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長春理工大學(xué)光電信息學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計 中文譯文 機電一體化的現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢 【摘要】：機電一體化是現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果,本文簡述了機電一體化技術(shù)的基本概要和發(fā)展背景。綜述了國內(nèi)外機電一體化技術(shù)的現(xiàn)狀，分析機電一體化技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢。 【關(guān)鍵詞】：機電一體化 技術(shù) 現(xiàn)狀 產(chǎn)品 制造技術(shù) 發(fā)展趨勢 1．緒論 現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展，極大地推動了不同學(xué)科的交叉與滲透，導(dǎo)致了工程領(lǐng)域的技術(shù)革命與改造。在機械工程領(lǐng)域，由于微電子技術(shù)和計算機技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展及其向機械工業(yè)的滲透所形成的機電一體化，使機械工業(yè)的技術(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)、產(chǎn)品機構(gòu)、功能與構(gòu)成、生產(chǎn)方式及管理體系發(fā)生了巨大變化，使工業(yè)生產(chǎn)由“機械電氣化”邁入了“機電一體化”為特征的發(fā)展階段。 2．機電一體化概要 機電一體化是指在機構(gòu)得主功能、動力功能、信息處理功能和控制功能上引進電子技術(shù)，將機械裝置與電子化設(shè)計及軟件結(jié)合起來所構(gòu)成的系統(tǒng)的總稱。 機電一體化發(fā)展至今也已成為一門有著自身體系的新型學(xué)科，隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的不但發(fā)展，還將被賦予新的內(nèi)容。但其基本特征可概括為：機電一體化是從系統(tǒng)的觀點出發(fā)，綜合運用機械技術(shù)、微電子技術(shù)、自動控制技術(shù)、計算機技術(shù)、信息技術(shù)、傳感測控技術(shù)、電力電子技術(shù)、接口技術(shù)、信息變換技術(shù)以及軟件編程技術(shù)等群體技術(shù)，根據(jù)系統(tǒng)功能目標(biāo)和優(yōu)化組織目標(biāo)，合理配置與布局各功能單元，在多功能、高質(zhì)量、高可靠性、低能耗的意義上實現(xiàn)特定功能價值，并使整個系統(tǒng)最優(yōu)化的系統(tǒng)工程技術(shù)。由此而產(chǎn)生的功能系統(tǒng)，則成為一個機電一體化系統(tǒng)或機電一體化產(chǎn)品。 因此，“機電一體化”涵蓋“技術(shù)”和“產(chǎn)品”兩個方面。只是，機電一體化技術(shù)是基于上述群體技術(shù)有機融合的一種綜合技術(shù)，而不是機械技術(shù)、微電子技術(shù)以及其它新技術(shù)的簡單組合、拼湊。這是機電一體化與機械加電氣所形成的機械電氣化在概念上的根本區(qū)別。機械工程技術(shù)有純技術(shù)發(fā)展到機械電氣化，仍屬傳統(tǒng)機械，其主要功能依然是代替和放大的體力。但是發(fā)展到機電一體化后，其中的微電子裝置除可取代某些機械部件的原有功能外，還能賦予許多新的功能，如自動檢測、自動處理信息、自動顯示記錄、自動調(diào)節(jié)與控制自動診斷與保護等。即機電一體化產(chǎn)品不僅是人的手與肢體的延伸，還是人的感官與頭腦的眼神，具有智能化的特征是機電一體化與機械電氣化在功能上的本質(zhì)區(qū)別。 3．機電一體化的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r 機電一體化的發(fā)展大體可以分為3個階段。20世紀(jì)60年代以前為第一階段，這一階段稱為初級階段。在這一時期，人們自覺不自覺地利用電子技術(shù)的初步成果來完善機械產(chǎn)品的性能。特別是在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，戰(zhàn)爭刺激了機械產(chǎn)品與電子技術(shù)的結(jié)合，這些機電結(jié)合的軍用技術(shù)，戰(zhàn)后轉(zhuǎn)為民用，對戰(zhàn)后經(jīng)濟的恢復(fù)起了積極的作用。那時研制和開發(fā)從總體上看還處于自發(fā)狀態(tài)。由于當(dāng)時電子技術(shù)的發(fā)展尚未達到一定水平，機械技術(shù)與電子技術(shù)的結(jié)合還不可能廣泛和深入發(fā)展，已經(jīng)開發(fā)的產(chǎn)品也無法大量推廣。 20世紀(jì)70~80年代為第二階段，可稱為蓬勃發(fā)展階段。這一時期，計算機技術(shù)、控制技術(shù)、通信技術(shù)的發(fā)展，為機電一體化的發(fā)展奠定了技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)。大規(guī)模、超大規(guī)模集成電路和微型計算機的迅猛發(fā)展，為機電一體化的發(fā)展提供了充分的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。這個時期的特點是：①mechatronics一詞首先在日本被普遍接受，大約到20世紀(jì)80年代末期在世界范圍內(nèi)得到比較廣泛的承認；②機電一體化技術(shù)和產(chǎn)品得到了極大發(fā)展；③各國均開始對機電一體化技術(shù)和產(chǎn)品給以很大的關(guān)注和支持。 20世紀(jì)90年代后期，開始了機電一體化技術(shù)向智能化方向邁進的新階段，機電一體化進入深入發(fā)展時期。一方面，光學(xué)、通信技術(shù)等進入了機電一體化，微細加工技術(shù)也在機電一體化中嶄露頭腳，出現(xiàn)了光機電一體化和微機電一體化等新分支；另一方面對機電一體化系統(tǒng)的建模設(shè)計、分析和集成方法，機電一體化的學(xué)科體系和發(fā)展趨勢都進行了深入研究。同時，由于人工智能技術(shù)、神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)及光纖技術(shù)等領(lǐng)域取得的巨大進步，為機電一體化技術(shù)開辟了發(fā)展的廣闊天地。這些研究，將促使機電一體化進一步建立完整的基礎(chǔ)和逐漸形成完整的科學(xué)體系。 我國是從20世紀(jì)80年代初才開始在這方面研究和應(yīng)用。國務(wù)院成立了機電一體化領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組并將該技術(shù)列為“863計劃”中。在制定“九五”規(guī)劃和2010年發(fā)展綱要時充分考慮了國際上關(guān)于機電一體化技術(shù)的發(fā)展動向和由此可能帶來的影響。許多大專院校、研究機構(gòu)及一些大中型企業(yè)對這一技術(shù)的發(fā)展及應(yīng)用做了大量的工作，不取得了一定成果，但與日本等先進國家相比仍有相當(dāng)差距。 4．機電一體化的發(fā)展趨勢 機電一體化是集機械、電子、光學(xué)、控制、計算機、信息等多學(xué)科的交叉綜合，它的發(fā)展和進步依賴并促進相關(guān)技術(shù)的發(fā)展和進步。因此，機電一體化的主要發(fā)展方向如下： 4.1智能化 智能化是21世紀(jì)機電一體化技術(shù)發(fā)展的一個重要發(fā)展方向。人工智能在機電一體化建設(shè)者的研究日益得到重視，機器人與數(shù)控機床的智能化就是重要應(yīng)用。這里所說的“智能化”是對機器行為的描述，是在控制理論的基礎(chǔ)上，吸收人工智能、運籌學(xué)、計算機科學(xué)、模糊數(shù)學(xué)、心理學(xué)、生理學(xué)和混沌動力學(xué)等新思想、新方法，模擬人類智能，使它具有判斷推理、邏輯思維、自主決策等能力，以求得到更高的控制目標(biāo)。誠然，使機電一體化產(chǎn)品具有與人完全相同的智能，是不可能的，也是不必要的。但是，高性能、高速的微處理器使機電一體化產(chǎn)品賦有低級智能或人的部分智能，則是完全可能而又必要的。 4.2模塊化 模塊化是一項重要而艱巨的工程。由于機電一體化產(chǎn)品種類和生產(chǎn)廠家繁多，研制和開發(fā)具有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)機械接口、電氣接口、動力接口、環(huán)境接口的機電一體化產(chǎn)品單元是一項十分復(fù)雜但又是非常重要的事。如研制集減速、智能調(diào)速、電機于一體的動力單元，具有視覺、圖像處理、識別和測距等功能的控制單元，以及各種能完成典型操作的機械裝置。這樣，可利用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)單元迅速開發(fā)出新產(chǎn)品，同時也可以擴大生產(chǎn)規(guī)模。這需要制定各項標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，以便各部件、單元的匹配和接口。由于利益沖突，近期很難制定國際或國內(nèi)這方面的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，但可以通過組建一些大企業(yè)逐漸形成。顯然，從電氣產(chǎn)品的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、系列化帶來的好處可以肯定，無論是對生產(chǎn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)機電一體化單元的企業(yè)還是對生產(chǎn)機電一體化產(chǎn)品的企業(yè)，規(guī)模化將給機電一體化企業(yè)帶來美好的前程。 4.3網(wǎng)絡(luò)化 20世紀(jì)90年代，計算機技術(shù)等的突出成就是網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)。網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)的興起和飛速發(fā)展給科學(xué)技術(shù)、工業(yè)生產(chǎn)、政治、軍事、教育義舉人么日常生活都帶來了巨大的變革。各種網(wǎng)絡(luò)將全球經(jīng)濟、生產(chǎn)連成一片，企業(yè)間的競爭也將全球化。機電一體化新產(chǎn)品一旦研制出來，只要其功能獨到，質(zhì)量可靠，很快就會暢銷全球。由于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的普及，基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的各種遠程控制和監(jiān)視技術(shù)方興未艾，而遠程控制的終端設(shè)備本身就是機電一體化產(chǎn)品?，F(xiàn)場總線和局域網(wǎng)技術(shù)是家用電器網(wǎng)絡(luò)化已成大勢，利用家庭網(wǎng)絡(luò)(home net)將各種家用電器連接成以計算機為中心的計算機集成家電系統(tǒng)(computer integrated appliance system, CIAS)，使人們在家里分享各種高技術(shù)帶來的便利與快樂。因此，機電一體化產(chǎn)品無疑朝著網(wǎng)絡(luò)化方向發(fā)展。 4.4微型化 微型化興起于20世紀(jì)80年代末，指的是機電一體化向微型機器和微觀領(lǐng)域發(fā)展的趨勢。國外稱其為微電子機械系統(tǒng)（MEMS），泛指幾何尺寸不超過1cm3的機電一體化產(chǎn)品，并向微米、納米級發(fā)展。微機電一體化產(chǎn)品體積小 、耗能少、運動靈活，在生物醫(yī)療、軍事、信息等方面具有不可比擬的優(yōu)勢。微機電一體化發(fā)展的瓶頸在于微機械技術(shù)，微機電一體化產(chǎn)品的加工采用精細加工技術(shù)，即超精密技術(shù)，它包括光刻技術(shù)和蝕刻技術(shù)兩類。 4.5綠色化 工業(yè)的發(fā)達給人們生活帶來了巨大變化。一方面，物質(zhì)豐富，生活舒適；另一方面，資源減少，生態(tài)環(huán)境受到嚴(yán)重污染。于是，人們呼吁保護環(huán)境資源，回歸自然。綠色產(chǎn)品概念在這種呼聲下應(yīng)運而生，綠色化是時代的趨勢。綠色產(chǎn)品在其設(shè)計、制造、使用和銷毀的生命過程中，符合特定的環(huán)境保護和人類健康的要求，對生態(tài)環(huán)境無害或危害極少，資源利用率極高。 4.6系統(tǒng)化 系統(tǒng)化的表現(xiàn)特征之一就是系統(tǒng)體系結(jié)構(gòu)進一步采用開放式和模式化的總線結(jié)構(gòu)。系統(tǒng)可以靈活組態(tài)，進行任意剪裁和組合，同時尋求實現(xiàn)多子系統(tǒng)協(xié)調(diào)控制和綜合管理。表現(xiàn)之二是通信功能的大大加強，一般除RS232外，還有RS485、DCS人格化。未來的機電一體化更加注重產(chǎn)品與人的關(guān)系，機電一體化的人格化有兩層含義。一層是，機電一體化產(chǎn)品的最終使用對象是人，如何賦予機電一體化產(chǎn)品人的智能、情感、人性顯得越來越重要，特別是對家用機器人，其高層境界就是人機一體化。另一層是模仿生物機理，研制各種機電一體花產(chǎn)品。事實上，許多機電一體化產(chǎn)品都是受動物的啟發(fā)研制出來的。 5．結(jié)語 綜上所述，機電一體化的出現(xiàn)不是孤立的，它是許多科學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)展的結(jié)晶，是社會生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展到一定階段的必然要求。當(dāng)然，與機電一體化相關(guān)的技術(shù)還有很多，并且隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，各種技術(shù)相互融合的趨勢將越來越明顯，機電一體化技術(shù)的廣闊發(fā)展前景也將越來越光明。 英文原文 Integration of machinery present situation and development tendency [ Abstract ]: The integration of machinery was the modern science and technology development inevitable result, this article has summarized the integration of machinery technology basic outline and the development background. Summarized the domestic and foreign in tegrations of machinery technology present situation, the analysis integration of machinery technology development tendency. [ Key word ]: Integration of machinery technology present situation product manufacture technological development tendency 1. introduction The modern science and technology unceasing development, enormously impelled different discipline intersecting with the seepage, has caused the project domain technological revolution and the transformation. In mechanical engineering domain, because the microelectron technology and the computer technology rapid development and its forms to the mechanical industry seepage the integration of machinery, caused the mechanical industry the technical structure, the product organization, the function and the constitution, the production method and the management system has had the huge change, caused the industrial production to step into "the integration of machinery" by "the machinery electrification" for the characteristic development phase. 2. integrations of machinery outlines The integration of machinery is refers in the organization new owner function, the power function, in the information processing function and the control function introduces the electronic technology, unifies the system the mechanism and the electron design and software which constitutes always to call. Mechatronics development since has become one has its own system of new disciplines, as science and technology is developing, will be given new content. However, its basic characteristics can be summarized as : electromechanical integration is from the system point of view, the integrated use of machinery technology, electronics technology, automatic control technology, computer technology, information technology, sensor monitoring technology, power electronics technology, interface technology, Transform information technology and software programming technology, and other technical groups, according to target functional and optimization objectives of the Organization, rational distribution and the distribution of the functional unit, multi-function, high-quality, high reliability, Energy-efficient realization of the significance of specific functions, which makes the whole system optimization of systems engineering technology. And the resulting functional systems, electromechanical integration into a system or electromechanical integration products. Therefore, "mechatronics" covered "technical" and "product" two aspects. However, electromechanical integration technology is based on the above-mentioned groups, organic fusion technology an integrated technology, which is not mechanical technology, microelectronics technology, and other new technologies simple combination of patchwork. This is the mechanical and electrical integration and electrical machinery and processing machinery formed by electrification in the fundamental concept of distinction. Mechanical engineering technology purely technical development of electric machinery, the machinery is still traditional, Its main function is still to replace and enlarge the physical. However, the development of electromechanical integration, which the microelectronics devices may replace some mechanical parts of the original function, also given many new functions, such as the automatic detection, automatic processing, automatic record Automatic adjustment and control automatic diagnosis and protection. That is, electromechanical integration products is not only the hands and limbs extended, or the sensations and minds of the eyes, with the characteristics of intelligent mechatronics and mechanical functions in the electrification of the essential difference between. 3. Electromechanical integration of development Electromechanical integration, the development can be roughly divided into three stages. 20 1960s before the first stage, the stage called the initial stage. During this period, people unconsciously use of electronic technology in the preliminary results to perfect the performance of mechanical products. Especially during the Second World War, a war to stimulate the machinery and electronic technologies, These electromechanical combination of military technology to civilian use after the war, the post-war economic recovery played a positive role. At that time, research and development on the whole is still in a state of spontaneous. Due to the time of the development of electronic technology has not yet reached a certain level. Mechanical Technology and the integration of electronic technology is still impossible to extensive and in-depth development, and has developed products are not widely promoted. 20 Century 70 ~ 80 years for the second stage, known as the flourishing development stage. During this period, computer technology, control technology, communications technology, electromechanical integration of development laid a technological basis. Massive, super-scale integrated circuits and micro-computer rapid development electromechanical integration of the development provided adequate material basis. This period is characterized by : ① mechatronics first term in Japan is generally acceptable, Some of the 20th century, the late 1980s the world will be more widely accepted; ② electromechanical integration technologies and products to be a tremendous development; ③ countries have started to electromechanical integration technologies and products give a great deal of concern and support. 20 late 1990s and began electromechanical integration technology to intelligent direction of the new stage, electromechanical integration into the in-depth development period. On one hand, optical, communication technology into the electromechanical integration, microfabrication technology has electromechanical integration, which would take place the first leg, a-mechanical-electrical integration, and micro-electromechanical integration of new branches; on the other hand, electromechanical integration system modeling design, Analysis and Integration, electromechanical integration of disciplines and development trends have conducted in-depth research. Meanwhile, artificial intelligence technology and neural network technology and fiber technology, and other fields made tremendous progress, electromechanical integration of technology has opened up a vast world of development. These studies will help further establish mechatronics integrity of the foundation and gradually form a complete scientific system. China is from the 1980s of the 20th century only at the beginning of studies in this respect and application. The State Council has established a leading group electromechanical integration, and the technology as the "863 Program". For the "Ninth Five-Year Plan" planning and development program in 2010 when full account of international electromechanical integration of technology development trends and the resulting potential impact. Many tertiary education institutions, research institutes and large and medium-sized enterprises in some of this technology development and application done a lot of work, not achieved certain results, but with Japan and other advanced countries still have a considerable gap. 4. Electromechanical integration, the development trend Mechatronics combines mechanical, electronic, optical, control, computer, information and other multidisciplinary cross-integrated, its development and progress and to promote reliance on technology related to development and progress. Therefore, electromechanical integration, the main direction of development is as follows : 4.1 Intelligent Intelligent 21st century electromechanical integration of technological development an important development direction. Artificial Intelligence in electromechanical integration of builders is receiving increasing attention, CNC machine tools and robots intelligent application is important. Here the "intelligent" to describe the machinery is in control theory on the basis of absorption artificial intelligence, operations research, computer science, fuzzy math, psychology, physiology and chaotic dynamics of new ideas, new methods, simulate human intelligence, it is judgment, reasoning, logical thinking and independent decision-making ability, in order to get a higher control objectives. Indeed, to make the integrated products is identical with the people on the wisdom, it is impossible, but also unnecessary. However, the high performance, high-speed microprocessors to make the integrated products are endowed with low intelligence or of some smart, it is entirely possible and necessary. 4.2 Modular Modularity is an important and difficult project. Mechanical and electrical integration product lines and numerous manufacturers, research and development interface with the standard mechanical, electrical interface, Dynamic Interface, environment interface modules electromechanical integration products is a very complex but very important things. If developed Set slowdown, the smart governor, the electrical characteristics of the power unit with vision, image processing, Identification and location of the functions of the control unit and can be completed various typical-operated mechanical device. Thus, the use of standard cell can quickly develop new products, while also expanding production scale. This requires the development of standards for the various components, modules and interface matching. Due to a conflict of interest, the recent difficult to develop an international or national standards in this regard. But through the formation of some large enterprises have gradually formed. Clearly, the standardization of electrical products and serialization of the benefits can be sure, Whether to production standards electromechanical integration of enterprises or units of production electromechanical integration of enterprise products, scale enterprises electromechanical integration will bring about a better future. 4.3 Network 90s of the 20th century, computer technology is an outstanding achievement in networking technology. Network Technology and the rise to the rapid development of science and technology, industrial production, political, military, Education act everyday life are what people have brought tremendous changes. Various networks to the global economy, as a production company, and inter-enterprise competition will globalization. Electromechanical integration of new products once developed, as long as their unique functional, reliable, and will soon be sold all over the world. Due to the popularity of the network, the network-based remote control and monitoring technology is ascendant. and the remote control terminal equipment itself is mechatronics products. Fieldbus and LAN technology is the network of household appliances has become the trend, use home network (home net) will be linked into various household appliances to computers at the center of computer integrated home appliances system (computer integrated appliance system, CIAS), so that people at home sharing the various high-tech facilities and happiness. Therefore, electromechanical integration, network products undoubtedly towards the direction of development. 4.4 miniaturization Miniature rise in the 20th century the end of the 1980s, refers to the integration of micro-electromechanical machines and the micro trend of development. Foreign known as microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), refers to the geometric size of more than 1 cm3 of mechatronics products, and Micron, nano-level development. MEMS integration products small size, less consumption, exercise flexibility in biological medical, military, , and other aspects of information due to the advantages. Micro-electro-mechanical integration is the bottleneck MEMS technology, micro-electromechanical integration products are processed using sophisticated processing technologies. that the ultra-sophisticated technology, including lithography and etching techniques two. 4.5 Green Industry developed for the people's living brought tremendous changes. On one hand, material wealth, living comfortable; The other hand, a reduction of resources, the ecological environment has been seriously polluted. So, people called for the protection of the environment and resources, and return to nature. Green product concept came into being under such voices, green is the trend of the times. Green products in its design, manufacture, use and destruction of the life process, meet specific environmental and human health, at the request of the ecological environment or harm innocent little, a very high utilization rate of resources. 4.6 systematized Systematic one of the features of the system architecture is the further use of open and the model bus architecture. System configuration can be flexible, tailoring and arbitrary combinations, while seeking to achieve more coordination and control subsystems and integrated management. 2 performance of the communication function is greatly enhanced, in addition to general RS232, RS485 there, the personification of DCS. Future integration of mechanical and electrical products and pay more attention to the relationship between people, electromechanical integration of personalization has two implications. Level, the integration of mechanical and electrical products to the end user is people, how to give electromechanical integration of intelligent products, emotional, Humanity has become increasingly important, especially for household robots, is the realm of its senior man-machine integration. At another level, it is an imitation of biological mechanism, the development of various electromechanical products flowers. In fact, many of mechatronics products are inspired by the developed the of animals. 5. Conclusion In summary, the emergence of mechatronics is not isolated, it is in many scientific and technological development of the crystallization is the development of social productive forces to a certain stage of the inevitable requirement. Of course, and the Electrical and Mechanical related to the integration of many technologies, and with the development of science and technology. technical integration of the trend is becoming increasingly obvious. electromechanical integration of a broad development prospects will be brighter. 8