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,,外語(yǔ)教學(xué)中的信息技術(shù)—過(guò)去,ThelanguagelaboratoryintheBehavioristperiod(1960s-):theteachingmachine,Thelatestlanguageteachingtechnologybecamesynonymouswiththelatestlanguageteachingpedagogy.Whatmatteredmostwastechnologyandnotpedagogy.AdvancesincomputerhardwareandsoftwareignoredadvancesinlanguagepedagogyandSLAtheories.,,,外語(yǔ)教學(xué)中的信息技術(shù)—過(guò)去,Underwood(1984:33),“Thistechnologywillrevolutionisetheteachingofforeignlanguages;itwillbringpedagogyuptodatewithtechnology.”“Finallywehaveameansfortrueindivisualisedpractice:one-to-one,selfpaced,withoutneedforsupervision.Studentscanpracticewhattheywant,whenevertheywant,foraslongastheywant.”“Thesedeviceswilldoallthethingstheteacherhasneitherthetimenortheinclinationtodo;atlastwecantakedrilloutoftheclassroom.”,,,外語(yǔ)教學(xué)中的信息技術(shù)—過(guò)去,CALLresearchinthelate1980sandthe1990sfound:,Technologyonitsownisnotthepanaceaforforeignlanguagepedagogy;Efficientforeignlanguagepedagogyisonlypossibleifitisgroundedonsoundtheoreticalforeignlanguagepedagogy.,,,外語(yǔ)教學(xué)中的信息技術(shù)—現(xiàn)在,Thecommunicativeapproach,itsprinciples:,Communicativecompetence;Meaningfulpracticeratherthanmechanicalpractice;Useofthetargetlanguage;Implicitgrammar;Modelinginsteadofcorrecting;Low-anxietyatmosphere;…,,,外語(yǔ)教學(xué)中的信息技術(shù)—現(xiàn)在,ThecommunicativeCALL(Underwood1984):,Activitieswillfocusonacquisitionpractice(usingformstocommunicate)ratherthanlearningpractice(formsthemselves);Grammarwillalwaysbeimplicit(builtintothelessonoractivity),thoughexplicitgrammarexplanationwillbeavailableonacall-upbasis;Activitiesshouldrequirestudentstotakeacreativeactioninthetargetlanguage(ortoproducearesponsebasedoncomprehensionofanutterance)ratherthanmanipulatingprefabricatedlanguage;,,,外語(yǔ)教學(xué)中的信息技術(shù)—現(xiàn)在,ThecommunicativeCALL(Underwood1984):,Activityfeedbackwillnotaimatcorrectingorevaluatingeachresponse:“raiseexpectationsforcompetenceincommunication”;Activityfeedbackwillavoidtellingstudents’incorrectanswersjustas“wrong”:providehelpandgivehints;Activitiesandinstructionsshouldbewritteninthetargetlanguage;,,,外語(yǔ)教學(xué)中的信息技術(shù)—現(xiàn)在,ThecommunicativeCALL(Underwood1984):,CALLactivitiesshouldbeflexible,notbasedontheprinciplethateverystimulushasoneandonlyresponse;CALLactivitiesshouldallowstudentstoexplorethesubjectmatter.Anenvironmentshouldbeprovidedwherediscoveriescanbemade.CALLactivitiesshouldcreateacontextinwhichusingthetargetlanguagefeelsnatural;,,,外語(yǔ)教學(xué)中的信息技術(shù)—現(xiàn)在,ThecommunicativeCALL(Underwood1984):,CALLsoftwareisnotanelectronicbook(CALLactivitieswillaimatdoingthingsbookscannot);CALLsoftwareshouldbefunandattractive(trytoavoiddrillexercises).,,,計(jì)算機(jī)輔助外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)總體原則,CALLisnotanissueseparatefromotherformsoflanguageteachingandlearning;,GeneralguidelinesforCALLtasks:technologyorpedagogy?參照Bangs,,,計(jì)算機(jī)輔助外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)總體原則,CALLexistsforlearners,notteachers;,,,計(jì)算機(jī)輔助外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)總體原則,CALLshouldbeadaptive;,,,計(jì)算機(jī)輔助外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)總體原則,CALLshouldharnesstechnology,notserveit;,,,計(jì)算機(jī)輔助外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)總體原則,CALLshouldengageandmotivatethelearner;,,,計(jì)算機(jī)輔助外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)總體原則,CALLshouldrespondtoresearch;,,,計(jì)算機(jī)輔助外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)總體原則,CALLshouldbefocused;,,,計(jì)算機(jī)輔助外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)總體原則,CALLshouldrespondtoapedagogicneed;,,,計(jì)算機(jī)輔助外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)總體原則,CALLshouldhelplearnerslearnbetter.,,,Thanks.,