長方形盒蓋的注塑模具設計--塑料注射模說明書,長方形,盒蓋,注塑,模具設計,塑料,注射,說明書,仿單 外文資料翻譯 資料來源：書籍 文章名：Chapter 2 The Properties of Plastics 書刊名：《English for Die & Mould Design and Manufacturing》 作 者：劉建雄 王家惠 廖丕博 主編 出版社：北京大學出版社，2002 章 節(jié)：2.2 The Properties of Plastics 頁 碼：P24~P31 文 章 譯 名： 塑料的性能 The?Properties?of?Plastics Plastics are organic materials made from large molecules that are constructed by a chain-like attachment of certain building-block molecules. The properties of the plastic depend heavily on the size of the molecule and on the arrangement of the atoms within the molecule. For example, polyethylene is made from the ethylene building block that is initially a gas.Through?a process?called?polymerization,?a?chain?of?ethylene?molecules?isformed?by?valence?bonding?of??the?carbon?atoms?within?the?ethylene?molecule.?The?high?molecular?weight?product?which?results?iscalled?a?polymer.?Hence,?the?designation?polyethylene?is?used?todistinguish?the?high-?molecular-weight?plastic?from?its?gaseous?counterpart,?ethylene,?which?is?the?monomer?that?becomes?polymerized.The?“poly”?refers?to?the?“many”?ethylene?building?block?molecules?or?monomers,?which?join?to?form?the?polyethylene?plastic?molecule.Frequently,?the?term?“resin”?is?used,?interchangeably?with?“polymer”?to?describe?the?backbone?molecule?of?a?plastic?material.?However,?“resin”?is?sometimes?used?to?describe?a?syrupy?liquid?ofboth?natural?and?synthetic?resin. Plastics,?in?the?finished?product?form,?are?seldom?comprised?exclusively?of?polymer?but?also?include?other?ingredients?such?as?fillers,?pigments,?stabilizers,?and?processing?aids.?However,?designation?of?the?plastic?material?or?molding?compound?is?always?takenfrom?the?polymer?designation. Broadly?speaking?plastics?may?be?divided?into?two?categories:?thermoplastics?and?thermoset?plastics.?The?classes?of?materials?areso?named?because?of?the?effect?of?temperature?on?their?properties. 2.2.1Thermosets Thermoset?plastics?are?polymers?which?are?relatively?useless?intheir?raw?states.?Upon?heating?to?a?certain?temperatureaa?chemical?reaction?takes?place?which?causes?the?molecules?to?bond?togetheror?cross-link.?After?vulcanization?and?polymerization,?or?curing,the?thermoset?material?remains?stable?and?cannot?return?to?its?original?state.?Thus,?a”?thermo-seta”??identifies?those?materials?that?become?set?in?their?useable?state?resulting?from?the?addition?of?heat.?Normally,?a?thermoset?polymer?is?mixed?with?fillers?and?reinforcing?agents?to?obtain?the?properties?of?a?molding?compound. Thermosets?are?the?hardest?and?stiffest?of?all?plastics,?are?chemically?insoluble?after?curing,?and?their?properties?are?less?affected?by?changes?in?temperature?than?are?the?heat-sensitive?thermoplastics.?The?closest?non-plastic?counterparts?to?thermosets?in?properties?are?ceramics.?Common?examples?of?thermoset?plastics?are:?phenolics,?melamine,?urea,?alkyds,?and?epoxies.?Molding?compounds?madefrom?these?polymeric?resins?always?contain?additional?fillers?and?reinforcing?agents?to?obtain?optimum?properties. 2.2.2Thermoplastics Thermoplastic?polymers?are?heat-sensitive?materials?which?are?solids?at?room?temperature,like?most?metals.?Upon?heating,?the?thermoplastics?begin?to?soften?and?eventually?reach?a?melting?point?and?become?liquid.?Allowing?a?thermoplastic?to?cool?below?its?melting?point?causes?resolidification?or?freezing?of?the?plastic.?Successive?heating?and?cooling?cycles?cause?repetition?of?the?melting-freezing?cycle?just?as?it?does?for?metals. The?fact?that?thermoplastics?melt?is?the?basis?for?their?processing?into?finished?parts.?Thermoplastics?may?be?processed?by?any?method?which?causes?softening?or?melting?of?the?material.?Examples?of?thermoplastic?fabrication?techniques?using?melting?are:?injection?molding,?extrusion,?rotational?casting,?and?calendering.?Fabrication?methods?which?take?advantage?of?softening?below?the?melting?point?are:?thermoforming?(vacuum?or?pressure),?blow?molding,?and?forging.?Of?course,?normal?metal-cutting?techniques?can?also?be?applied?to?thermoplastics?in?the?solid?state.?Common?examples?of?thermoplastics?are:?polyethylene,?polystyrene,?polyvinyl?chloride?(PVC),?and?nylon?(polyamide). 2.2.3Fillers Plastics?often?contain?other?added?materials?called?fillers.?Fillers?are?employed?to?increase?bulk?and?to?help?impart?desired?properties.?Plastics?containing?fillers?will?cure?faster?and?hold?closer?to?established?finished?dimensions,?since?the?plastic?shrinkage?will?be?reduced.?Wood?flour?is?the?general-purpose?and?most?commonly?used?filler.?Cotton?frock,?produced?from?cotton?linters,?increases?mechanical?strength.?For?higher?strength?and?resistance?toimpact,?cotton?cloth?chopped?into?sections?about?1/2-inch?square?can?be?processed?with?the?plastic.?Asbestos?fiber?may?be?used?as?a?filler?for?increased?heat?and?fire?resistance,?and?mica?is?used?for?molding?plastic?parts?with?superior?dielectric?characteristics.?Glass?fibers,?silicon,?cellulose,?clay,?or?nutshell?flour?mayalso?be?used.?Nutshell?flour?is?used?instead?of?wood?flour?where?a?better?finish?is?desired.?Plastic?parts?using?short?fiber?fillers?will?result?in?lower?costs,?while?those?with?long?fiber?fillers?having??greater?impact?strengths?are?more?expensive.?Other?materials,?not?defined?as?fillers,?such?as?dyes,?pigments,?lubricants,?accelerators,?and?plasticizers?may?also?be?added.?Plasticizers?are?added?to?soften?and?improve?the?moldability?of?plastics.?Filler?and?modifying?agents?are?added?and?mixed?with?the?raw?plastic?before?it?is?molded?or?formed. 2.2.4Properties?of?Plastics 1.General?Properties The?problem?of?selecting?plastic?materials?is?that?of?finding the?material?with?suitable?properties?from?the?standpoint?of?intended?service,?methods?of?forming?and?fabricating,?and?cost. New?and?improved?plastic?materials?possessing?almost?any?desired?characteristic?are?being?introduced?continually.?There?are?plastics?that?do?not?require?plasticizers?that?have?greater?flexibility?under?lower?temperatures,?and?are?stable?under?higher?temperatures.?Some?resist?water,?acids,?oils,?and?other?destructive?matter.?The?wide?use?of?plastics?testifies?to?their?value;?however,?fundamental?limitations?should?be?considered?when?applying?a?new?material?or?adapting?an?old?material?to?new?applications. 2. Effects?of?Temperature Plastics?are?inclined?toward?rigidity?and?brittleness?at?low?temperatures,?and?softness?and?flexibility?at?high?temperatures.?They?are?fundamentally?unstable?dimensionally?with?respect?to?temperature,?and?are?susceptible?to?distortion?and?flow?when?subjected?to?elevated?temperatures.?The?thermoplastics?are?particularly?susceptible,?while?the?thermosetting?plastics?are?much?more?resistant,?differing,?however,?only?in?degree.?The?distinction?between?the?thermal?stability?of?the?thermosetting?and?thermoplastic?resins?is?not?well?defined.?A?true?distinction?can?be?drawn?only?between?individual?plastics,?rather?than?between?classes?of?plastics.?High?temperatures?not?only?seriously?reduce?the?mechanical?properties?of?plastics,?but?also?accelerate?the?destructive?action?of?external?agents?to?which?they?are?sensitive.?Continuous?heating?also?may?induce?brittleness?and?shrinkage?in?heavily?plasticized?materials?by?volatilization?of?plasticizers.?The?use?of?one?plastic?in?contact?with?a?dissimilar?plastic?in?a?proposed?application?should?be?checked?first?in?the?light?of?possible?a”?migration?of?plasticizera”?,?sometimes?resulting?in?discoloration?or?hardening?of?one?of?the?plastics. In?general,?moderate?temperatures?are?required?for?storage?of?plastics?over?long?periods;?low?temperatures?are?to?be?avoided?because?of?the?low-temperature?brittleness?of?most?of?the?plastics,?and?high?temperatures?should?be?avoided?because?of?the?rapid?loss?of?mechanical?properties,?volatilization?of?plasticizers,?and?the?susceptibility?of?a?large?number?to?distortion. Plastics,?with?only?a?few?exceptions,?are?extremely?sensitive?to?the?effects?of?water.?High-?humidity?atmospheres?induce?water?absorption?and?varied?resulting?effects,?depending?upon?the?composition?and?formulation?of?the?plastics.?Increased?water?content?plasticizes?some?materials,?and?there?is?a?general?lowering?of?the?mechanical?properties.?Water?absorption?is?responsible?for?swelling?in?certain?plastics?and?the?ultimate?decomposition?of?a?few.?Moist?or?wet?atmospheres?may?extract?plasticizers?from?heavily?plasticized?materials?and?also?provide?conditions?favorable?to?fungal?growth.?In?recent?years,?however,?new?plastics?have?come?into?use?that?have?first-class?moisture?resistance?and?may?contain?water?indefinitely?while?resisting?other?influences?at?the?same?time. Extremely?dry?environments?may?cause?brittleness?in?certain?plastics?as?a?result?of?loss?of?water?that?normally?contributes?to their?plasticity.?Cyclic?wet?and?dry?atmospheres?are?more?destructive?to?plastics?than?continuous?exposure?at?constant?humidity?because?of?the?mechanical?stresses?induced?in?the?plastics?by?swelling?and?shrinking?with?moisture?absorption?and?moisture?emission.?Relatively?constant,?moderate?to?low?humidities?are?preferred?for?plastic?storage?because?of?the?adverse?effects?of?water?on?the?structure?and?properties?of?these?materials,?and?the?possibility?of?plasticizer?loss?by?extraction?and?fungal?attack?in?moist?atmospheres 3.Effects?of?Light Prolonged?exposure?to?sunlight?will?affect?adversely?all?plastics?with?exception?of?tetrafluoroethylene?(Teflon).?The?change?induced?by?the?ultraviolet?components?may?vary?in?kind?and?severity?from?slight?yellowing?to?complete?disintegration?as?a?result?of?the?chemical?degradation?of?the?polymeric?compound?or?plasticizers.?Loss?of?strength,?reduced?ductility,?and?increased?fragility?usually?accompany?such?action.?Many?plastics?are?offered?in?special?formulations?containing?“ultraviolet?inhibitors”?which?should?be?utilized?when?this?influence?is?present.?Exposure?of?plastics?to?sunlight?during?storage?should?be?avoided,?especially?when?the?transparency?of?clear?materials?is?to?be?preserved. 4.Weight As?a?family,?plastics?are?light?when?compared?to?metals.?Mostplastics?have?a?specific?gravity?between?1.35?and?1.45,?which?is?less?than?that?of?magnesium. 5.Electrical?Resistivity Plastics?have?excellent?electrical?resistivity?making?them?have wide?application?as?an?insulating?material.?In?the?high-frequency?applications,?plastics?are?particularly?advantageous?and,?consequently,?are?being?used?to?a?large?extent?in?the?fields?of?radar?andtelevision. 6.Heat?Insulation Plastics?have?low?heat?conduction?and,?consequently,?have?application?as?an?insulating?material.?In?particular,?they?are?used?ashandles?for?appliances?and?tools?subjected?to?heat. Fabrication The?principal?characteristic?of?plastics?from?fabrication?standpoint?is?case?of?molding.?Both?thermosetting?and?thermoplastic?materials?lend?themselves?to?molding?irregular?and?complex?shapes?withrelatively?short?curing?cycles. Plastics?may?be?joined?by?using?various?cements,?chemical?solvents,?and?mechanical?fasteners.?Heat-sealing,?which?parallels?somewhat?the?welding?process?of?metals,?is?used?extensively?in?joining light?thermoplastic?films.?In?such?cases,?dielectric?heating?is?the?technique?usually?used.?Friction?adhesion?has?had??moderate?application?also?in?the?joining?of?small?thermoplastic?parts. Plastics?can?be?machined?with?conventional?machine?tools.?However,?certain?cautions?should?be?exercised.?In?order?to?maintain?a good?finish,?a?heavy?flow?of?coolant?should?be?used?so?as?to?avoid?temperatures?that?will?distort?the?work.?In?some?thermosetting?laminates?(glass,?for?example),?the?customary?high-speed?steel?tool?will?not?stand?up?in?view?of?the?abrasive?action?of?the?laminating?material.?Here,?either?tungsten?carbide?or?ceramic?cuttingtools?must?be?used. 7.Effects?of?Oxygen Organic?plastics?are?nearly?all?subject?to?oxidation?when?exposed?to?the?atmosphere.?The?process?is?accelerated?by?high?temperatures?and?light;?but,?over?long?periods?of?time,?oxidative?deterioration?may?take?place?at?room?temperature.?Oxidation?susceptibility?depends?largely?upon?the?chemical?nature?of?the?plastic?and?its compounding.?Materials?with?the?greatest?number?of?double?bonds in?their?molecular?structure?will?generally?be?the?most?sensitive to?oxidation.?Yellowing?and?a?gradual?loss?of?strength?and?ductility?are?the?principal?results?of?oxidative?processes. Oxidation?is?not?a?problem?of?great?magnitude?in?storage,?since?the?rigid?plastics?are?rather?resistant?to?oxidative?deterioration under?moderate?conditions. 8.Effects?of?Loading Under?moderate?conditions?the?common?thermoplastic?materials?aresubject?to?distortion?and?flow?when?significantly?loaded.?Such?plastics?cannot?be?expected?to?maintain?a?high?degree?of?mechanical stability?over?extended?periods?when?subjected?to?stress;?especially?is?this?true?when?they?are?also?exposed?to?relatively?high?temperatures.?The?thermoplastics?should,?however,?ma-?intain?themselves?fairly?well?when?not?subject?to?load?or?when?subjected?to?only?moderate?load.?Recently,?fillers,?such?as?glass?wool,?have?beenadded?to?thermoplastics?to?further?improve?this?property. The?thermosetting?plastics?are?much?more?load-stable?than?the?thermoplastics?because?of?their?structure?and?the?inclusion?of?fillers?in?their?formulation.?In?the?laminated?form?they?provide?a?rather?high?order?of?distortion?and?creep?resistance.?When?not?subjected?to?mechanical?stress?they?may?be?considered?to?be?highlystable.?These?materials,?however,?may?suffer?creep?over?long?periods,?especially?when?maintained?at?elevated?temperatures. The?thermoplastic?types?should?not?be?subjected?to?load?when?stored;?and,?whenever?possible,?the?loading?of?stress-bearing?thermosetting?moldings?or?laminates?should?be?removed?or?reduced. 10. Chemical?Stability Plastics,?in?general,?possess?a?high?degree?of?inherent?stability?with?respect?to?chemical?deterioration.?In?many?instances,?this?stability?may?be?fortified?by?the?addition?of?the?proper?stabilizers?during?compounding.?While?there?is?vast?difference?from?oneplastic?to?another,?the?general?statement?may?be?made?that?there is?a?plastic?available?to?resist?virtually?any?commercial?chemical.. 塑料的性能 熱塑性塑料熔體是熱塑性塑料加工成品的基礎。熱塑性塑料可以用任何方法加工，導致材料軟化或熔化。t的例子采用熔融的氣塑制造技術有：注射成型、擠壓、旋轉鑄造和壓延。利用熔點以下軟化的制造方法有：熱成型(真空或壓力)，吹塑，鍛造。當然，普通的金屬切削技術也可以應用于固態(tài)熱塑性塑料.熱塑性塑料的常見例子CS為：聚乙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯(PVC)和尼龍(聚酰胺)。 2.2.3填料 塑料是由大分子制成的有機材料，由某些積木分子組成的鏈狀附著體構成。塑料的性能在很大程度上取決于o的大小。f分子和原子在分子內的排列。例如，聚乙烯是由最初是氣體的乙烯構件制成的。通過聚合法乙烯分子中的碳原子價鍵形成了一條乙烯分子鏈。高分子量的產物被稱為聚合物。因此，聚乙烯是用來區(qū)分高分子量塑料與其氣態(tài)對應物乙烯，乙烯是聚合的單體。“poly”指的是“多”et。聚烯類物質的組成分子或單體，它們連接在一起形成聚乙烯塑料分子。經(jīng)常使用“樹脂”一詞，并與“聚合物”互換來形容背板。塑料的分子。然而，“樹脂”有時被用來描述天然和合成樹脂的糖漿液體。塑料，以成品的形式，很少被包括在內。廣泛的聚合物，但也包括其他成分，如填料，顏料，穩(wěn)定劑，和加工助劑。然而，塑料材料或模塑化合物的名稱總是從聚合物稱廣義地說，塑料可分為兩類：熱塑性塑料和熱固性塑料。由于溫度的影響， 2.2.1熱固性材料 熱固性塑料是一種聚合物，在其原始狀態(tài)下是相對無用的。在加熱到一定溫度時，會發(fā)生化學反應，使分子結合在一起，或交叉鏈接。經(jīng)過硫化、聚合或固化后，熱固性材料保持穩(wěn)定，不能恢復到原來的狀態(tài)。因此，“熱集”識別了那些成為由于加溫而處于可用狀態(tài)。通常，熱固性聚合物與填料和增強劑混合，以獲得模塑化合物的性能。 熱固性塑料是所有塑料中最堅硬、最堅硬的，固化后不溶于化學，其性能受溫度變化的影響小于熱敏熱塑性塑料。抽搐。與熱固性材料最接近的非塑性材料是陶瓷。熱固性塑料的常見例子有：酚醛、三聚氰胺、尿素、醇酸和環(huán)氧。成型化合物f這些樹脂總是含有額外的填料和增強劑，以獲得最佳的性能。 2.2.2 熱塑性塑料 熱塑性聚合物是一種熱敏材料，在室溫下是固體，就像大多數(shù)金屬一樣。加熱后，熱塑性塑料開始軟化，最終達到熔點，變成液體。允許熱塑性塑料冷卻到其熔點以下會導致溶解。塑料的凍結或凍結。連續(xù)的加熱和冷卻循環(huán)會導致熔化-凍結循環(huán)的重復， 塑料通常含有其它被稱為填料的附加材料。使用填料來增加體積并幫助賦予所需的性能。含有填料的塑料將更快地固化并保持更緊密以確定成品尺寸，由于塑料收縮將減少。木粉是一種通用的，也是最常用的填充劑.棉質長袍，由棉短絨制成，增加。機械強度。為了更高的強度和抗沖擊能力，將棉布切成約1/2英寸的方形，可以用塑料加工。石棉纖維可用作填充劑提高了耐熱性和耐火性，云母用于成型具有優(yōu)良介電特性的塑料零件。玻璃纖維、硅、纖維素、粘土或殼面也可以使用。n在需要更好的光潔度的地方，用utshell面粉代替木粉。使用短纖維填料的塑料零件會降低成本，而長纖維填料的成本會更高。行動能力更昂貴。其他未定義為填料的材料，如染料、顏料、潤滑劑、促進劑和增塑劑也可加入。增塑劑被添加到軟化和IM中。證明塑料的可模塑性。填充劑和改性劑在成型或成型之前，先加入原塑料，然后與其混合。 2.2.4塑料性能 1. 一般特性 塑料材料的選擇問題是從服務目的、成型方法、制造方法、成本等方面尋找性能合適的材料。新的和改進的塑料材料具有幾乎任何所需的特性正在不斷引入。有些塑料不需要具有更大柔韌性的增塑劑。呃溫度低，在高溫下是穩(wěn)定的。有些能抵抗水、酸、油和其他破壞性物質。塑料的廣泛使用證明了它們的價值；然而，基本的l在應用新材料或使舊材料適應新應用時，應考慮模仿。 2. 溫度效應 塑料在低溫下傾向于剛性和脆性，在高溫下傾向于柔軟和靈活。就溫度而言，它們在尺寸上基本上是不穩(wěn)定的。，并且在高溫下易受變形和流動的影響。熱塑性塑料特別敏感，而熱固性塑料則更耐高溫，差別很大。然而，吳只在學位方面。熱固性樹脂和熱塑性樹脂的熱穩(wěn)定性之間的區(qū)別還沒有很好地界定。只有在單個pl之間才能進行真正的區(qū)分。不是在塑料類之間。高溫不僅嚴重降低了塑料的力學性能，而且加速了外界因素對Wi的破壞作用。它們很敏感。連續(xù)加熱也可通過增塑劑的揮發(fā)而在嚴重增塑材料中引起脆性和收縮。一種塑料與迪西米的接觸在提議的應用中，LAR塑料應首先根據(jù)可能的“增塑劑遷移”進行檢查，有時會導致其中一種塑料變色或硬化。 一般來說，塑料的長期儲存需要適度的溫度；由于大部分塑料的低溫脆性，所以必須避免低溫。由于力學性能的迅速喪失、增塑劑的揮發(fā)和大量變形的敏感性，應避免Gh溫度的升高。 塑料，除了少數(shù)例外，對水的影響極為敏感。高濕度的大氣會引起不同的吸水率，并會產生不同的影響，這取決于成分。塑料的配方。水分含量的增加使一些材料的力學性能普遍下降。吸水是導致宮頸腫脹的原因。在塑料和最終分解的幾個。潮濕或潮濕的大氣可以從高度塑化的材料中提取增塑劑，也可以為真菌的生長提供有利條件。參考文獻然而，在過去的幾年里，新塑料已經(jīng)投入使用，它們具有一流的防潮性能，并且在抵抗其他影響的同時，也可能無限期地含有水。 極度干燥的環(huán)境可能會導致某些塑料材料的脆性，這是由于水分的流失，而水的流失通常會導致塑料的可塑性。循環(huán)潮濕和干燥的大氣對塑料比連續(xù)暴露在恒定濕度下，由于機械應力在塑料中引起的溶脹和收縮與吸濕和水分排放有關。相對由于水對這些材料的結構和性能的不利影響，以及增塑劑lo的可能性，所以在塑料儲存中首選恒定、中、低濕度。潮濕大氣中的SS提取與真菌攻擊 3. 光的影響 長時間暴露在陽光下會對所有塑料產生不利影響，但四氟乙烯除外（特氟?。? 紫外線成分引起的變化可能與S的種類和嚴重程度不同由于聚合物或增塑劑的化學降解而完全崩解。失去強度，降低延性，增加脆性通常是accom。有這樣的行動。許多塑料是以含有“紫外線抑制劑”的特殊配方提供的，當這種影響存在時，應加以利用。期間塑料暴露于陽光下應避免儲存，特別是在要保持透明材料的透明度時。 4. 韋特 作為一個家庭，塑料與金屬相比是輕的。大多數(shù)塑料的比重在1.35到1.45之間，比鎂的比重小。 5. 電阻率 塑料具有優(yōu)異的電阻率，因而作為一種絕緣材料有著廣泛的應用。在高頻應用中，塑料特別有利，因此Y，在很大程度上被用于雷達和電視領域。 6. 絕熱 塑料具有低導熱性，因此作為絕緣材料有著廣泛的應用。特別是，它們被用作受熱的電器和工具的把手。 7. 制造 從制造角度看，塑料的主要特點是成型。熱固性材料和熱塑性材料都適合于用Re成型不規(guī)則和復雜的形狀。固化周期短。 塑料可以使用各種水泥、化學溶劑和機械緊固件連接。熱密封與金屬的焊接過程平行，在連接熱密封中得到了廣泛的應用。熱塑性薄膜。在這種情況下，電介質加熱是通常使用的技術。摩擦粘著在小型熱塑性零件的連接中也有一定的應用。 塑料可以用傳統(tǒng)的機床加工。但是，應采取某些警告措施。為了保持良好的光潔度，應使用大量的冷卻劑，以避免溫度升高。會扭曲作品的模型。在一些熱固性層壓板(例如玻璃)中，由于層壓材料的磨料作用，傳統(tǒng)的高速鋼工具將不會起立。艾爾。在這里，必須使用碳化鎢或陶瓷刀具。 8. 氧效應 有機塑料在暴露于大氣中時幾乎都會受到氧化。這一過程是由高溫和光加速的，但在很長一段時間內，氧化惡化?？赡茉谑覝叵掳l(fā)生。氧化敏感性在很大程度上取決于塑料的化學性質及其復配。m中雙鍵數(shù)最大的材料分子結構通常對氧化最敏感。變黃和逐漸失去強度和延展性是氧化過程的主要結果。 氧化不是一個很大的儲存問題，因為硬質塑料在中等條件下是相當?shù)挚寡趸踊摹? 9. 加載效應 在適當?shù)臈l件下，普通熱塑性材料在顯著加載時會發(fā)生變形和流動。這種塑料不可能維持高度的機械穩(wěn)定。當他們承受壓力時，會長時間處于狀態(tài)；尤其是當他們也暴露在相對較高的溫度下時。然而，熱塑性塑料應該是屬于自己的。當不受負荷或只承受中等負荷時，良好。最近，在熱塑性塑料中加入了玻璃棉等填料，以進一步改善這一性能。 熱固性塑料由于其結構和填料的存在，比熱塑性塑料具有更高的負載穩(wěn)定性。在層疊形式中，它們提供了一個相當不錯的高次變形和抗蠕變性能。當沒有受到機械應力時，它們可以被認為是高度穩(wěn)定的。然而，這些材料可能會長期蠕變，特別是在高溫下保持。 熱塑性材料儲存時不應承受載荷；凡有可能，應移除或減少承受應力的熱固性模塑或層壓板的負荷。 10. 化學穩(wěn)定性 一般來說，塑料在化學退化方面具有高度的內在穩(wěn)定性。在許多情況下，加入適當?shù)姆€(wěn)定劑可以加強這種穩(wěn)定性。在復合過程中。雖然一種塑料和另一種塑料有很大的不同，但一般的說法是，有一種塑料可以抵抗幾乎任何商業(yè)化學品。 12