簡單等優(yōu)點。
三) 不論何種設(shè)備，其操作大體分為以下四步：
1. 上車：待檢車輛通過專人駕駛上試驗臺。
2. 軸重測量：測量軸重是制動性能檢測設(shè)備的附屬項目，只要在制動臺上設(shè)置四個軸重傳感器即可測量待測車輛的軸重，而軸重又是進一步分析制動力檢測結(jié)果是否可信的依據(jù)，因此必不可少。
3. 踩制動踏板：待到車輛四個車輪都在制動板上時，踩下制動踏板,測量制動力。
4. 制動力測量。測量制動力是車輛制動性能檢測設(shè)備檢測的重中之重，主要通過制動力傳感器來測量，制動力傳感器一般安裝在測試板下面。
通過以上四步驟，車輛制動性能檢測工作基本完成了。
總之，制動檢測設(shè)備的問世，減輕了測試人員的勞動強度，提高了工作效率，使汽車檢測業(yè)走上了規(guī)范化、現(xiàn)代化的道路。
四)制動檢測方案的分類與各自特點
汽車制動檢驗臺是對汽車的制動性能進行檢測的設(shè)備，檢測的主要參數(shù)包括：制動力、制動力平衡、車輪阻滯力、制動協(xié)調(diào)時間。根據(jù)測試原理不同，汽車制動檢驗臺可分為反力式和慣性式；按檢驗臺支撐車輪形式不同，汽車制動檢驗臺可分為滾筒式和平板式；按檢測參數(shù)不同，汽車制動檢驗臺可分為測制動力式、測制動距離和綜合參數(shù)三種；按檢驗臺檢測車軸數(shù)，可分為單軸式、雙軸式和多軸式三類。目前國內(nèi)廣泛采用滾筒反力式汽車制動檢驗臺和平板式汽車制動檢驗臺。
1. 道路試驗：由駕駛?cè)嗽谄教孤访嫔霞铀俚揭欢ㄜ囁贂r急踩制動踏板，通過觀察路面上的壓印和制動距離及自身的經(jīng)驗感受來確定汽車制動性能是否正常。
2. 滾筒式制動試驗臺：將被測車輛車輪放人兩對粘砂滾筒間，由電動機拖動滾筒，當(dāng)滾筒線速達2 km/h - 5 km/h時踩制動踏板，通過安裝在滾筒側(cè)面的扭力傳感器測量動力大小。這種檢測方法，對一輛整車檢測需要前后軸制動分別測量，不能反映汽車制動時前后軸動態(tài)載荷的變化，不能測量整車制動時的制動協(xié)調(diào)時間，不能全面地反映出制動能，以及影響制動的其他因素，如懸架或鋼板彈簧的剛度問題對制動性能的影響。這種檢測方法是一種靜態(tài)檢驗。
3. 平板式制動試驗臺：由4塊模擬路面情況的粘砂鋼質(zhì)平板按一定方式排列，確保一輛汽車行駛車輪在制動時分別在4塊平板上，汽車以5 km/h一10 km/h的車速駛上平板制動試驗臺。當(dāng)急踩制動踏板時，通過平板下的幾十只傳感器及計算機控制系統(tǒng)測量汽車制動時的各項制動性能、懸架性能、鋼板彈簧剛度(大車)等指標(biāo)，并能測出測試速度值。
三、結(jié)論
汽車技術(shù)的發(fā)展，促進了汽車檢測技術(shù)的發(fā)展，對汽車檢測行業(yè)提出了更高的要求。制動檢測遠不是簡單的測制動距離的工作，更不是傳統(tǒng)的檢測設(shè)備所能實現(xiàn)的。它要求對汽車制動性科學(xué)地測量和發(fā)現(xiàn)問題所在。要實現(xiàn)這一功能，是離不開車身校正系統(tǒng)的。
輔助功能的增多也是汽車制動檢測設(shè)備發(fā)展的一大趨勢。各設(shè)計更加巧妙，工藝更加精致，使用增加側(cè)滑試驗板的越來越多。配套設(shè)備也越來越齊全。
總之，汽車制動檢測設(shè)備的發(fā)展正朝著自動化、數(shù)字化與多功能化方向發(fā)展。
8
Brake System Service and Maintenance
The types of trouble that may develop in drum-type hydraulic braking systems include the following.
(1) Brake pedal goes to floorboard. When this happens, it means that there is no pedal reserve, since full pedal movement does not provide adequate braking. This would be a very unlikely situation with a dual-brake system. One section might fail (front or rear) but it would be rare for both to fail at the same time. If this happens, chances are the driver has been driving for some time with one section out .
(2) One brake drags. This means that the brake shoes are not moving away from the brake drum when the brakes are released.
(3) All brake drag. When all brakes drag, it may be that the brake pedal does not have sufficient play, so that the piston in the master cylinder does not fully retract.
(4) Car pulls to one side. If the car pulls to one side when the brakes are applied, this means that more braking pressure is being applied to one side than to the other.
(5) Soft, or spongy, pedal. If the pedal action is soft, or spongy, the chances are that there is air in the system, although out-of adjustment brake shoes could cause this.
(6) Poor braking action requiring excessive pedal pressure. If the brake lining is soaked with oil or brake fluid, they will not hold well, and excessive pedal pressure is required for braking action. Improper brake-shoe adjustment or the use of the wrong brake lining could cause the same trouble.
(7) Brakes too sensitive or grab. When the brakes are too sensitive and brake hard or grab with slight brake –pedal pressure, it may be that the linings have become greasy , that the brake shoes are out of adjustment , that the wrong lining is being used and that drums are scored or rough .
(8) Noisy brakes. Brakes will become noisy if the brake linings wear so much that rivets come into contact with the brake drum, if the shoes become warped so that pressure on the drum is not uniform ,if shoe rivets become loose so that they contact the drum , or if the drum becomes rough or worn .
（9）Air in system. If air gets into the hydraulic system, poor braking and a spongy pedal will result. It is possible accidentally to plug the vent (by wrench action ) when the filler plug is removed .
(10) Loss of brake fluid. Brake fluid can be lost if the master cylinder leaks, if the wheel cylinder leaks, if the wheel cylinder leaks, if the line connections are loose, or if the line is damaged.
(11) Warning light comes on when braking (dual system). This is a signal that one of the two braking systems has failed. Both systems (rear and front) should be checked so that the trouble can be found and eliminated. It is dangerous to drive with this condition, even though braking can be achieved, because only half the wheels are being broken.
Many of the troubles on the disk in the disk type of brake system are similar to those that may be found in the drum type.
Whenever you encounter a complaint of faulty braking action, always try to analyze it and determine its cause. Sometimes, all that is necessary (in earlier drum-type brakes) is a minor brake with the self-adjuster; the brakes automatically adjust themselves to compensate for lining wear. Other brake services include addition of brake fluid, bleeding the hydraulic system to remove air, repair or replacement of master cylinder and wheel cylinders, replacement of master cylinder and wheel cylinders, replacement of brake linings, and refinishing of brake drums.
Tire service and maintenance includes periodic inflation to make sure that the tire is kept at the proper pressure, periodic tire inspection so that small damages can be detected and repaired before they develop into major defects, and tire removal, repair, and replacement.
Incorrect tire inflation can cause many types of steering and braking difficulty. Low pressure will cause hard steering, front wheel shimmy, steering kickback, and tire squeal on turns. Uneven tire pressure will tend to make the car pull to one side. For these reason, it is very important to maintain proper pressure in the tires. There are a few points you should remember when inflating tires:
(1) Don’t inflate a tire when it is hot, as, for instance, after hard driving on the highway.
(2) Always replace the cap (where used) after checking air pressure or inflating a tire.
The removal and replacement of tires are not difficult on smaller vehicles, but on large, heavy-duty applications special tools are required to remove and handle them. Air must be released from the center of the rim. A tire tool or flat stock can be used to pry one part of the bead up over the rim flange (start near the valve stem). Care must be exercised to avoid damaging the tire bead or inner tube. After the bead is started over the rim flange with the tool, the remainder of the bead can be worked out over the flange with the hands. The other bead of the tire is removed from over the same side of the rim flange in a similar manner.
In tire shops where special tire-changing machines are used. In these, the wheel is put into place and air pressure is used to force the tire bead away from the rim. This machine will remove a tire from a wheel rim in a few seconds. Further, it can be used to quickly install a tire on the rim.
The following cautions should be carefully observed in tire service and maintenance work:
(1) On tubeless tires, do not use tire irons to force the beads away from the rim flanges; this could damage the rim seals on the beads and cause an air leak. Instead, use a bead breaker tool.
(2) If a tire has been deflated, never inflate it while the car weight is on the tire. Always jack up the car before inflating the tire so that the tube can distribute itself around the tire evenly. If this is not done, some parts of the tube will be stretched more than other parts, and this puts a strain on the tube that might cause it to blow out.
A number of repairs can be made on tires and tubes, ranging from the patching of nail holes, punctures, or cuts to vulcanizing new tread material to the tire casing. This latter operation is known as recapping, since a new cap, or tread, is placed on the tire. Repair procedures vary according to whether the tire is or is not of the tubeless type.
With the tube type, puncture repair requires removal of the tire so that the puncture in the tube can be attached. This is done with a special kit. Patches require curing, or vulcanizing, at a temperature of around 150℃.
Tubeless-tire punctures can usually be repaired without taking the tire off the rim. One method uses a rubber plug, which is inserted, into the puncture hole along with special cement. After the cement dries and the plug is trimmed flush with the tread, the repair is complete.
Applying a patch on the inside can repair larger holes and cuts in tires. In addition, when treads have worn down, new treads can be vulcanized onto the casing provided the casing is in good condition.
Tires have two functions. First, they interpose a cushion between the road and the car wheels to absorb shocks resulting from irregularities in the road. The tires flex, or give, as bumps are encountered, thus reducing the shock effect to the passengers in the car. Second, the tires provide frictional contact between the wheels and the road so that good traction is secured. This permits the transmitting of power through the tires to the road for rapid accelerating, combats the tendency of the car to skid on turns, and allows quick stops when the brakes are applied.
Tires are of two basic types, solid and pneumatic (air filled). Solid tires have very limited usage, being confined largely to specialized industrial applications. Pneumatic tires are of two types, those using an inner tube and the tubeless type. The amount of air pressure used depends on the type of tire and operation. Passenger-car tires are inflated to about 275 to 413 KPa. Air is introduced into the tire (or inner tube) through a valve that opens when the chuck on the air hoses if applied. On the tire with an inner tube, the valve is mounted on the tube. On the tubeless tire, the valve is mounted on the wheel rim.
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