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編號
無錫太湖學院
畢業(yè)設計（論文）
相關(guān)資料
題目： 升降機控制系統(tǒng)的PLC應用研究
信機 系 機械工程及自動化專業(yè)
學 號：
學生姓名：
指導教師： （職稱：高級工程師 ）
（職稱： ）
2013年5月25日
目 錄
一、畢業(yè)設計（論文）開題報告
二、畢業(yè)設計（論文）外文資料翻譯及原文
三、學生“畢業(yè)論文（論文）計劃、進度、檢查及落實表”
四、實習鑒定表
無錫太湖學院
畢業(yè)設計（論文）
開題報告
題目： 升降機控制系統(tǒng)的PLC應用研究
機電 系 機械工程及自動化 專業(yè)
學 號：
學生姓名：
指導教師：（職稱：高級工程師）
（職稱： ）
2012年11月14日
課題來源
可編程控制器（Programmable Controller）是計算機家族中的一員，是為工業(yè)控制應用而設計制造的。早期的可編程控制器稱作可編程邏輯控制器（Programmable Logic Controller）， 簡稱PLC，它主要用來代替繼電器實現(xiàn)邏輯控制隨著技術(shù)的發(fā)展這種裝置的功能已經(jīng)大大超過了邏輯控制的范圍，因此，今天這種裝置稱作可編程控制器，簡稱PC。但是為了避免與個人計算機（Personal Computer）的簡稱混淆，所以將可編程控制器簡稱PLC。
PLC（可編程控制器）作為一種工業(yè)控制微型計算機，它以其編程方便、操作簡單尤其是它的高可控性等優(yōu)點，在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程中得到了廣泛的應用。它應用大規(guī)模集成電路，微型機技術(shù)和通訊技術(shù)的發(fā)展成果，逐步形成了具有多種優(yōu)點和微型，中型，大型，超大型等各種規(guī)格的系列產(chǎn)品，應用于從繼電器控制系統(tǒng)到監(jiān)控計算機之間的許多控制領域。隨著社會的不斷發(fā)展，樓房越來越高，而電梯成為了高層樓房的必須設備。電梯從手柄開關(guān)操縱電梯、按鈕控制電梯發(fā)展到了現(xiàn)在的群控電梯，為高層運輸做出了不可磨滅的貢獻。PLC在電梯升降控制上的應用主要體現(xiàn)在它的邏輯開關(guān)控制功能。由于PLC具有邏輯運算，計數(shù)和定時以及數(shù)據(jù)輸入輸出的功能。在電梯升降過程中，各種邏輯開關(guān)控制與PLC很好的結(jié)合，很好的實現(xiàn)了對的控制。
本課題主要對PLC的結(jié)構(gòu)、特點、性能以及與現(xiàn)場控制對象的連線進行具體的研究，并通過PLC實現(xiàn)電梯的自動控制。市建設的不斷發(fā)展，城市迅速的崛起，高層建筑的不斷增多，電梯作為高層建筑中垂直運行的交通工具已與人們的日常生活密不可分。它是采用電力拖動方式，將載有乘客或貨物的轎廂，運行于垂直方向的兩根剛性導軌之間，運送乘客和貨物的固定式提升設備。所以，電梯是為高層建筑運輸服務的設備，它具有運送速度快、安全可靠、操作簡便的優(yōu)點。但傳統(tǒng)的電梯控制系統(tǒng)主要采用繼電器--接觸器進行控制，其缺點是觸點多，故障率高、可靠性差、維修工作量大等，而采用 PLC組成的控制系統(tǒng)可以很好地解決上述問題，使電梯運行更加安全、方便、舒適。
科學依據(jù)（包括課題的科學意義；國內(nèi)外研究概況、水平和發(fā)展趨勢；應用前景等）
課題科學意義
隨著城市建設的不斷發(fā)展，高層建筑不斷增多，電梯在國民經(jīng)濟和生活中有著廣泛的應用。電梯作為高層建筑中垂直運行的交通工具已與人們的日常生活密不可分。在許多交通設備中，電梯是自動化程度最高的先進設備的一種。以前的電梯主要采用單片機控制，其性能等各方面都不太完善，現(xiàn)在電梯控制系統(tǒng)多采用PLC，從電梯的性能、器件的靈活性及安全保障方面等都有了很大的提高。實際上電梯是根據(jù)外部呼叫信號以及自身控制規(guī)律等運行的，而呼叫是隨機的，電梯實際上是一個人機交互式的控制系統(tǒng)，單純用順序控制或邏輯控制是不能滿足控制要求的，因此，電梯控制系統(tǒng)采用隨機邏輯方式控制。目前電梯的控制普遍采用了兩種方式，一是采用微機作為信號控制單元，完成電梯信號的采集、運行狀態(tài)和功能的設定，實現(xiàn)電梯的自動調(diào)度和集選運行功能，拖動控制則由變頻器來完成；第二種控制方式用可編程控制器（PLC）取代微機實現(xiàn)信號集選控制。
研究內(nèi)容
（1） 了解升降機控制技術(shù)的工作原理，國內(nèi)外的研究發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀；
（2） 完成基于升降機控制技術(shù)的PLC應用的總體方案設計；
（3） 完成有關(guān)升降機結(jié)構(gòu)的研究；
（4） 熟練掌握有關(guān)計算機編程軟件，并編輯出相應的流程圖及梯形圖。
擬采取的研究方法、技術(shù)路線、實驗方案及可行性分析
通過網(wǎng)上查閱相關(guān)資料，收集有關(guān)資料，同時通過文獻資料對PLC在升降機中的運用有所了解。運用科學的方法，對PLC在升降機中工作原理以及構(gòu)成進行全方面的探討和研究。
研究計劃及預期成果
研究計劃：
2012年11月12日-2012年12月25日：按照任務書要求查閱論文相關(guān)參考資料，撰寫畢業(yè)設計開題報告書。
2013年1月11日-2013年3月5日：填寫畢業(yè)實習報告。
2013年3月8日-2013年3月14日：按照要求修改畢業(yè)設計開題報告。
2013年3月15日-2013年3月21日：學習并翻譯一篇與畢業(yè)設計相關(guān)的英文材料。
2013年3月22日-2013年4月11日：分析基于升降機控制系統(tǒng)的PLC研究設計及基本設計計算；
2013年4月12日-2013年4月25日：基于升降機控制系統(tǒng)的PLC應用研究分析研究；
2013年4月26日-2013年5月21日：畢業(yè)論文撰寫和修改工作。
特色或創(chuàng)新之處
PLC（可編程控制器）作為一種工業(yè)控制微型計算機，它以其編程方便、操作簡單尤其是它的高可控性等優(yōu)點，在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程中得到了廣泛的應用。它應用大規(guī)模集成電路，微型機技術(shù)和通訊技術(shù)的發(fā)展成果，逐步形成了具有多種優(yōu)點和微型，中型，大型，超大型等各種規(guī)格的系列產(chǎn)品，應用于從繼電器控制系統(tǒng)到監(jiān)控計算機之間的許多控制領域。隨著社會的不斷發(fā)展，樓房越來越高，而電梯成為了高層樓房的必須設備。電梯從手柄開關(guān)操縱電梯、按鈕控制電梯發(fā)展到了現(xiàn)在的群控電梯，為高層運輸做出了不可磨滅的貢獻。PLC在電梯升降控制上的應用主要體現(xiàn)在它的邏輯開關(guān)控制功能。由于PLC具有邏輯運算，計數(shù)和定時以及數(shù)據(jù)輸入輸出的功能。在電梯升降過程中，各種邏輯開關(guān)控制與PLC很好的結(jié)合，很好的實現(xiàn)了對的控制。
已具備的條件和尚需解決的問題
1. 通過參考大量的文獻，掌握課題研究的背景，調(diào)研國內(nèi)外有關(guān)課題研究方面的現(xiàn)狀、發(fā)展和應用情況，基于升降機控制系統(tǒng)的PLC應用研究，明確課題研究的目的、意義、任務及內(nèi)容。
2.學習和掌握全自動機械手實現(xiàn)手術(shù)的相關(guān)方法和技術(shù)，并結(jié)合課題實際分析各種相關(guān)方法和技術(shù)的優(yōu)缺點，以便確定方案和設計內(nèi)容
指導教師意見
指導教師簽名：
年 月 日
教研室（學科組、研究所）意見
教研室主任簽名：
年 月 日
系意見
主管領導簽名：
年 月 日
英文原文
PLC technique discussion and future development
Along with the development of the ages, the technique that is nowadays is also gradually perfect, the competition plays more strong; the operation that list depends the artificial has already can't satisfied with the current manufacturing industry foreground, also can't guarantee the request of the higher quantity and high new the image of the technique business enterprise.
The people see in produce practice, automate brought the tremendous convenience and the product quantities for people up of assurance, also eased the personnel's labor strength, reduce the establishment on the personnel. The target control of the hard realization in many complicated production lines, whole and excellent turn, the best decision etc., well-trained operation work, technical personnel or expert, governor but can judge and operate easily, can acquire the satisfied result. The research target of the artificial intelligence makes use of the calculator exactly to carry out, imitate these intelligences behavior, moderating the work through person's brain and calculators, with the mode that person's machine combine, for resolve the very complicated problem to look for the best path
We come in sight of the control that links after the electric appliances in various situation, that is already the that time generation past, now of after use in the mold a perhaps simple equipments of grass-roots control that the electric appliances can do for the low level only; And the PLC emergence also became the epoch-making topic, adding the vivid software control through a very and stable hardware, making the automation head for the new high tide.
The PLC biggest characteristics lie in: The electrical engineering teacher already no longer electric hardware up too many calculations of cost, as long as order the importation that the button switch or the importation of the sensors order to link the PLC up can solve problem, pass to output to order the conjunction contact machine or control the start equipments of the big power after the electric appliances, but the exportation equipments direct conjunction of the small power can.
PLC internal containment have the CPU of the CPU, and take to have an I/ O for expand of exterior to connect a people's address and saving machine three big pieces to constitute, CPU core is from an or many is tired to add the machine to constitute, mathematics that they have the logic operation ability, and can read the procedure save the contents of the machine to drive the homologous saving machine and I/ O to connect after pass the calculation; The I/ O add inner part is tired the input and output system of the machine and exterior link, and deposit the related data into the procedure saving machine or data saving machine; The saving machine can deposit the data that the I/ O input in the saving machine, and in work adjusting to become tired to add the machine and I/ Os to connect, saving machine separately saving machine RAM of the procedure saving machine ROM and dates, the ROM can do deposit of the data permanence in the saving machine, but RAM only for the CPU computes the temporary calculation usage of hour of buffer space.
The PLC anti- interference is very and excellent, our root need not concern its service life and the work situation bad, these all problems have already no longer become the topic that we fail, but stay to our is a concern to come to internal resources of make use of the PLC to strengthen the control ability of the equipments for us, make our equipments more gentle.
PLC language is not we imagine of edit collected materials the language or language of Cs to carry on weaving the distance, but the trapezoid diagram that the adoption is original after the electric appliances to control, make the electrical engineering teacher while weaving to write the procedure very easy comprehended the PLC language, and a lot of non- electricity professional also very quickly know and go deep into to the PLC.
Is PLC one of the advantage above and only, this is also one part that the people comprehend more and easily, in a lot of equipments, the people have already no longer hoped to see too many control buttons, they damage not only and easily and produce the artificial error easiest, small is not a main error perhaps you can still accept; But lead even is a fatal error greatly is what we can't is tolerant of. New technique always for bringing more safe and convenient operation for us, make we a lot of problems for face on sweep but light, do you understand the HMI? Says the HMI here you basically not clear what it is, also have no interest understanding, change one inside text explains it into the touch to hold or man-machine interface you knew, and it combines with the PLC to our larger space.
HMI the control not only is reduced the control press button, increase the vivid of the control, more main of it is can sequence of, and at can the change data input to output the feedback with data, control in the temperature curve of imitate but also can keep the manifestation of view to come out. And can write the function help procedure through a plait to provide the help of various what lies in one's power, the one who make operate reduces the otiose error. Currently the HMI factory is also more and more, the function is also more and more strong, the price is also more and more low, and the noodles of the usage are wide more and more. The HMI foreground can say that think ° to be good very.
At a lot of situations, the list is a smooth movement that can't guarantee the equipments by the control of the single machine, but pass the information exchanges of the equipments and equipments to attain the result that we want. For example fore pack and the examination of the empress work preface, we will arrive wrapping information feedback to examine the place, and examine the information of the place to also want the feedback to packing. Pass the information share thus to make both the chain connect, becoming a total body, the match of your that thus make is more close, at each other attain to reflect the result that mutually flick.
The PLC correspondence has already come more body now its value, at the PLC and correspondence between PLCs, can pass the communication of the information and the share of the dates to guarantee that of the equipments moderates mutually, the result that arrive already to repair with each other. Data conversion the adoption RS232 between PLC connect to come to the transmission data, but the RS232 pick up a people and can guarantee 10 meters only of deliver the distance, if in the distance of 1000 meters we can pass the RS485 to carry on the correspondence, the longer distance can pass the MODEL only to carry on deliver.
The PLC data transmission is just to be called a form to it in a piece of and continuous address that the data of the inner part delivers the other party, we, the PLC of the other party passes to read data in the watch to carry on the operation. If the data that data in the watch is a to establish generally, that is just the general data transmission, for example today of oil price rise, I want to deliver the price of the oil price to lose the oil ally on board, that is the share of the data; But take data in the watch for an instruction procedure that controls the PLC, that had the difficulty very much, for example you have to control one pedestal robot to press the action work that you imagine, you will draw up for it the form that a procedure combine with the data sends out to pass by.
The form that information transport contain single work, the half a work and the difference of a workers .The meaning of the single work also is to say both, a can send out only, but a can receive only, for example a spy he can receive the designation of the superior only, but can't give the superior reply; A work of half is also 2 and can send out similar to accept the data, but can't send out and accept at the same time, for example when you make a phone call is to can't answer the phone, the other party also; But whole pair works is both can send out and accept the data, and can send out and accept at the same time. Be like the Internet is a typical example.
The process that information transport also has synchronous and different step cent: The data line and the clock lines are synchronous when synchronous meaning lie in sending out the data, is also the data signal and the clock signals to be carry on by the CPU to send out at the same time, this needs to all want the specialized clock signal each other to carry on the transmission and connect to send, and is constrained, the characteristics of this kind of method lies in its speed very quick, but correspond work time of take up the CPU and also want to be long oppositely, at the same time the technique difficulty also very big. Its request lies in canting have an error margins in a dates deliver, otherwise the whole piece according to compare the occurrence mistake, this on the hardware is a bigger difficulty. Applied more and more extensive in some appropriative equipments, be like the appropriative medical treatment equipments, the numerical signal equipments...etc., in compare the one data deliver, its result is very good.
And the different step is an application the most extensive, this receive benefit in it of technique difficulty is opposite and want to be small, at the same time not need to prepare the specialized clock signal, its characteristics to lie in, its data is partition, the long-lost send out and accept, be the CPU is too busy of time can grind to a stop sex to work, also reduced the difficulty on the hardware, the data throw to lose at the same time opposite want to be little, we can pass the examination of the data to observe whether the data that we send out has the mistake or not, be like strange accidentally the method, tired addition and eight efficacies method etc., can use to helps whether the data that we examine to send out have or not the mistake occurrence, pass the feedback to carry on the discriminator.
A line of transmission of the information contains a string of and combine the cent of: The usual PLC is 8 machines, certainly also having 16 machines. We can be an at the time of sending out the data a send out to the other party, also can be 88 send out the data to the other party, an and 8 differentiations are also the as that we say to send out the data and combine sends out the data. A speed is more and slowly, but as long as 2 or three lines can solve problem, and can use the telephone line to carry on the long range control. But combine the ocular transmission speed is very quick of, it is a string of ocular of 25600%, occupy the advantage in the short distance, the in view of the fact TTL electricity is even, being limited by the scope of one meter generally, it combine unwell used for the data transmission of the long pull, thus the cost is too expensive.
Under a lot of circumstances we are total to like to adopt the string to combine the conversion chip to carry on deliver, under this kind of circumstance not need us to carry on to deposited the machine to establish too and complicatedly, but carry on the data exchanges through the data transmission instruction directly, but is not a very viable way in the correspondence, because the PLC of the other party must has been wait for your data exportation at the time of sending out the data, it can't do other works.
When you are reading the book, you hear someone knock on door, you stop to start up of affair, open the door and combine to continue with the one who knock on door a dialogue, the telephone of this time rang, you signal hint to connect a telephone, after connecting the telephone through, return overdo come together knock on door to have a conversation, after dialogue complete, you continue again to see your book, this kind of circumstance we are called the interruption to it, it has the authority, also having sex of have the initiative, the PLC had such function .Its characteristics lie in us and may meet the urgently abrupt affairs in the operation process of the equipments, we want to stop to start immediately up of work, the whereabouts manages the more important affair, this kind of circumstance is we usually meet of, PLC while carry out urgent mission, total will keep the current appearance first, for example the address of the procedure, CPU of tired add the machine data etc., be like to stick down which the book that we see is when we open the door the page or simply make a mark, because we treat and would still need to continue immediately after book of see the behind. The CPU always does the affair that should do according to our will, but your mistake of give it an affair, it also would be same to do, this we must notice.
The interruption is not only a, sometimes existing jointly with the hour several inside break, break off to have the preferred Class, they will carry out the interruption of the higher Class according to person's request. This kind of breaks off the medium interruption to also became to break off the set. The Class that certainly break off is relevant according to various resources of CPU with internal PLC, also following a heap of capacity size of also relevant fasten.
The contents that break off has a lot of kinds, for example the exterior break off, correspondence in of send out and accept the interruption and settle and the clock that count break off, still have the WDT to reset the interruption etc., they enriched the CPU to respond to the category while handle various business. Speak thus perhaps you can't comprehend the internal structure and operation orders of the interruption completely also, we do a very small example to explain.
Each equipment always will not forget a button, it also is at we meet the urgent circumstance use of, which is nasty to stop the button. When we meet the Human body trouble and surprised circumstances we as long as press it, the machine stops all operations immediately, and wait for processing the over surprised empress recover the operation again. Nasty stop the internal I/ O of the internal CPU of the button conjunction PLC to connect up, be to press button an exterior to trigger signal for CPU, the CPU carries on to the I/ O to examine again, being to confirm to have the exterior to trigger the signal, CPU protection the spot breaks off procedure counts the machine turn the homologous exterior I/ O automatically in the procedure to go to also, be exterior interruption procedure processing complete, the procedure counts the machine to return the main procedure to continue to work. Have 1:00 can what to explain is we generally would nasty stop the button of exterior break off to rise to the tallest Class, thus guarantee the safety.
中文譯文
可編程控制器技術(shù)
隨著時代的發(fā)展,當今的技術(shù)也日趨完善、競爭愈演愈烈;單靠人工的操作已不能滿足于目前的制造業(yè)前景,也無法保證更高質(zhì)量的要求和高新技術(shù)企業(yè)的形象.
人們在生產(chǎn)實踐中看到,自動化給人們帶來了極大的便利和產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量上的保證,同時也減輕了人員的勞動強度,減少了人員上的編制.在許多復雜的生產(chǎn)過程中難以實現(xiàn)的目標控制、整體優(yōu)化、最佳決策等,熟練的操作工、技術(shù)人員或?qū)＜?、管理者卻能夠容易判斷和操作,可以獲得滿意的效果.人工智能的研究目標正是利用計算機來實現(xiàn)、模擬這些智能行為,通過人腦與計算機協(xié)調(diào)工作,以人機結(jié)合的模式,為解決十分復雜的問題尋找最佳的途徑
我們在各種場合看到了繼電器連接的控制，那已經(jīng)是時代的過去，如今的繼電器只能作為低端的基層控制模塊或者簡單的設備中使用到；而PLC的出現(xiàn)也成為了劃時代的主題，通過極其穩(wěn)定的硬件穿插靈活的軟件控制，使得自動化走向了新的高潮。
PLC的最大特點在于：電氣工程師已不再電氣的硬件上花費太多的心計，只要將按鈕開關(guān)或感應器的輸入點連接到PLC的輸入點上就能解決問題，通過輸出點連接接觸器或繼電器來控制大功率的啟動設備，而小功率的輸出設備直接連接就可以。
PLC的內(nèi)部包含了具有中央處理器的CPU，并帶有外部I/O口擴展的I/O接口地址和存儲器三大塊組成，CPU的核心是由一個或者多個累加器組成，它們具有邏輯的數(shù)學運算能力，并能讀取程序存儲器的內(nèi)容通過計算后去驅(qū)動相應的存儲器和I/O接口；I/O口將內(nèi)部累加器和外部的輸入和輸出系統(tǒng)連接起來，并將相關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)存入程序存儲器或者數(shù)據(jù)存儲器中；存儲器可以將I/O口輸入的數(shù)據(jù)存入存儲器中，并在工作時調(diào)轉(zhuǎn)到累加器和I/O接口上，存儲器分程序存儲器ROM和數(shù)據(jù)存儲器RAM,ROM可以將數(shù)據(jù)永久的存入存儲器中，而RAM只能作為CPU計算時臨時計算使用的緩沖空間。
PLC的抗干擾是極其優(yōu)秀的，我們根本不用去關(guān)心它的使用壽命和工作場合的惡劣，這些所有的問題已不再成為我們失敗的主題，而留給我們的是關(guān)心如何來利用PLC的內(nèi)部資源為我們加強設備的控制能力，使我們的設備更加的柔性。
PLC的語言并不是我們所想象的匯編語言或C語言來進行編程，而是采用原有的繼電器控制的梯形圖，使得電氣工程師在編寫程序時很容易就理解了PLC的語言，而且很多的非電氣專業(yè)人士也對PLC很快認識并深入。
以上僅僅是PLC的優(yōu)點之一，這也是人們比較容易理解的一部分，在很多的設備中，人們已不再希望看到太多的控制按鈕，它們不但容易損壞而且極易產(chǎn)生人為的失誤，小的并不是主要的失誤也許你還能夠接受；但過大的甚至是致命的失誤是我們無法容忍的。新的技術(shù)總是為了給我們帶來更安全和便捷的操作，使得我們面臨的一大堆問題一掃而光，你有了解過HMI嗎？這里說HMI你根本不清楚它是什么，也沒有興趣了解，換一個中文把它說明為觸摸屏或者人機界面你就知道了，它和PLC的結(jié)合給了我們更大的空間。
HMI控制不僅僅是減少了控制按鈕，增加控制的靈活性，更主要的它是可順序性的，而且在能夠改變數(shù)據(jù)輸入和數(shù)據(jù)輸出反饋，在溫度控制曲線的模擬也能直觀的顯示出來。并且能夠通過編寫功能幫助程序來提供各種力所能及的幫助，使得操作者減少不必要的失誤。HMI的廠商目前也越來越多，功能也越來越強，價格也越來越低，使用的面越來越廣。HMI的前景可以說十分的看好。
在很多場合，單靠單機的控制是無法保證設備的順暢運行，而通過設備與設備的信息交流達到我們想要的效果。比如在前包裝和后工序的檢測，我們就要將包裝的信息反饋到檢測處，而檢測處的信息也要反饋到包裝來。這樣通過信息共享來使得兩者之間鏈接起來，形成一個共體，從而使的兩者間的配合更加的緊密，在彼此間達到映影相揮的效果。
PLC的通信已經(jīng)愈來愈體現(xiàn)它的價值，在PLC與PLC之間的通信，能夠通過信息的溝通和數(shù)據(jù)的共享來保證設備之間的相互協(xié)調(diào)，已達到互補的效果。PLC之間的數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換采用RS232接口來傳送數(shù)據(jù)，而RS232接口只能保證10米的傳輸距離，如果在1